Publication Search

The background for the establishment of Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection raises a critical question that the Indonesian government must address, who will oversee and safeguard the security of citizens' data in public administration systems. The purpose of this study is to examine the implementation of One Data Indonesia through Presidential Regulation Number 39 of 2019 (Perpres No. 39 of 2019) regarding One Data Indonesia, which remains a strong foundation for regulating government data governance. Unfortunately, this regulation does not yet include security aspects, which should be one of the principles of One Data Indonesia. This study explores Perpres No. 39 of 2019 as a critique of the regulation. The findings highlight the importance of incorporating security aspects to protect the sovereignty of government data used in public administration, especially in electronic processes conducted domestically. The principle of data security is a crucial component of the implementation of One Data Indonesia, which will be integrated with various other policy products, such as the Presidential Regulation on Electronic-Based Government Systems, the Presidential Regulation on Accelerating Digital Transformation and Integration of National Digital Services, the Law on Information and Electronic Transactions, the Law on Personal Data Protection, and other relevant regulations.

Public policies in the fields of health, environment, and safety are increasingly subject to disputes through the Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) mechanism. However, state efforts to protect the public often face claims from investors who consider themselves harmed. This situation carries serious consequences, as states not only bear high litigation costs but may also be required to pay significantly larger compensation if they lose the dispute. This gives rise to regulatory chill, a condition in which governments delay, weaken, or revoke regulations due to concerns over potential investment disputes. Even when some cases result in a state victory, the potential for regulatory chill remains significant, as investors do not need to win disputes to create regulatory uncertainty and pressure policymakers. This phenomenon can manifest in three forms precedential chill, anticipatory chill, and specific response chill, each affecting the policy-making process differently. Regulatory chill narrows the regulatory space, limits state capacity to protect public interests, and creates a deterrent effect on the implementation of new regulations. Using a normative juridical approach enriched with comparative case studies, this paper examines three primary sources of regulatory chill: the economic burden of arbitration and potential compensation, long-term commitments, and institutional limitations in meeting the standard of fair and equitable treatment.

The democratic system implemented in Indonesia is realized through general elections, which are held every five years as a manifestation of people’s sovereignty. Elections provide an arena for political contestation where political parties compete to gain votes and legislative seats, including the National Awakening Party (Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa/PKB). In the 2019 general election, PKB in Tanjungpinang City obtained 5,188 votes or 4.67%, securing two parliamentary seats. By contrast, in the 2024 general election, its vote share increased significantly to 9,765 votes or 7.94%, allowing the party to gain three seats. This increase indicates that the political strategies applied by PKB in Tanjungpinang had a substantial impact and are worth analyzing, as they succeeded in attracting voter support and expanding parliamentary representation. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the strategies used by the National Awakening Party in the 2024–2029 Tanjungpinang City Legislative Election. This research also explores strategic approaches not only at the party level but also by individual legislative candidates, who applied their own methods to secure voter trust. The study adopts Peter Schroder’s (2010) theoretical framework on political strategy, which includes situation analysis, strategy control, strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and strategy evaluation. This framework is employed to examine how PKB designed, executed, and assessed its strategic efforts during the electoral process. The findings demonstrate that PKB’s success was not merely due to party-level strategies but also the result of synergy between collective organizational moves and personalized campaign tactics by candidates. These strategies involved effective grassroots engagement, optimized use of political networks, and adaptation to the socio-political context of Tanjungpinang. The implications of this research suggest that comprehensive and adaptive political strategies are essential for increasing electoral gains, and that combining party-driven initiatives with candidate-level innovations can enhance both vote acquisition and seat attainment in legislative elections.

