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This article explores the map of Christian education approaches from theological, pedagogical, psychological, and contextual perspectives. Christian education plays a vital role in shaping the faith, character, and spirituality of students in a comprehensive manner. Using a literature review method, the study analyzes various sources on Christian education theology. The findings reveal that the theological approach emphasizes the Bible as the primary foundation for learning, while the pedagogical approach focuses on active and participatory teaching methods. The psychological approach tailors instruction to the developmental stages of students, and the contextual approach links faith with students' real-life experiences. Each approach has its strengths and limitations, and Christian educators are encouraged to integrate these approaches to achieve holistic learning goals. The study emphasizes the importance of collaboration among schools, families, and churches to create an educational ecosystem that fosters the spiritual and character growth of students. By combining these approaches, educators can better equip students for both spiritual and personal development.

The global ecological crisis is not only a scientific issue but also reflects the decline of human moral and spiritual awareness toward nature. This study aims to examine the acculturation approach of Islam Nusantara in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning as an effort to foster students’ ecological awareness. The research employed a qualitative library research method using various relevant sources, including books, national and international journal articles, and educational policy documents. Data analysis was conducted through data reduction, thematic presentation, and interpretive-analytical conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that Islam Nusantara, as a product of the acculturation between universal Islamic values and local Nusantara wisdom, contains various ecological traditions such as sasi, subak, and hutan larangan (forbidden forests), which can be contextually integrated into PAI learning. The developed learning model includes the use of local wisdom as learning resources, participatory project-based learning methods, and thematic Qur’anic interpretation related to environmental issues. The ecotheological approach of Islam Nusantara is considered effective in connecting religious teachings with students’ ecological realities, thereby fostering a religious-ecological character that views environmental preservation as part of worship. Although challenges remain in theological, pedagogical, and institutional aspects, this approach contributes strategically to shaping environmentally responsible Muslim generations.

The development of fine motor skills in elementary school-aged children is crucial for academic achievement and daily activities. However, some children still experience delays in fine motor skills due to lack of stimulation, a lack of varied teaching methods, and the impact of technology use and learning after the pandemic. This study aims to improve fine motor skills in elementary school children through Educational Activities Using LEGO Bricks. The method used is a play-based learning approach integrated into thematic learning. The activities were conducted in several structured sessions, including an introduction, core activities, and reflection and evaluation. Participants were elementary school students who actively participated in LEGO assembly activities both individually and in groups. The results showed improvements in fine motor skills, evident in improvements in hand-eye coordination, accuracy, concentration, and manipulative abilities. Students also demonstrated great enthusiasm and progress in creativity when creating various types of works. The discussion indicates that playing with LEGO is beneficial for training small muscles in the hands through pinching, pressing, and arranging activities, as well as supporting cognitive development and a passion for learning. In other words, the LEGO Brick Educational Play Movement has proven to be an innovative and fun learning medium, as well as effective in developing the fine motor skills of elementary school students.

A mid the growing complexity of contemporary education, the challenge of integrating intellectual achievement with moral and spiritual development has become increasingly urgent. This study examines educational strategies in the Qur’an through the perspective of tafsir tarbawi, focusing on four core approaches: exemplary conduct, advice, dialogue, and storytelling. The research aims to explore how the Qur’an presents pedagogical methods that not only convey knowledge but also shape character and internalize values in learners. Employing a qualitative library research design with thematic and tafsir tarbawi approaches, this study analyzes relevant Qur’anic verses and supporting scholarly literature. The findings reveal that the Qur’an offers a holistic and dynamic model of education in which exemplary conduct functions as a behavioral model, advice serves as a means of value internalization, dialogue promotes reflective and critical thinking, and storytelling strengthens moral awareness through narrative experience. These strategies are interconnected and operate across cognitive, affective, and behavioral domains. The study concludes that Qur’anic educational strategies remain highly relevant for contemporary Islamic education, particularly in strengthening character formation, reflective learning, and the integration of values in educational practice.

Fiqh learning education activities play an important role in improving early childhood worship awareness, particularly in understanding the pillars of Islam as the foundation of Islamic teachings. This study was motivated by the low level of children’s understanding of the pillars of Islam, which was caused by learning methods that were less engaging and less interactive. Therefore, this study aims to improve the understanding, habituation, and worship awareness of early childhood through the use of a simple, communicative, and easy-to-understand lecture method at TPQ Al-Hidayah, Pacar Kembang, Surabaya. This study employed a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach consisting of several stages, namely problem identification, learning planning using the lecture method, implementation of activities, evaluation, and joint reflection to enhance learning effectiveness. The results showed that fiqh learning through the lecture method had a positive impact on improving children’s understanding of the pillars of Islam, developing worship habits, and fostering full awareness in carrying out daily worship practices. Thus, the lecture method is considered effective in enhancing understanding and worship awareness among early childhood learners.

