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This research explores the correlation between parenting styles and the level of independence among children with special needs attending Special Needs Schools (SLB). Parenting plays a pivotal role in shaping children’s behavioral development and functional abilities, particularly for those requiring more tailored and supportive approaches. Employing a quantitative method with a causal-comparative design, data were obtained through a structured questionnaire distributed to parents of children aged 7–12 with special needs. The results indicate a significant positive correlation between the authoritative (democratic) parenting style and children’s independence. In contrast, authoritarian and permissive styles showed limited influence. These findings underscore the importance of a balanced parenting model that blends guidance with autonomy, as it fosters greater independence in children's daily functioning. The study is expected to contribute to the formulation of family support initiatives and inclusive education policies that strengthen the role of parents as key educators.

This study aims to determine the effect of lecturers' teaching styles on student achievement at Stella Maris University, Sumba. The research method used is quantitative with a survey approach through questionnaires and observations. Lecturers' teaching styles are categorized into four types, namely facilitator, demonstrator, delegator, and authoritarian styles. The results of the observation show that the facilitator style is the most dominant style used (45%), followed by demonstrator (35%), delegator (15%), and authoritarian (5%). Data analysis using simple linear regression shows an R Square value of 0.468, which means that the lecturer's teaching style explains 46.8% of the variation in student achievement. In addition, a significance value of 0.000 (<0.05) is obtained, which indicates that there is a significant influence between the lecturer's teaching style and student achievement. This finding confirms that the application of the right and participatory teaching style can improve student learning outcomes.

Religious gaslighting is a form of psychological manipulation that uses religious authority and teachings to question or doubt a person's perceptions, emotions, and experiences, so that the victim feels guilty or unfaithful. In the context of the Muslim community, this practice can occur when religious understanding is used narrowly and authoritarianly, suppressing freedom of thought, and perpetuating power imbalances—both in family relationships, communities, and religious institutions. This article examines the phenomenon of religious gaslighting from the perspective of critical Islamic education, with the aim of dismantling manipulative patterns wrapped in religious narratives. The approach used is qualitative-descriptive with literature analysis of classical and contemporary Islamic sources, as well as interdisciplinary studies in the fields of religious psychology and educational philosophy. The results of the study show that religious gaslighting is not only a matter of individual morals, but also part of an authoritarian social and cultural structure that needs to be countered through liberating (ta'dib) and transformative Islamic education. Islamic education based on the values ​​of justice (al-‘adl), compassion (rahmah), and deliberation can be a critical tool for building a healthy spiritual awareness and freeing people from the shackles of manipulative authority. Thus, education has a central role in forming a generation of Muslims who are able to distinguish between the authenticity of Islamic teachings and their misuse in the practice of power.    

The film Ngeri-Ngeri Sedap portrays Batak family life with an authentic and emotional approach. This study aims to analyze the authoritarian parenting style implemented by Pak Domu, the head of the family in the film. The research employs a qualitative method with content analysis. Data were collected through observation, documentation, interviews, and literature review. The analysis uses John Fiske’s semiotic approach, which includes three levels: reality, representation, and ideology. The findings reveal that the authoritarian parenting style is reflected through expressions, vocal intonation, behavior, dialogue, character, and conflict throughout the narrative. This parenting style is influenced by conservative, individualistic, fascist, and patriarchal ideologies embedded in the family’s cultural structure. The study highlights that healthy family relationships require honest communication, understanding each member’s feelings and desires, and avoiding coercion in interpersonal interactions. The film’s representation provides broader insight into the impact of authoritarian parenting on family dynamics. Moreover, the film serves as a reflective medium for viewers to recognize the importance of transforming parenting patterns in order to create harmonious family relationships. Therefore, this research contributes to enriching studies on parenting and family relationships within a local cultural context through cinematic representation.