In its ideal form, punishment is conceived as a rational and proportionate response to moral wrongdoing, grounded in demonstrable harm and clear culpability. Classical penological theories emphasize the principles of retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and incapacitation, all of which presume the presence of intent and injury. However, in the case of Tom Lembong, punishment was imposed absent any proven crime, malicious intent, or measurable harm. Instead, it became a symbolic act, reconfigured as a performance of political theater to assert and preserve a sovereign narrative. This article advances two interrelated aims. First, it analyzes how the penalization of Tom Lembong reflects a wider pattern wherein legal institutions are repurposed to perform sovereignty and construct legitimacy through public spectacle. Second, it critiques the inadequacy of classical penological frameworks when punishment operates without moral fault or corrective intent. Using a qualitative research method and conceptual approach, this study draws upon library-based data sources, critically engaging with theoretical literature on penology, sovereignty, and post-truth politics. Data analysis was conducted descriptively, allowing conceptual mapping between legal practices and political narratives. The findings indicate that the punishment in this case functioned less as an instrument of legal redress than as political choreography. It transformed into symbolic currency designed to enforce narrative conformity and signal power consolidation. In such contexts, punishment serves not as a corrective measure but as a performative mechanism, signaling the dominance of a political order over competing interpretations of truth. This rupture in classical penological logic calls for a post-penological framework—one that accounts for punishment as a tool of narrative enforcement and symbolic governance within post-truth legal orders. Such a framework recognizes the transformation of legal acts into staged political performances, where the appearance of justice supersedes substantive fairness.

The development of information and communication technology (ICT), particularly the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and big data, has transformed Indonesia's national security threat landscape. Threats that previously focused on traditional military aspects have now shifted to non-traditional cyber threats, such as cyberattacks, digital espionage, and infrastructure sabotage. According to PROXSIS IT GRC data, in 2024, more than 19 million cyberattacks were recorded against websites in Indonesia. While this figure is a decrease compared to the previous year, this trend is thought to reflect a shift towards more structured and organized tactics by threat actors. In response, the Indonesian government established the National Cybersecurity Action Plan 2024–2028 as a strategic guideline. Furthermore, cyber diplomacy is being promoted through bilateral and multilateral cooperation, for example through the signing of memorandums of understanding (MoUs) with the UK and Kaspersky. This cooperation includes the exchange of intelligence information, strengthening human resource capacity, raising public awareness regarding cybersecurity, and protecting critical information infrastructure. This study uses non-traditional security theory and defense diplomacy to analyze the strategies, challenges, and prospects of Indonesia's cyber policy. The analysis demonstrates that cyber defense diplomacy plays a crucial role as an instrument for integrating technology, regulation, and international collaboration in safeguarding digital sovereignty. In addition to strengthening threat detection and mitigation capabilities, this diplomacy also builds networks of trust with partner nations, which is essential amidst the increasing complexity of global threats. Therefore, in the era of digital globalization, full of interconnections, cyber defense diplomacy serves not only as a national protection tool but also as Indonesia's contribution to global cybersecurity stability. This effort prioritizes synergy between technological innovation, law enforcement, and sustainable international cooperation.

The Geothermal Power Plant (PLTP) project in Batukuwung Village, Padarincang District, Serang Regency, has raised concerns among the community about the threat of environmental damage and disruption of the sustainability of the local agricultural system. So far, the community has depended on traditional agriculture that is closely tied to local social, cultural, and ecological values. PLTP projects, which are framed as part of the clean energy transition, actually create tensions between development and environmental conservation. This research aims to examine the social and ecological impact of the PLTP project on the lives of the village community. The method used is a qualitative approach with case studies. Data were collected through purposive sampling techniques for in-depth interviews with affected residents, community leaders, and environmental activists, as well as analysis of online media content and policy documents. The results of the study show that the presence of the project has created ecological and social vulnerability. Disruption to access to clean water, degradation of soil quality, and disruption of agricultural ecosystems are serious threats. In addition, the space for public participation in the project-related decision-making process is very limited, thus triggering resistance and horizontal conflicts. These findings show that the clean energy narrative does not always align with the reality on the ground. Therefore, it is important to consider the principles of ecological justice and the sovereignty of local communities in any energy development policy. This study recommends participatory dialogue and a thorough environmental evaluation before the project proceeds, so that development does not compromise the right of life of local communities and the ecological sustainability of the region. The active involvement of citizens as subjects, not objects of development, is the key to creating sustainable and equitable solutions for all affected parties.