This study examines the use of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) among theology students and its ethical and theological implications for theological education in the Society 5.0 era. Employing a light mixed-methods sequential explanatory design, the research involved theology students through surveys and semi-structured interviews. The findings indicate that GenAI is primarily utilized as a learning support tool for understanding course materials and developing academic assignments. While students demonstrate awareness of potential bias and ethical concerns, consistent transparency and critical reflection in AI usage remain limited. The theological concept of imago Dei emerges as a significant analytical lens, emphasizing human dignity and moral responsibility in academic practices. The study concludes that GenAI can constructively support theological education when integrated with faith-based ethical literacy and clear institutional guidelines.

This study aims to examine and review the impact of language learning through text-based methods on the cognitive abilities of elementary school students. The research approach used is a qualitative study with the main instrument being the researcher, and supporting instruments including observation, interviews, and documentation of student learning outcomes at the elementary school level. Research data was obtained from various library sources, such as books, scientific articles, national and international journals, and other relevant scientific works related to text-based learning and student cognitive development. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of Indonesian language learning with text-based methods has a diverse impact on students. Differences in learning outcomes are not only influenced by the strategies and learning processes implemented by teachers, but are also closely related to students' cognitive abilities in understanding, interpreting, and processing information from Indonesian texts. Thus, text-based methods need to be adapted to the characteristics and levels of students' cognitive abilities so that learning objectives can be optimally achieved.

The Qiroati method is an instructional approach to reading the Qur’an that emphasizes direct practice of tartil recitation in accordance with the rules of tajwid. This method is practical, systematic, and implemented gradually, meaning that learners are not allowed to proceed to the next level before achieving fluency at the current stage. One of the main challenges in learning to read and memorize the Qur’an is the limited use of structured teaching methods, as some teachers still rely primarily on personal experience and conventional reading approaches. This condition contributes to students’ lack of fluency in reading and memorizing the Qur’an, as well as decreased learning motivation due to monotonous and less effective instructional practices. This study aims to examine the implementation of the Qiroati method in improving students’ Qur’anic reading ability within the Tahfidzul Qur’an program at SMP Daruttaqwa Full Day School. The findings are expected to provide useful insights for educators and contribute to academic knowledge. This research employs a field research design with a descriptive qualitative approach, focusing on describing the application of the Qiroati method in enhancing students’ reading ability in relation to Qur’an memorization. Data were collected through interviews, tests, and documentation, while data analysis involved data collection, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results indicate that the implementation of the Qiroati method effectively improves students’ ability to read the Qur’an in the Tahfidzul Qur’an program. This is evidenced by the improvement in students’ reading scores compared to their previous performance. In practice, the method involves teachers modeling correct recitation, followed by students reading collectively. Therefore, the Qiroati method not only enhances students’ accuracy in reading the Qur’an but also fosters a more engaging and effective learning environment.

This study aims to analyze the integration of policy, curriculum, and school culture in realizing an environmentally friendly school at SDN Tanggul Wetan 2. The study used a qualitative approach with a case study type. The research subjects included the principal, teachers, students, program coordinators, and parents. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Data analysis used the Miles and Huberman model which includes data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the school policy has integrated environmental care values ​​through the Adiwiyata program supported by external partnerships and periodic evaluations. The curriculum implementation was carried out contextually by integrating environmental materials into various subjects and using project-based learning methods. School culture is realized through habituation of activities such as community service, waste sorting, and energy saving which have an impact on changes in student behavior. Supporting factors include the principal's leadership, teacher participation, parental support, and the school environment, while inhibiting factors include the lack of consistent student habits. Thus, the integration of policy, curriculum, and school culture has proven to be key in building a sustainable environmentally friendly character.

This research is based on the reality that classroom management often tests teachers' emotional stability, especially when dealing with highly active students. This study focuses on how teachers use emotional intelligence to control themselves when facing challenging learning situations. The purpose of this study is to describe the forms of emotional regulation carried out by teachers and their influence on the effectiveness of classroom management. The research was conducted using a qualitative descriptive approach through observations and interviews with teachers. The results show that effective emotional management is carried out through several methods, such as increasing self-awareness to recognize stress triggers, pausing before responding to student behavior, and trying to understand the background of student activity through empathy. Teachers with good emotional intelligence tend to be able to direct student activity into more positive learning participation, rather than responding to it with reactive or authoritarian responses. This study emphasizes the importance of strengthening psychological aspects and emotional management skills in teacher professional development programs. Emotional maturity not only helps create a more harmonious classroom atmosphere but also forms the basis for inclusive learning interactions and supports the continuous development of student character.

