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Background: Schizophrenia is a serious chronic mental disorder that can affect thinking, perception, feelings, and behavior. Patients with undifferentiated schizophrenia are at risk of experiencing the nursing problem of risk of violent behavior (RPK) due to their inability to control emotions and anger. Based on data from the medical records of RSJD dr. Amino Gondohutomo, Central Java Province, from August to October 2025, the risk of violent behavior was the highest nursing diagnosis in the Gatotkaca Ward, reaching 56.5%–77% of all inpatients. Objective: To perform nursing care on Tn. K with the main problem of risk of violent behavior due to undifferentiated schizophrenia at RSJD dr. Amino Gondohutomo, Central Java Province. Methods: This study used a descriptive method with a nursing process approach. Data collection was carried out through interviews, observation, documentation studies, and literature review. Nursing care was provided from November 18 to 22, 2025. Results: Assessment findings on Tn. K (19 years old) with undifferentiated schizophrenia and a history of physical abuse, parental rejection, and family violence revealed four nursing problems: risk of violent behavior (core problem), sensory perceptual disorder: auditory and visual hallucinations, self-concept disorder: low self-esteem, and self-care deficit. Implementation was carried out through nursing strategies (SP) 1 to 4 for risk of violent behavior (physical, medication, verbal, and spiritual control), SP 1 and SP 3 for self-care deficit, and SP 1 to SP 2 for sensory perceptual disorder: hallucinations. All implementation stages were optimally achieved. Conclusion: Nursing evaluation showed that the client was able to achieve cognitive, affective, and psychomotor goals in all implemented SPs. Collaboration with ward nurses was carried out to continue SP 3 and SP 4 for hallucinations and the entire low self-esteem intervention due to time constraints.

Thalassemia is an inherited hemolytic anemia caused by genetic abnormalities in chromosomes 11 and 16 that impair globin chain production, leading to insufficient hemoglobin and red blood cells. This study aims to describe nursing care for An. W with thalassemia at the Anggrek 2 Ward of RSUD dr. Soeselo, Tegal Regency. The method used was a descriptive approach through anamnesis, documentation, observation, and literature review. Nursing care was carried out over two days (January 13–14, 2026). Physical examination results on January 12, 2026 showed a pale face, anemic conjunctiva, weakness, CRT >3 seconds, decreased skin turgor, weak peripheral pulse, cold extremities, and laboratory hemoglobin of 5.9 g/dL, with vital signs of pulse 111x/minute, temperature 36.7°C, and respiration 22x/minute. Two nursing diagnoses were established: ineffective peripheral perfusion related to decreased hemoglobin concentration (D.0009), and activity intolerance related to weakness (D.0056). Nursing interventions included circulatory care (I.02079) and energy management (I.05178). Nursing implementation was carried out according to plan. Evaluation on January 14, 2026 showed that both nursing diagnoses were resolved; the patient's hemoglobin improved to 10.7 g/dL after two blood transfusions, and the patient was declared fit for discharge. It is recommended that hospitals establish support groups for thalassemia patients to provide adequate emotional and social support.

The use of digital learning media and discussion methods is increasingly important to support junior high school students' learning outcomes. Digital media, such as videos, animations, and interactive platforms, facilitate understanding of material and increase learning motivation, while discussion methods encourage active participation, critical thinking, and student reflection. This study examines the influence of the use of digital learning media and discussion methods on junior high school students to obtain a comprehensive picture of the effectiveness of both variables in improving student learning outcomes. A qualitative method with a literature review approach was used as the research method. Sources were obtained from relevant journals, articles, and books, and analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. The results found that the use of digital media and discussion methods had a positive effect on student learning outcomes. Implications emphasize the importance of adequate technological facilities and teacher training to utilize digital media and discussion methods to create enjoyable and interactive learning.

This study aims to examine the implementation of policies regarding the use of the e-Kelurahan feature in the Sangu Palu application in Taipa Village. The study employs George C. Edward III’s policy implementation theory, which consists of four dimensions: communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. A qualitative descriptive approach was used, with data collected through observation, in-depth interviews, documentation, and literature review involving nine informants. The findings indicate that the implementation of the e-Kelurahan policy has not yet run optimally. The main obstacle lies in the communication aspect, particularly the lack of direct public socialization regarding the use of the application, resulting in low public understanding and limited utilization of digital services. In addition, training for village officials has not been conducted continuously, as it was only provided during the initial implementation stage. Therefore, periodic retraining is needed to improve technical competence and evaluate service performance. Although the aspects of disposition and bureaucratic structure have generally functioned well, they have not been sufficient to optimize digital service utilization. These findings are consistent with the Electronic-Based Government System (SPBE) evaluation results, which place Palu City in the “sufficient” category, indicating the need for further improvement in digital service implementation.

High consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has become an increasing public health concern, particularly among adolescents. Excessive SSB intake is a major risk factor for various non-communicable diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, dental caries, and certain types of cancer. This study aimed to analyze the factors associated with the level of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption among adolescents. This study employed a descriptive literature review approach. Data were obtained from national and international journals relevant to the topic of SSB consumption among adolescents. The selected articles were analyzed to identify factors associated with SSB consumption. The findings indicated that SSB consumption among adolescents is influenced by several factors, including individual factors (gender and knowledge), socioeconomic factors (peer influence and pocket money allowance), environmental factors (mass media exposure and beverage availability), and psychological factors (stress level and preference for sweet tastes). This study highlights that SSB consumption is a multifactorial behavior influenced by various interacting determinants. Therefore, comprehensive interventions targeting both individual and environmental factors are needed to reduce SSB consumption among adolescents.

D Dowry (mahar) is an obligation of a groom to his bride in Islamic marriage, symbolizing respect and responsibility. In the Buton community, mahar also develops as a customary tradition known as boka, which carries both symbolic and socio-cultural meanings. This study aims to analyze the concept of mahar according to the Shafi’i school of law and its implementation in Taduasa Village, South Buton Regency. This research uses a qualitative method with data collection techniques including interviews, documentation, and literature review. The findings show that mahar is viewed as a symbol of respect for women and is determined based on lineage and social status. According to the Shafi’i school, such practices are permissible as long as they are based on mutual agreement and do not burden the groom. However, excessively high dowry amounts in some cases may hinder marriage. This study concludes that the mahar tradition in Taduasa Village remains consistent with Shafi’i principles but should be adjusted to the Islamic values of ease and public welfare.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin production or ineffective insulin utilization. The prevalence of DM in Indonesia reached 11.7% in the 2023 National Health Survey, with Brebes Regency recording 568 DM cases in 2025 and increasing to 157 cases in Tonjong Village in January 2026. This case study aims to describe comprehensive nursing care for Ny. M, a 52-year-old patient diagnosed with endocrine system disorder (diabetes mellitus), in the family of Tn. I at Karang Anyar Village, Tonjong District, Brebes Regency. The method used was a case study with data collection through interview, observation, physical examination, blood glucose measurement, and literature review conducted on December 26–28, 2025. The assessment found subjective data: the patient frequently felt fatigue, tingling in both legs, excessive thirst, and increased urination frequency. Objective data: pale and fatigued face, blood pressure 150/100 mmHg, pulse 95x/min, respiration 22x/min, temperature 36.7°C, and random blood glucose (RBG) 155 mg/dl. Two nursing diagnoses were established: blood glucose instability and readiness for enhanced knowledge. Interventions implemented included hyperglycemia management (monitoring blood glucose, dietary education, complementary herbal therapy with ginger and honey), and health education regarding DM complications. Evaluation results showed that after 2 days of nursing visits, fatigue decreased, blood glucose improved (RBG 130 mg/dl), and the patient's knowledge about DM complications was resolved.

The development of technology in the digital era has significantly altered consumer behavior, particularly for Generation Z, who are known as digital natives. This group possesses unique characteristics, highly relying on social media to seek product information before making purchasing decisions. This study aims to analyze digital marketing management strategies through social media in enhancing brand engagement and loyalty among Generation Z consumers, as well as to identify the key determinants of its success. The research method employed is descriptive qualitative, utilizing literature review as the data collection technique across prior scientific sources. The analysis reveals that the implementation of digital marketing strategies based on visual content and short-form videos on platforms such as TikTok and Instagram is proven to be highly effective in capturing the audience's attention rapidly. In addition to content format, collaboration with highly credible influencers and the application of authentic, responsive two-way communication serve as the main pillars in building emotional proximity and trust among young consumers. Operationally, this strategy offers cost efficiency and a broader market reach. The conclusion of this study emphasizes that the optimal integration between management information systems and interactive, adaptive communication approaches toward digital trends is the main key to winning the market and sustaining the long-term loyalty of Generation Z.