This paper examines euthanasia from ethical, theological, legal, and human rights perspectives, focusing specifically on the Christian faith. Euthanasia, defined as the intentional termination of life to avoid physical suffering, raises significant moral and legal dilemmas. This study applies a qualitative method through literature review to explore expert opinions, Indonesian legal provisions, and theological foundations based on the Bible. The findings indicate that euthanasia contradicts the core principles of Christian ethics, Indonesian positive law, and human rights values that uphold the right to life. From a Christian worldview, life is a divine gift and should not be ended by human will. Suffering is understood as part of a spiritual journey that carries redemptive meaning. Furthermore, euthanasia presents complex implications not only for the individual undergoing the act but also for families, religious communities, and healthcare professionals. In Christian ethics, life and death are matters of divine sovereignty, and human agency in ending life is considered a violation of God's authority. The legal stance in Indonesia, as reflected in national laws and regulations, clearly prohibits any form of euthanasia, emphasizing the protection of human life as a constitutional right. From a human rights viewpoint, although autonomy is important, it must be balanced with the principle of preserving life. This study suggests that interdisciplinary dialogue involving theology, law, bioethics, and pastoral care is urgently needed to build awareness and offer compassionate responses to end-of-life issues. Churches, educators, and policymakers are encouraged to develop ethical guidelines and pastoral counseling approaches rooted in biblical truth and legal integrity. A wise and faithful response to the problem of euthanasia requires not only empathy but also a clear commitment to uphold the sanctity of life.

The principle of popular sovereignty is a fundamental foundation of the Indonesian democratic system, as stated in Article 1, Paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution. Popular sovereignty emphasizes the importance of the people's right to choose and be chosen in general elections (Pemilu) and regional elections (Pilkada), which serve as the source of legitimacy for a legitimate government. This sovereignty should reflect democratic values that are just and equal. However, in practice, the implementation of popular sovereignty through elections is often tarnished by money politics, which threatens the integrity of democracy itself. This phenomenon indicates a profound distortion of democratic principles, where the election process is more driven by material interests than by political aspirations and ideologies. Money politics not only undermines the quality of elections but also diminishes public trust in the democratic process. This practice allows voters to sell their votes in exchange for money or goods, leading to electoral injustice. It transforms general elections and regional elections from an ideal democratic process into a contest reliant on financial resources, rather than on the quality of the leaders chosen. This article aims to analyze the contradiction between the constitutional ideal of popular sovereignty and the reality of money politics in the administration of general elections and regional elections. This study employs a normative juridical approach with qualitative analysis techniques to explore how current laws have guaranteed the implementation of popular sovereignty. The findings indicate that although the legal framework provides protection for the principle of popular sovereignty, weak law enforcement and the persistent transactional political culture hinder its substantial realization. As a solution, this article recommends several strategic steps, including strengthening regulations to limit money politics, reforming the party system to reduce the dominance of practical politics, and enhancing political education based on democratic values and integrity. With these measures, the principle of popular sovereignty can be more purely and consistently upheld, ultimately strengthening Indonesia’s democratic system to be fair and sustainable.

Cyberattacks on critical infrastructure have become a major challenge in the era of global digitalization. The problem formulation in this study is how international law is applied to address cyberattacks on critical infrastructure in Indonesia, what challenges Indonesia faces in enforcing international law regarding cyberattacks on critical infrastructure, and what efforts are made to overcome these challenges in enforcing international law related to cyberattacks on critical infrastructure in Indonesia. The research method used in this study is normative legal research. The research results show that the enforcement of international law against cyberattacks on critical infrastructure in Indonesia faces significant challenges, such as unclear regulations, issues of state sovereignty, and disagreements between countries. Although Indonesia has participated in international initiatives such as the Budapest Convention and UNGGE, the international law enforcement mechanism is still ineffective in addressing cross-border cyberattacks. Indonesia's domestic law, such as the ITE Law, is still limited in dealing with threats from abroad. Therefore, closer international cooperation, updating domestic policies, and strengthening domestic legal and technological capacities are necessary to ensure more effective and responsive protection against cyber threats.

