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Low back pain (LBP) is a common health issue that affects both adolescents and the elderly, impacting their daily activities and overall quality of life. This study aims to identify the causes, risk factors, and preventive measures associated with LBP in these two age groups. Various factors, including posture, physical activity, body weight, and occupational or academic demands, contribute to the prevalence of LBP. In adolescents, prolonged sitting, improper posture, and excessive screen time are significant contributors, while in the elderly, age-related degenerative changes, decreased muscle strength, and chronic conditions such as osteoporosis play a major role. This study utilizes a literature review and observational analysis to explore the similarities and differences in LBP risk factors across different age groups. The findings suggest that early prevention through proper ergonomics, regular exercise, and healthy lifestyle choices can help reduce the incidence of LBP. Additionally, awareness and education about spinal health should be emphasized in both adolescents and the elderly to mitigate future complications. This research highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, including physiotherapy, medical interventions, and lifestyle modifications, in managing and preventing LBP effectively.

Low back pain (LBP) is a common health issue that affects both adolescents and the elderly, impacting their daily activities and overall quality of life. This study aims to identify the causes, risk factors, and preventive measures associated with LBP in these two age groups. Various factors, including posture, physical activity, body weight, and occupational or academic demands, contribute to the prevalence of LBP. In adolescents, prolonged sitting, improper posture, and excessive screen time are significant contributors, while in the elderly, age-related degenerative changes, decreased muscle strength, and chronic conditions such as osteoporosis play a major role. This study utilizes a literature review and observational analysis to explore the similarities and differences in LBP risk factors across different age groups. The findings suggest that early prevention through proper ergonomics, regular exercise, and healthy lifestyle choices can help reduce the incidence of LBP. Additionally, awareness and education about spinal health should be emphasized in both adolescents and the elderly to mitigate future complications. This research highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, including physiotherapy, medical interventions, and lifestyle modifications, in managing and preventing LBP effectively.

Slang is a form of language that develops among teenagers, especially in urban environments, which often combines foreign elements or modifications of Indonesian. This research aims to identify the influence of the use of slang on the purity of Indonesian among teenagers. The main focus in making research is how the use of slang can have a positive and negative impact on Indonesian language skills in accordance with standard rules and structures. The research method used is qualitative with a descriptive approach, through interviews and observations of teenagers who often use slang. The research results show that although slang enriches vocabulary and provides space for self-expression, excessive use of slang can interfere with correct understanding of Indonesian, especially in formal communication contexts. Therefore, a balance between the use of slang and standard Indonesian is very necessary, especially among teenagers, to maintain the purity of the Indonesian language.

The screening and education program on the prevention of degenerative diseases was conducted in the coastal community of Panjang Island, Batam. This initiative aimed to address the high prevalence of degenerative diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia through health screenings and community education. The study involved 55 participants, primarily pre-elderly individuals, and included examinations of blood pressure, cholesterol, blood sugar, and uric acid. The results revealed that 65.5% of participants had hypertension (34.5% with Stage 1 and 31% with Stage 2), while 69.1% had high cholesterol levels. Blood sugar screening indicated that 14.5% of participants had elevated glucose levels. Uric acid levels were high in 47.3% of participants, predominantly among women. Additionally, 78% of respondents with comorbidities presented abnormalities in at least one biochemical parameter. Educational sessions resulted in a 26.4% increase in knowledge about disease prevention and healthy lifestyles. The program highlighted the importance of regular health screenings, lifestyle modifications, and community empowerment for sustainable health improvements. Collaboration with local health centers and the establishment of health cadres are recommended for ongoing support and monitoring of degenerative disease prevention efforts.

This study explores the innovative use of chitosan from shellfish and natural cellulose as an additive to decrease the viscosity of used lubricating oils. We synthesized and applied chitosan and cellulose as adsorbents to filter impurities and enhance the rheological properties of the oil. During the experiment, different amounts of chitosan and cellulose were used, and the Ostwald method was used to measure the viscosity. As expected, adding more chitosan (20 grams) made the viscosity much better compared to mixes with cellulose. This led to a viscosity of 658.20 cP, while a 15:5 chitosan-to-cellulose ratio made the viscosity the lowest, at 513.06 cP. FTIR analyses confirmed the structural integrity of chitosan post-synthesis. Challenges in optimizing chitosan production, particularly in achieving standard deacetylation levels, were noted as potential limitations. The results suggest that using biopolymers like chitosan and cellulose together is a long-term way to improve oil recovery and reuse, lower waste, and make industrial uses better. In the future, researchers should concentrate on enhancing the manufacturing process of chitosan to enhance its adsorption capabilities, and explore alternative functional modifications that could enhance its utility in a wider range of scenarios