The development of social media has significantly changed human communication patterns. On the one hand, digital media provides a space for freedom of expression, but on the other hand, it has also given rise to digital judgmental cultural phenomena such as Cancel culture and cyberbullying. These phenomena often give rise to verbal violence, public humiliation, and massive social exclusion in cyberspace. This article aims to analyze the phenomena of Cancel culture and cyberbullying from a Christian ethical perspective. The research method used is a literature review with a theological-ethical approach. The results of the study indicate that the digital judgmental culture contradicts the principles of love, respect for human dignity as the Imago Dei, and Christian communication ethics taught in the Bible. Christian ethics views every individual as having value before God, so the practices of humiliation, digital bullying, and public judgment are unjustifiable. The church and believers are called to present constructive, loving, communication in the digital space.

Background: Sectio Caesarea (SC) is a surgical procedure to deliver the fetus through an incision in the abdominal and uterine wall. Patients with a history of previous sectio caesarea frequently experience acute pain, risk of infection, and lack of knowledge regarding post-SC contraception, requiring comprehensive nursing care. Objective: To describe the application of nursing care in a patient with post-operative sectio caesarea with a history of sectio caesarea indication. Methods: This study used a descriptive method with a case study approach. Data were collected through interviews, observation, documentation, and relevant literature review. Results: Assessment of Ny. S revealed three nursing diagnoses: acute pain, knowledge deficit, and risk of infection. Interventions included pain management, family planning (KB) health education, and infection prevention through wound care. Following nursing interventions, the knowledge deficit resolved completely, while acute pain and risk of infection were partially resolved. Conclusion: Systematic nursing care can effectively address nursing problems in post-SC patients and improve patient health outcomes.

The phenomenon of Generation Z’s political electability in the 2024 Legislative Election reflects a shift in patterns of political representation at the local level. The success of Generation Z candidates in securing legislative seats in Jambi City has become a noteworthy phenomenon, particularly amid the dominance of politicians from older generations. This study aims to analyze the political personal branding strategies employed by Generation Z candidates in building their electability in the 2024 Legislative Election in Jambi City. The research adopts a qualitative approach, with data collected through interviews, documentation, and literature review. The analysis is based on Peter Montoya’s Personal Branding theory, which consists of specialization, Leadership, Personality, Distinctiveness, visibility, unity, persistence, and goodwill. The findings reveal that the electability of Generation Z candidates is influenced not only by their young age or social media presence but also by their ability to establish social closeness with the community, maintain consistency in political behavior, engage in intensive interpersonal communication, and actively participate in social and community activities. Personal branding strategies that are developed consistently and sustainably have proven effective in fostering public trust and strengthening political legitimacy at the local level. The study concludes that political personal branding is one of the key factors contributing to the electability of Generation Z candidates in the 2024 Legislative Election in Jambi City.

The government policy known as the Free Nutritional Meal Program (MBG) aims to improve public nutrition and reduce stunting rates in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to examine the MBG Program from a political perspective, particularly considering political dynamics, legal risks, and fiscal issues. This research was conducted through literature review, reviewing various journals and academic sources. The results indicate that the MBG not only has social impacts but also influences political interests, poses risks to legal enforcement, and disrupts the sustainability of the state budget. Therefore, for the program to be successful and sustainable, strong regulations and oversight are required. Furthermore, this populist program is often utilized as an instrument for power legitimacy, demanding compromises between the executive and legislative branches during its budget approval process. Without a detailed legal framework, the policy's implementation is highly vulnerable to overlapping institutional authority and potential misappropriation of funds. Ultimately, technology-based monitoring strategies and accountable governance are the main keys to maintaining the stability of the State Budget (APBN).