The palm oil industry is a vital component of Indonesia's economy, significantly contributing to foreign exchange earnings and employment opportunities, particularly in rural and plantation-based regions where economic alternatives are limited. However, the sector is increasingly challenged by global sustainability concerns, particularly the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), which poses a threat to Indonesia’s palm oil exports due to its strict environmental standards and traceability requirements. This study adopts a descriptive qualitative approach using a literature review to explore the role of innovation and legal protection in strengthening the sustainability and global competitiveness of Indonesia’s palm oil industry. Specifically, it investigates how the development of superior plant varieties and the application of Plant Variety Protection (PVP) under the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) framework contribute to long-term industry resilience. The findings indicate that superior varieties such as DxP Topaz, DxP PTPN V, and Lonsum DxP have been instrumental in boosting productivity, reducing the need for land expansion, enhancing oil yield per hectare, and improving overall resource efficiency. Moreover, legal protection through PVP not only secures exclusive rights for breeders but also incentivizes further agricultural innovation and prevents the unauthorized use and duplication of valuable genetic resources. In light of international regulatory pressures, strengthening the national PVP system, promoting the registration of local superior varieties, and integrating legal instruments with research and development are essential. These efforts can safeguard Indonesia’s genetic sovereignty and support sustainable practices in compliance with international environmental standards. Ultimately, aligning agricultural innovation with a robust legal framework is key to maintaining the industry’s market access, environmental credibility, and long-term sustainability.

This study explores the philosophical and theological implications of John Dewey's pedagogical thought, particularly his emphasis on reflective practice and experiential learning, within the context of Contemporary Christian Religious Education (PAK). Despite its potential to foster active, student-centered learning, a significant gap exists in deeply examining how Dewey's principles align with or challenge PAK's theological aim of faith formation. This qualitative library research, employing Miles and Huberman's data analysis model, addresses this gap by synthesizing Dewey's pedagogical concepts with the Christian theology of spiritual growth, particularly informed by 1 Corinthians 3:6, which posits that God gives the increase. The findings reveal that Dewey's experiential learning framework can profoundly enrich PAK by shifting the teacher's role from a primary knowledge dispenser to a facilitator who guides students in applying biblical truths to real-life experiences. This approach encourages holistic development encompassing cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. However, the implementation necessitates a robust theological filter, maintaining that biblical truth is final and acknowledging God's sovereignty in true spiritual growth. The study concludes that while Dewey's pedagogy provides practical strategies for student engagement and character development, its successful integration into PAK hinges on a clear understanding of its theological boundaries, ensuring that pedagogical flexibility is balanced with doctrinal integrity. This research offers a theoretical foundation for transformative PAK practices, aiming to cultivate knowledgeable Christian students with deep and active faith.

The implementation of the Job Creation Law has brought significant changes to the regulation of foreign investment in Indonesia, particularly through the establishment of a minimum capital requirement for a Foreign Investment Limited Liability Company (PT PMA) of IDR 10 billion. This study aims to examine the formal minimum capital requirements for PT PMA in notarial deeds under the Job Creation Law using normative juridical methods with statutory, conceptual, and case study approaches, and referring to the theory of legal certainty, responsibility, and legal protection. The analysis includes the evolution of PT minimum capital regulations, capital classification within the company's legal structure, the phenomenon of fictitious PT PMAs such as the PT BKG case, and the status and limitations of notary responsibilities. The results of the study indicate that although the minimum capital requirement for PT PMAs has been explicitly stipulated in Government Regulation No. 5 of 2021 and Regulation of the Head of the Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM) No. 4 of 2021, there are legal loopholes in the form of unclear capital deposit periods, weak verification and oversight mechanisms, and the prevalence of nominee practices and fictitious PT PMAs that reduce the effectiveness of the policy. The notary's position as a public official plays a strategic role in drafting deeds of establishment, verifying documents, and providing legal counseling, but has limited authority in verifying material truth. The study concluded that regulatory improvements are needed through establishing clear capital deposit periods, strengthening verification and oversight mechanisms, and harmonizing regulations between institutions to ensure the effective implementation of minimum capital requirements for foreign-owned companies (PT PMA) in accordance with the principle of economic sovereignty.