Globalization has driven increasingly international economic integration, pushing countries to adjust their accounting standards. This study compares the accounting practices of Iran and Indonesia through a qualitative analysis of academic literature, accounting regulations, and corporate financial reports considering the different cultural, economic, and legal contexts in the two countries. The research results show that Indonesia adopts Financial Accounting Standards (SAK) which are based on IFRS while Iran uses National Accounting Standards which are adapted from IFRS with modifications according to the local context. IFRS adoption in Indonesia is said to be more advanced and closer than Iran because Iran is facing challenges that affect the country's economy, such as US international sanctions. These differences are also influenced by factors such as legal, cultural and social. Despite the differences, both countries show serious efforts in adapting accounting practices to international standards. Overall, this study provides in-depth insights for accounting practitioners, regulators and policy makers to develop better accounting practices in accordance with the needs of each country in an ever-evolving global context.

This investigation examines the implementation of linguistic politeness in English as Foreign Language (EFL) instruction in Karawang, with particular emphasis on faculty-student interactions. Utilizing an ethnographic qualitative methodology, the research encompasses one faculty member and thirty-five, first-semester students. Data acquisition was conducted through non-participant classroom observations and semi-structured in-depth interviews. The findings demonstrate that the faculty member systematically implemented politeness strategies through indirect communication and face-threatening acts management. The incorporation of Sundanese cultural values in instruction was manifested in the utilization of address systems and modifications in communication approaches. The implementation of politeness significantly contributed to the enhancement of students' communicative competence and the establishment of a conducive learning environment. This research underscores the significance of integrating linguistic politeness and indigenous cultural values in EFL instruction to facilitate pedagogical effectiveness.  

Pizza rolls are snacks in the form of small rolls that usually contain typical pizza ingredients, such as tomato sauce, cheese, meat such as pepperoni or sausage, and various other toppings. The outer crust of pizza rolls is usually made from thin dough such as bread or pastry, then fried or baked until crispy. Pizza rolls are a small snack that combines the classic taste of pizza with a practical form that is easy to eat at any time. Its popularity makes it a favorite choice for casual events, parties or just an afternoon snack. Seeing the increasing food trend, the author took the initiative to make pizza rolls with topping variants in order to provide education to people who want to become entrepreneurs in the culinary field, especially snacks. Pizza rolls are known as a practical and delicious snack, but their health benefits depend on the ingredients used and how they are made. Some of the potential benefits of pizza rolls, especially if made with quality ingredients and consumed in moderation, are a source of fast energy, rich in protein, a source of calcium, contain vitamins and minerals, a healthy alternative with modifications, and improve mood. The methods used in this activity include lectures, questions and answers or discussions, and training. The results obtained were (1) The participants responded well to the training in making pizza rolls with topping variants; (2) Strong motivation and interest from training participants so that it supports the transfer of information and skills from service providers to participants, and each participant can fully absorb the training material offered; and (3) The training product for making pizza rolls with topping variants can be consumed daily and can be used as an entrepreneurial product.

Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) pose a growing threat to public health, especially among elderly populations. This community service program was conducted in RT 001 and RT 01A, 20 Ilir 4 Village, Palembang, focusing on early detection and education to prevent NCDs such as hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol. The program utilized a participatory action research approach, incorporating health screenings and interactive health education sessions. Activities included blood pressure, glucose, cholesterol measurements, and lifestyle counseling. The results demonstrated a significant increase in awareness and proactive health behaviors among residents. Over 60% of participants with high-risk conditions were referred for further medical evaluation. Regular exercise initiatives and dietary modifications were adopted by the community. The program also established health cadres trained to sustain these efforts post-intervention. This initiative highlights the effectiveness of early detection and education in reducing NCD risks and fostering long-term community health improvements.