Nahwu (Arabic grammar) is a fundamental discipline in learning the Arabic language, helping to prevent errors in speech and serving as a primary key to clearly understanding Islamic legal texts. However, in practice, the teaching of Nahwu often faces complex challenges, particularly the lack of active participation among female students and their uneven mastery of the subject. Therefore, this study aims to explore the problems in teaching Nahwu at Al-Madani Islamic Boarding School in Cikalong and to identify the factors causing these issues. This study aims to: (1) reveal the problems faced by second-grade female students of KMI in learning Nahwu at Al-Madani Islamic Boarding School in Cikalong, and (2) identify the contributing factors influencing the emergence of these problems. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach. The researcher used three data collection techniques: classroom observation, in-depth interviews with the Nahwu teacher, and questionnaires distributed to the students. For data analysis, the researcher applied the Miles and Huberman model, which consists of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. To ensure data validity, data triangulation techniques were used. The results of the study indicate that the problems are divided into two main aspects: (1) learning-related problems, including the gap between memorization of grammatical rules and their application (i‘rab), high levels of academic anxiety, and decreased classroom concentration; and (2) contributing factors, including methodological factors, linguistic-psychological factors, and classroom management factors. The researcher suggests that teachers adopt more interactive teaching methods and media, as well as innovative visual tools to reduce the abstract nature of Nahwu materials and enhance students’ functional understanding. Additionally, activating “Halaqah Nahwiyyah” (grammar study circles) in dormitories is recommended to overcome psychological barriers and improve students’ linguistic confidence.

This study aims to analyze the strategies of multicultural Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning in fostering students’ tolerance attitudes in the context of Indonesia’s diverse society. This research employs a qualitative approach using a library research method by examining various relevant scientific literatures, including journals, books, and policy documents. Data were analyzed through stages of data collection, reduction, thematic analysis, and synthesis. The findings indicate that there are three main strategies in implementing multicultural-based PAI learning: (1) enrichment of teaching materials with multicultural perspectives, (2) application of dialogic discussion and cooperative learning methods, and (3) creation of a democratic and inclusive school culture. These strategies are proven to significantly contribute to the development of students’ tolerance, inclusivity, and respect for diversity. However, several challenges are identified, such as limited teacher competence, lack of inclusive teaching materials, social pressures, and the influence of digital media. In conclusion, multicultural-based PAI learning plays a crucial role in shaping tolerant and inclusive students. Its successful implementation requires a holistic, adaptive, and collaborative approach involving curriculum development, teacher competence enhancement, and support from the broader educational ecosystem.

Management psychology is a crucial aspect in enhancing learning effectiveness and improving the performance of educational institutions in the face of contemporary educational challenges. This approach emphasizes the role of psychological factors such as motivation, leadership, communication, and organizational culture in supporting effective educational management. This study aims to examine the role of management psychology in improving educational quality and to explore how psychological aspects contribute to organizational effectiveness. The research uses a literature review method, drawing data from Google Scholar and Publish or Perish (PoP) with publications from 2020 to 2026 using the keyword “management psychology.” From 21 initial articles, 15 met the screening criteria, and five main articles were analyzed in depth. The findings highlight three key themes: improving performance and learning outcomes, strengthening leadership and organizational communication, and managing conflict and human resources. Overall, the literature shows that psychological approaches significantly enhance the effectiveness of educational organizations. In conclusion, management psychology plays a strategic role in educational management, and future research should expand the scope of literature and integrate quantitative methods to strengthen empirical findings.  

The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology requires an improvement in digital literacy and skills among students, particularly at the vocational high school level. However, many students still lack sufficient understanding of the basic concepts and practical applications of generative AI in learning. This Community Service Program (Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat/PKM) aims to enhance students’ understanding of AI technology through generative AI training at SMK Al-Muhajirin Depok. The methods used in this program include interactive lectures, demonstrations of generative AI applications, and hands-on practice sessions. The activity was attended by 30 students and supported by the school management. The results indicate a significant improvement in students’ understanding of generative AI concepts and their ability to apply the technology in a simple learning context. In addition, students gained awareness of the ethical use of AI in an appropriate and responsible manner. Therefore, this PKM activity contributes positively to improving students’ digital literacy and readiness to face technological advancements in the modern era.

This study aims to describe the strategies of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers in increasing the learning participation of low-ability students at SDN 008 Tebing Karimun. Learning participation is an important indicator of learning success, but in reality there is still low student involvement in the learning process. Inhibiting factors come from internal aspects such as low confidence and limited cognitive abilities, as well as external aspects in the form of less varied learning strategies and less supportive classroom environments. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive type, involving PAI teachers as the main informants and students as supporting informants. Data was collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, then analyzed with an interactive model that included data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawn, and tested for validity through triangulation. The results of the study showed that teachers' strategies include active learning, group discussions, individual approaches, and the use of learning media. The obstacles faced include low student confidence, cognitive limitations, and lack of variety of methods. The solutions carried out by teachers are in the form of providing motivation, applying innovative methods, and creating a conducive learning environment. This study concludes that PAI teachers' strategies play an important role in increasing the learning participation of low-ability students through innovative, interactive, and student-centered learning.