This community service activity aims to provide an understanding of maritime law to fishermen and coastal communities in Setokok Village, Bulang District, Batam City, specifically regarding the supervision of foreign vessels in Indonesian waters. The methods used were direct outreach with a participatory approach, group discussions, and case simulations. This activity involved 85 participants consisting of fishermen, community leaders, and village officials. The results of the activity showed an increase in participants' understanding of the rights and obligations of fishermen, procedures for reporting foreign vessels, and the importance of maintaining the sovereignty of Indonesian waters. This activity had a positive impact in the form of increased awareness of maritime law and community participation in monitoring water areas.

Individual candidates are one of the nomination paths other than political parties that use public support as a prerequisite for being appointed as regional head candidates. Individual candidates are often referred to as democratic paths or grassroots paths because candidates who are successfully appointed truly come from public support that has been verified with certainty through factual verification. Individual candidates are also often seen as a solution to the high political dowries and the phenomena of corruption, collusion and nepotism that arise from the failure of political parties to carry out their function as the people's dignity. However, their existence has always been discredited by political parties, especially since the change in the nomination threshold by political parties which was decided in the Constitutional Court decision 60/PUU-XXII/2024. This literature study examines the potential presence of individual candidates in reducing political dowries and corruption which is also useful for upholding democracy with people's sovereignty. Therefore, it is necessary to consider reducing the threshold for support for individual candidates to balance the political battle of regional elections. By highlighting individual candidates as tough political opponents, it will trigger changes in the structure and working mechanisms of political parties in order to gain the sympathy of the people that has been lost over the past few decades

This study examines the role of the Republic of Indonesia Maritime Security Agency (Bakamla) in enforcing Indonesia's maritime sovereignty in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the North Natuna Sea. This study applies a qualitative descriptive method based on literature studies, official reports, and legal documents. The results of this study state that Bakamla has a strategic role in maritime surveillance, prevention, and law enforcement against violations, especially related to illegal fishing and activities of foreign vessels without permits. However, the lack of infrastructure, overlapping authority between institutions, and geopolitical dynamics are obstacles to optimal tasks. This study suggests the need to strengthen inter-institutional coordination, modernize maritime security equipment, and improve maritime diplomacy to support more effective enforcement of sovereignty.

Natuna waters are the most vulnerable area to illegal fishing because there is abundant potential for fishery resources. It was recorded that from May to December 2016, there were 280 foreign vessels in Natuna waters, which resulted in economic losses of 2.98 trillion Rupiah. This study aims to examine and assess the policies and actions that the Indonesian government has implemented in overcoming illegal fishing activities in the area. The results of this study are that the Natuna Waters Area is part of the Indonesian Archipelago Sea Lane (ALKI) and functions as a global waterway. The Natuna Waters Area borders with neighboring countries and is connected to open waters, making it vulnerable to illegal fishing activities. The Indonesian government's strategy in dealing with cases of unlawful fishing in Natuna waters effectively increases the protection of state sovereignty and marine resources through policies such as sinking ships and maritime diplomacy. However, this implementation policy overcomes obstacles in the form of intimidation from other countries, such as China, and weaknesses in supervision and coordination between domestic institutions, which can affect microorganisms in fisheries management and maritime security in the area.