PE learning in schools will be optimal if the available facilities and infrastructure are adequate and the learning process focuses on the needs of students, of course, on the kasti ball game material. There are several factors that are obstacles, namely from the students themselves such as fear in doing blows, lack of confidence. This study aims to determine the effect of the modification of hitting aids and balls on the ability of hitting and throwing skills in the game of kasti ball for grade 6 students of SDN Gading 1 Surabaya. Data collection was carried out through student skill tests by providing modifications to batting aids and balls to determine the improvement of hitting skills in students. Data analysis uses descriptive statistical tests in the form of averages, standard deviations, variances, and inferential statistics using normality tests, t-tests, and improvement measurements. Based on the results of the study, it was shown that there was an increase in the ability of hitting skills in the game of kasti ball by more than 90% after being given modifications of batting aids and balls to students.

Stunting is a problem in children's growth and development due to chronic malnutrition and recurrent infections, which is characterized by their length or height being below the growth standards for children in general. Fakfak Regency is one of the districts in West Papua province with a fairly high population with a population growth rate of 1.17% throughout 2021-2023. Lack of education regarding stunting for pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers is a problem that is often experienced in every region, this is also experienced in Fakfak district, especially in rural areas. The goal to be achieved in this service is that Patra women's associations in Fakfak district receive education about the nutrition needed by children to prevent stunting, reducing stunting rates in Fakfak district. The solution created to overcome community problems is by making modified cookies to prevent stunting from an early age, with these modifications it is hoped that children's nutritional needs can be met.

Line fishing consists of several components, namely 1) reel; 2) fishing line; 3) fishing line; and 4) weight. Line fishing business in its development has not experienced much significant progress when compared to other fishing gear. To overcome this, various efforts and modifications were made to optimize the productivity and effectiveness of this fishing gear. In addition, the use of fishing rods with various sizes and types as well as modification of various kinds and forms of artificial bait for fishing effectiveness is relatively less applied by handline fishermen.The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the use of different types of artificial bait on fish catches, to determine the interaction between the differences in the use of different types of artificial bait in fishing gear during fishing operations. The research method that will be carried out is the experimental fishing method, namely the method by participating in fishing operations using hand line fishing gear that will be given three different types of artificial bait. The artificial baits used are chicken feathers, goldfish thread and pentil.

This research aims to motivate students through the application of ball game modifications in PJOK learning. The type of research used is classroom action research (PTK). The time for conducting the research is for 2 cycles, starting from August to September 2024. The subjects in this class action research (PTK) are students in grades IX-8 of SMA Negeri 1 Gedangan with a total of 35 students consisting of 15 boys and 20 girls. The instruments used to obtain data in this class action research are (1) in the form of observation guidelines and questionnaires. The data analysis used in this study is using quantitative descriptive analysis. The results of this study showed that there was an increase in student motivation through the application of ball game modifications was 4% from the first cycle which then increased to 7% in the second cycle. So it can be concluded that the application of handball game modifications is able to increase student motivation in learning PJOK.

Semarangan vernacular houses mostly have acceptable thermal performance, primarily related to the roof design and its elements. However, some developments associated with the quality of comfort have already been in progress. We found modifications with an alternative opening in the roof. Testing is needed to determine whether this alteration of a vernacular house with roof modifications is suitable to synchronize to nature and culture for its sustainability. This research aims to assess the quality of the modification for the thermal and energy performance of Semarangan vernacular houses in responding to climate change based on innovation. We utilize an energy audit simulation using the SketchUp software and the Sefaira plugin extension to measure thermal shape and variables. The focused study analyzes the thermal performance of buildings through analysis of the building envelope and building shape from a conceptual model. We discover that vernacular modifications do not reveal any extreme differences. Further research is needed to examine some other types of modifications further. We have to ensure that any modification maintains the quality of the house's performance and even have to increase it.

This research aims to analyse the impact of modifications to the education system at Vocational School Darussalam Banyuwangi through empowering digital media and information skills in the Merdeka Curriculum. The main aim of this research is to analyse how digital media integration affects teaching methods, curriculum, and educational outcomes, as well as assess students' readiness to face future challenges. The research method used is a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with school principals, teachers, and students, classroom observations to observe the implementation of digital media in the learning process, and analysis of curriculum documents and teaching materials. Data analysis was carried out using thematic analysis techniques to identify main patterns and themes from interviews, observations, and documents. The research results show that integrating digital media into the Merdeka Curriculum has improved teaching methods by increasing interactivity and student involvement. In addition, empowering information skills helps students manage and utilize information sources effectively. Although there are challenges to implementation, such as the need for additional training for teachers and technical issues, this research identifies strategies that can overcome these obstacles and increase the effectiveness of the curriculum. This research provides valuable insight into the adaptation of the education system in the digital era and offers recommendations for improving the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum in secondary schools.