This research aims to examine how the functions of Christian counseling (preventive, curative, developmental, and pastoral) can be integrated into the practice of Christian Religious Education as an effective strategy to support adolescents’ faith development. The background of this study arises from the fact that adolescents experience a crisis of faith that is not only related to theological aspects but also affects their psychological and emotional well-being. On the other hand, christian religious education practices in schools often remain focused on the transfer of doctrinal knowledge without being balanced by adequate personal guidance. This study applies a qualitative method through literature review and conceptual analysis of christian counseling theory, theories of adolescent faith development, and pedagogical practices in christian religious education. The findings indicate that integrating Christian counseling functions into the design of christian religious education learning can create a dialogical, reflective, and pastoral classroom atmosphere, providing opportunities for adolescents to develop spiritual discernment, self-awareness, and the ability to make responsible moral decisions. This article discusses the relevance of counseling to adolescents’ spiritual development, the characteristics of their faith development, the challenges of implementing counseling in Christian educational institutions, and the design of learning based on dialogue, reflection, and mentoring. In this way, the integration of christian counseling in christian religious education is considered a holistic approach that enriches the meaning of faith education and supports adolescents’ faith growth in a contextual, profound, and sustainable manner.

This study aims to explore how the inquiry approach functions as a pedagogical strategy in Christian Religious Education to enhance students’ spiritual discernment. The background of this research arises from the tendency of learning practices that remain predominantly focused on cognitive aspects, thereby not fully cultivating spiritual sensitivity in life decision-making. This study employs a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach through a review of theological and pedagogical literature, conceptual analysis, and reflection on classroom learning practices. The analysis focuses on the relationship between the core elements of inquiry questioning, investigating, dialoguing, and reflecting on knowledge and the process of developing the ability to discern God’s will in the real-life contexts of students. The findings indicate that inquiry effectively creates a reflective learning experience that integrates cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions, enabling students not only to understand faith teachings theoretically but also to consider Christian values in concrete situations. This approach encourages active participation, constructive and critical dialogue, and fosters habits of faith reflection, moral sensitivity, and personal responsibility. Thus, inquiry is proven to be a relevant pedagogical method for achieving the theological goal of Christian Religious Education, namely the formation of spiritual discernment that guides students’ attitudes, decisions, and actions in daily life.

This article aims to explain the theological meaning and implications of the word "worship" (προσκυνέω/proskuneō) in Matthew 2:2 in the context of the birth of Jesus Christ, and its relevance to the worship practices of the church today. This study uses a qualitative method with a contextual-historical analysis approach to the biblical text, supported by a review of theological literature related to worship in the Christian tradition. The results of the study indicate that proskuneō does not only refer to an act of reverence, but also contains the meaning of acknowledgment of divine authority, an attitude of humility, and a deep spiritual commitment. In the context of Matthew 2:2, the actions of the Magi represent theological, relational, and transformative worship. These findings confirm that true worship involves acknowledging God's sovereignty, a readiness for sacrifice, and an openness to renewal of life. The practical implication for the church today is the need to enrich the understanding and practice of worship that goes beyond the liturgy, but is manifested in personal intimacy with God, acts of social benevolence, and service that reflects a God-fearing life. This article contributes to a biblical understanding of worship and its application in the context of the believer's spiritual life.

This article examines the impact of dehumanization in the era of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the formation of the personality of future priests in light of the teachings of Pastores Dabo Vobis, particular number 43-44, as well as from Philosophical and theological perspectives. The development of AI brings significant changes in the way human think, relate, and build their self-identity. On the one hand, AI offers great opportunities to support intellectual formation through access to information, pastoral simulations, and digital learning. However, on the other hand, the dominance of technology has the potential to cause dehumanization, namely a reduction in the quality of interpersonal relationships, the depth of reflection and sensitivity. This study employs a literature review method, examining relevant theological, philosophical, and scientific literature. The findings indicate that excessive reliance on AI can disrupt the development of the human dimension in seminarians, particularly regarding affective maturity, relational competence, and the integrity of personal identity. From a philosophical perspective, humans are understood as free, rational, and relational beings; thus, reducing humans to mere components of an algorithmic system contradicts their very nature. Meanwhile, theology affirms human dignity as the Imago Dei, which cannot be replaced by technology. Therefore, a critical and prudent formation approach is required, one that positions AI as an aid, not a substitute for human relationships.

A chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance or impaired insulin secretion is classified as type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of diabetes continues to rise each year and has become one of the major challenges in global health due to its potential to cause serious complications, such as cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, neuropathy, and vision impairment. In addition to pharmacological therapy, the use of herbal plants is increasingly being developed as a complementary therapy because they are considered safer, more readily available, and contain bioactive compounds with potential antidiabetic properties. This review article aims to assess the effectiveness of several herbal plants namely cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), bitter melon (Momordica charantia), and moringa (Moringa oleifera) in aiding the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on various research findings. This study employs a literature review method by collecting and analyzing various national and international scientific publications related to the antidiabetic activity of these four plants. The review results indicate that all plants have potential as adjunct therapies for diabetes because they contain active compounds such as flavonoids, polyphenols, cinnamaldehyde, charantin, quercetin, trigonelline, and saponins, which can help reduce blood glucose levels, optimize cellular response to insulin, increase GLUT4 activity, and help minimize oxidative damage. Based on the study results, moringa and cinnamon plants demonstrated the most consistent effectiveness in contributing to blood sugar control in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, these herbal plants have the potential to be used as complementary therapies in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus; however, their use must still adhere to proper dosing and should not replace primary medical therapy.

A chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance or impaired insulin secretion is classified as type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of diabetes continues to rise each year and has become one of the major challenges in global health due to its potential to cause serious complications, such as cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, neuropathy, and vision impairment. In addition to pharmacological therapy, the use of herbal plants is increasingly being developed as a complementary therapy because they are considered safer, more readily available, and contain bioactive compounds with potential antidiabetic properties. This review article aims to assess the effectiveness of several herbal plants namely cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), bitter melon (Momordica charantia), and moringa (Moringa oleifera) in aiding the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on various research findings. This study employs a literature review method by collecting and analyzing various national and international scientific publications related to the antidiabetic activity of these four plants. The review results indicate that all plants have potential as adjunct therapies for diabetes because they contain active compounds such as flavonoids, polyphenols, cinnamaldehyde, charantin, quercetin, trigonelline, and saponins, which can help reduce blood glucose levels, optimize cellular response to insulin, increase GLUT4 activity, and help minimize oxidative damage. Based on the study results, moringa and cinnamon plants demonstrated the most consistent effectiveness in contributing to blood sugar control in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, these herbal plants have the potential to be used as complementary therapies in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus; however, their use must still adhere to proper dosing and should not replace primary medical therapy.

The Free Nutritious Meal Program (MBG) is a free school lunch initiative in Indonesia introduced during the administration of Prabowo Subianto. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the government's MBG (Free Nutritious Meal) program on kindergarten students' learning interest through a literature review approach. The background of this study is based on the issue of low student learning interest, which is influenced not only by pedagogical factors but also by physical conditions, particularly nutritional intake. This research employed a qualitative approach using a literature review method. The data sources consisted of scientific articles published within the last five years and accessed through Google Scholar. Data were collected through documentation studies, while thematic synthesis was used for data analysis. The findings indicate that the MBG program has a significant positive impact on improving students' learning interest, particularly in terms of attention, motivation, participation, and attendance. The results also reveal that meeting students' physiological needs contributes to their cognitive and emotional readiness to learn. However, the effectiveness of the program is influenced by the quality of its implementation and management in the field. Therefore, more optimal program management and continuous evaluation are needed to maximize its impact on improving the quality of learning.

Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is an aggressive malignancy associated with high morbidity, reduced survival, and impaired quality of life. Radiotherapy (RT) has been widely used as a bladder-preserving strategy, particularly for patients unsuitable for surgery or systemic chemotherapy. RT may also enhance tumor immunogenicity through programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) upregulation, providing a rationale for combination therapy with immunotherapy. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of combining immunotherapy and radiotherapy in MIBC treatment. A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines using the PICO framework. Literature searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, ClinicalTrials.gov, Web of Science, and Scopus databases for studies published between 2016 and 2025. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and ROBINS-I. Of 105 identified studies, five met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. Only one Phase II randomized controlled trial demonstrated low risk of bias in randomization and allocation concealment. ROBINS-I assessment indicated moderate to serious risk in confounding and participant selection domains. Clinical findings showed promising outcomes, with complete response rates ranging from 35%–50% and partial response rates from 25%–40%. Median overall survival ranged from 24–30 months, with favorable disease-free and progression-free survival outcomes. Combined immunotherapy and radiotherapy demonstrate potential to improve survival and disease control in MIBC; however, further rigorous clinical studies are needed to optimize patient-centered treatment strategies.