The Geothermal Power Plant (PLTP) project in Batukuwung Village, Padarincang District, Serang Regency, has raised concerns among the community about the threat of environmental damage and the disruption of the sustainability of local agricultural systems. During this time, the community relies on traditional agriculture that is closely tied to local social, cultural and ecological values. This research aims to assess the social and ecological impacts of the PLTP project on the lives of village communities. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study, through purposive sampling techniques for in-depth interviews with affected residents, as well as online media analysis. The results show that the presence of the project has created ecological and social vulnerabilities, especially disruptions to water and land access, and narrowed the space for community participation in decision-making. The findings show that the clean energy narrative is not always in line with the reality on the ground. This research emphasizes the importance of the principles of ecological justice and local community sovereignty in energy development policies, especially in areas that depend on natural sustainability.  

Postponement of Debt Payment Obligations (PKPU) is a legal mechanism that provides an opportunity for creditors and debtors to submit a debt reschedule plan to avoid bankruptcy. In the PKPU process, creditors have a role in determining the success of the agreement. In this case, concurrent creditors are more advantaged, because their position can be equal to that of separatist creditors who have collateral. This study examines how the existence of concurrent creditor sovereignty in the agreement process through PKPU, and to what extent the regulations regarding concurrent creditors and their rights are benefited in the cassation decision, especially in the Supreme Court Decision Number 751 K /Pdt.Sus-Pailit/2024. This research is a normative legal research, with prescriptive legal approach and conceptual approach. The types of data used include primary and secondary legal materials, which are collected through literature studies. The legal material analysis technique uses the syllogism and interpretation methods. The results of the analysis, this study identifies how the protection of concurrent creditor sovereignty in peace through PKPU. And how the Supreme Court Decision in Decision No. 751 K/Pdt.Sus-Pailit/2024 pays more attention to concurrent creditors. In this discussion, shows how the regulations and legal protection of concurrent creditors, while discussing the Supreme Court Decision No. 751 K/Pdt.Sus-Pailit/2024 which gave rise to polemics in the interpretation of the provisions of Article 281 paragraph 1. However, it is likely to reflect the judiciary in considering all creditors and debtors, to achieve equal justice for all parties.

The rapid development of information technology has opened up opportunities for new threats to national security, one of which is information system hacking. Cyberattacks not only cause economic losses and disrupt public services but also pose a serious threat to Indonesia's digital sovereignty. In this context, state intelligence plays a strategic role as the vanguard in detecting, analyzing, and countering various threats to the country's strategic information systems. However, strengthening the state intelligence function in countering hacking crimes still faces various obstacles, ranging from immature regulations, weak inter-agency coordination, to limited technology and human resources. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of strengthening state intelligence in countering information system hacking and to formulate the urgency of updating national legal policy to support the formation of a strong, integrated, and professional cyber intelligence system. Using normative legal research methods supported by conceptual and case-based approaches, this study concludes that strengthening state intelligence requires regulatory updates, institutional integration, and investment in technology and human resources to safeguard national sovereignty in the digital era.

Rapid developments in information technology have opened up opportunities for new threats to national security, one of which is hacking of information systems. Cyber attacks not only cause economic losses and disrupt public services, but also pose a serious threat to Indonesia's digital sovereignty. In this context, state intelligence has a strategic role as the front line in detecting, analyzing, and countering various forms of threats to the country's strategic information systems. However, strengthening the function of state intelligence in dealing with hacking crimes still faces various obstacles, ranging from regulatory aspects that are not yet adaptive, weak inter-agency coordination, to limitations in technology and human resources. This study aims to examine the extent of the effectiveness of strengthening state intelligence in countering information system hacking, as well as to formulate the urgency of updating national legal policies that support the formation of a strong, integrated, and professional cyber intelligence system. Using a normative legal research method supported by a conceptual and case approach, this study concludes that strengthening state intelligence requires regulatory reform, institutional integration, and investment in technology and human resources in order to maintain national sovereignty in the digital age.