The 1945 Constitution has undergone four amendments. These amendments have brought significant changes to Indonesia's constitutional law. They encompass the transformation of the state from a unitary to a unitary state with broad autonomy, a shift in the governmental system from presidential to parliamentary-presidential, alterations in the presidential and vice-presidential election systems, changes in the judicial system, and modifications in the party system. This research aims to examine the changes in Indonesia's constitutional law following the amendments to the 1945 Constitution. Additionally, it seeks to analyze the impacts of these changes on Indonesia's constitutional system. The research employs a normative legal method, examining primary legal materials such as the 1945 Constitution and other related legislation concerning constitutional law. Furthermore, secondary legal materials such as books, articles, and journals related to constitutional law are also scrutinized. Based on the research findings, the alterations in Indonesia's constitutional law after the amendments to the 1945 Constitution have significantly impacted Indonesia's constitutional system, making it more democratic and ensuring greater respect for human rights.

This research examines the problem of increasing the understanding and critical thinking abilities of students who use film media with students who use conventional learning methods. This research uses a quasi-experimental method with purposive sampling and the instruments used in this research are written tests and questionnaires. The population of this study was all students of class VIII SMPN 12 Tasikmalaya. The sample for this research was students in class VIII A. The instrument used in this research was a test of students' understanding and critical thinking abilities in the form of a questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out quantitatively. The results of the research show: 1) The increase in understanding of students who use film media is better than students who use conventional learning in English lessons in class. 2) The critical thinking of students who use film media is better than the critical thinking of students who use conventional learning in English lessons in class. Based on the research results, film media can improve students' understanding and critical thinking in English lessons. Film media can make modifications and adaptations according to the situation and conditions of the teaching and learning process.

Obesity in children and adolescents is a global health problem, with increasing prevalence in low- and middle-income countries and consistently high obesity rates in high-income countries. Obesity, characterized by excessive lipid accumulation, is primarily caused by an energy imbalance resulting from high caloric intake and inadequate expenditure. This activity uses the PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) methodology, involving 167 participants for obesity screening. The results of measuring Body Mass Index and waist circumference showed that 14 (8.39%) people were obese level II, 22 (13.18%) people were obese level I, 13 (7.79%) people were overweight, and 53 ( 31.74%) people have a risk of central obesity. Early detection through routine anthropometric assessments allows timely intervention, including lifestyle modifications to prevent obesity and related comorbidities, thereby improving overall health outcomes.

Aging is associated with significant changes in body composition, specifically a decrease in lean body mass and an increase in fat mass. These changes contribute to the prevalence of obesity and sarcopenia in the elderly population, impacting quality of life, morbidity and mortality. A complex interaction between hormonal decline, chronic inflammation, nutritional deficiencies, and reduced physical activity underlies these changes. This activity uses the PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) methodology to screen for obesity and sarcopenia in the elderly at St. Mary's Church, Francis of Assisi. We use Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) to measure body composition, which includes total body fat, visceral fat, subcutaneous fat, and muscle mass. Among 32 participants, the average total body fat, visceral fat, subcutaneous fat, and muscle mass were 36.5% each; 9.6%; 9.68%; and 21.5%. Body composition assessment using BIA is very important in managing the elderly's health. Preventive strategies, including tailored exercise programmes, nutritional counselling, and lifestyle modifications, are essential to maintain muscle mass and prevent excessive fat deposition, thereby improving quality of life and reducing morbidity and mortality. Keywords: Body Composition, Obesity, Sarcopenia, Elderly, Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis

This research examines the problem of increasing the understanding and critical thinking abilities of students who use film media with students who use conventional learning methods. This research uses a quasi-experimental method with purposive sampling and the instruments used in this research are written tests and questionnaires. The population of this study was all students of class VIII SMPN 12 Tasikmalaya. The sample for this research was students in class VIII A. The instrument used in this research was a test of students' understanding and critical thinking abilities in the form of a questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out quantitatively. The results of the research show: 1) The increase in understanding of students who use film media is better than students who use conventional learning in English lessons in class. 2) The critical thinking of students who use film media is better than the critical thinking of students who use conventional learning in English lessons in class. Based on the research results, film media can improve students' understanding and critical thinking in English lessons. Film media can make modifications and adaptations according to the situation and conditions of the teaching and learning process.