This study aims to examine the factors that influence students’ interest in learning Islamic Religious Education (PAI) at SMA Daruttaqwa Dahanrejo Kebomas Gresik. The research applies a qualitative method using a case study approach. Data collection was carried out through in-depth interviews with students, teachers, and administrative staff, as well as direct observation of the PAI learning process. The results reveal that students’ learning interest is shaped by both internal and external factors. Internal factors include individual characteristics, intellectual ability, and psychological conditions. Meanwhile, external factors consist of the role of competent teachers, parental support, the availability of facilities and infrastructure, and a supportive learning environment. The implementation of PAI learning involves various methods, such as lectures, storytelling of prophets and pious scholars, question-and-answer activities, the use of social and visual media, assignments, discussions, and role modeling. Factors that enhance learning interest include teacher motivation, family support, a conducive environment, alignment with students’ interests, and the quality of learning materials. The primary obstacle identified is the suboptimal management and scheduling of instructional time.

The implementation of active learning models such as Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and Project-Based Learning (PjBL) at the junior high school level is often constrained by the complexity of instructional time management. This study aims to examine the role of the principal’s instructional leadership in addressing time management dilemmas in the implementation of active learning at SMP Negeri 6 Panyabungan. A qualitative approach with a descriptive method was employed in this study. Data were collected through non-participant observation and in-depth interviews with key informants, namely the school principal and an Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teacher selected as representatives of field conditions. The findings reveal three main results. First, teachers’ time management constraints are caused by weak control of learning activity transitions, noisy classroom conditions during group division, and low initial student learning readiness. Second, the principal implemented several concrete interventions, including the adoption of block scheduling, clinical supervision focused on classroom management, and the optimization of the Subject Teacher Forum (MGMP) or school learning community. Third, these interventions improved teachers’ instructional efficiency, strengthened classroom activity control, and created a more structured active learning process. However, sustainability challenges remain, particularly resistance from senior teachers who tend to prefer conventional teaching methods. This study concludes that adaptive and solution-oriented instructional leadership is a key factor in addressing the complexity of time management constraints in active learning implementation.

The development of digital technology provides new opportunities for learning innovation, including in literature learning at Sma Negeri 1 Serang City. This study aims to describe the use of Blogger as a literature learning medium in improving short story writing skills of high school students in the digital era. This study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. The subjects of the study were students of SMA Negeri 1 Serang City with a population of approximately 1,756 students who participated in short story writing learning based on Blogger as a publication and learning medium. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation, interviews, and document analysis of the results of students' short stories published on Blogger. The purpose of this study is to determine the benefits of using Blogger in literature learning to increase student learning motivation, provide space for creativity in writing, and make it easier for students to publish and share their literary works digitally. In addition, Blogger media also encourages students to be more active in the learning process because of interactions through comments and feedback from teachers and peers. Thus, the use of Blogger as a literature learning medium can be an innovative alternative in improving short story writing skills of high school students in the digital era.

This study aims to analyze the role of Gambus music education in fostering appreciation for Riau Malay oral traditions in higher education. Amidst the wave of globalization, oral traditions such as pantun, syair, and gurindam are losing their space of actualization among the younger generation. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study design at the Universitas Islam Riau. Data were collected through participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The results indicate that Gambus music learning, which integrates experiential learning methods through three main stages textual analysis, musical practice, and contextual reflection is effective in increasing students' cultural awareness. The integration of oral tradition texts into musical materials allows students to deeply internalize moral, religious, and social values. Despite challenges such as limited curriculum time allocation, the involvement of expert practitioners serves as a key supporting factor in providing an authentic learning experience. The study concludes that Gambus music in higher education functions as a strategic educational instrument to revitalize oral traditions as a "living archive" and strengthen students' cultural identity.

This study aims to analyze the management of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning as an effort to improve students’ discipline in performing congregational prayers at SDN 188 Simangambat. Learning management in PAI includes planning, implementation, and evaluation strategies carried out by teachers to instill religious values and develop students’ awareness of the importance of praying together. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods to describe the role of PAI learning management in shaping students’ prayer discipline. The results indicate that effective PAI learning management can encourage students to perform congregational prayers regularly through teacher guidance, habituation programs, and a supportive school environment. Teachers play an important role as educators and role models in building students’ responsibility and obedience in carrying out religious activities. The implementation of structured learning activities, monitoring, and evaluation contributes to improving students’ discipline and spiritual character. Therefore, proper management of PAI learning is an important factor in developing students’ religious habits and strengthening Islamic character education in elementary schools.