The rise of authoritarian leadership in higher education institutions has become a pressing global issue, affecting academic freedom, institutional autonomy, and the wellbeing of faculty and students. This phenomenon, observed not only in traditionally authoritarian countries but also in democratic contexts, manifests through centralized power, top-down decision-making, and suppression of critical voices. Despite its growing prevalence, empirical research on authoritarian leadership in academia remains limited, with significant gaps in understanding its contextual dynamics, direct impacts on academic communities, and cross-cultural variations. Recent studies have introduced novel theoretical frameworks tailored to academic settings and employed innovative mixed-method approaches to explore mediating factors such as emotional exhaustion and moderating personality traits. These advances have highlighted the complex and contextual nature of authoritarian leadership’s effects, which generally undermine innovation, morale, and performance, although it may increase compliance in specific situations. The negative consequences of authoritarian leadership are evident in reduced creativity and critical thinking, which are fundamental to the academic mission. Faculty members and students may experience heightened stress, diminished job satisfaction, and a decline in engagement. However, some studies suggest that in certain environments, authoritarian leadership can impose order and enhance efficiency in situations requiring immediate decisions. This paper underscores the urgent need for further research and practical interventions to promote adaptive, collaborative, and wellbeing-oriented leadership models in higher education. Such leadership approaches are essential to foster institutional resilience, democratic governance, and inclusive educational practices in an era of global uncertainty and disruption. By shifting towards more participatory leadership styles, higher education institutions can better address the evolving needs of faculty and students, ensuring a thriving academic environment that supports innovation, diversity of thought, and overall wellbeing.

Psychological safety, a critical concept in team performance and innovation, remains predominantly studied in developed nations, despite its under-explored relevance in developing countries characterized by rigid hierarchies, collectivist cultures, and socioeconomic disparities. This article analyzes the challenges and opportunities of fostering psychological safety in Indonesia, emphasizing unique dynamics such as paternalistic leadership, deliberative values (musyawarah), and the influence of Pancasila ideology. Through a literature review, critical research gaps are identified: integrating local wisdom, transforming authoritarian leadership systems, and the role of the informal sector. The study advocates for culturally adaptive approaches, empathic leadership training, and leveraging gotong royong (communal cooperation) as a foundation for psychological safety. Theoretical and practical recommendations aim to advance inclusive HR policies and further research in Indonesia, accounting for its sociocultural complexities.

This study examines the impact of political and public official corruption on Nigerian democracy and government legitimacy between 1999 and 2023. The research uses a qualitative descriptive approach, supported by documentary analysis, with the elite theory framework as the basis for gathering and evaluating relevant data. The study argues that the pervasive corruption within Nigeria’s democratic system is largely driven by the ruling elites, who control both political power and wealth. The elites are able to appropriate state powers and utilize them to amass resources and build networks of patronage, which are crucial for maintaining their dominance and subjugating the un-elite majority. Through the lens of power relations, the study highlights how these corrupt practices have led to the entrenchment of the elites’ control over political and economic systems. The study concludes that political corruption has significantly undermined the government's ability to provide essential public goods and services, which has, in turn, contributed to a decline in public trust in Nigeria's political institutions and democratic processes during this period. As the political landscape has become increasingly dominated by corruption, citizens have grown disillusioned with the system. The study recommends that Nigeria's political leadership reassess its current, money-driven and self-serving political approach, and adopt a more service-oriented model. Strengthening the rule of law, promoting public involvement in governance, and ensuring governmental accountability and legitimacy could help prevent Nigeria's slide toward political authoritarianism and reverse the democratic decline.

The objectives of the study were to determine how high the independence of students with authoritarian and democratic parenting styles was and to determine whether or not there was a difference in the level of student independence when reviewed from authoritarian and democratic parenting patterns. This study used a quantitative approach with a comparative research design. The data collection technique used a survey with a likert scale and obtained 95 students as respondents consisting of 45 students with authoritarian parenting patterns and 50 students with democratic parenting patterns. Furthermore, it was tested using validity and reliability tests. The results of the validity test obtained 38 valid items, the reliability test used the Alpha Cronbach calculation with a result of 0.984 which was included in the very reliable category. Furthermore, a difference test was carried out using the t-test (Independent Sample T-test). The results of the study are the level of independence of students with authoritarian parenting styles was 42% in the very high category, the level of independence of students with democratic parenting styles was 40% in the very high category, and there was no difference in the level of independence between students with authoritarian and democratic parenting patterns.

This study will describe the legal character of the new Criminal Code in the perspective of legal politics, as for the problem in the research, namely how politics is very influential in producing a legal product. this research method uses normative legal research where in this case it examines legal issues and examines norms, as for what is studied in this study is the new Criminal Code Law. This research aims to answer how the politics of law on criminal law reform in indonesia and how the political configuration and legal character of the new Criminal Code. the conclusion of this research is the politics of law in the Criminal Code Update is the politics of criminal law, which is basically a form of policy that responds to the development of human thinking about crime. political configuration that has a major influence on the formation of rules. Legal products that are responsive in character, the process of making them is participatory, which invites as much community participation as possible through social groups and individuals in the community. In relation to the new Criminal Code, it is not responsive or democratic in nature, and it is also born through an authoritarian political configuration because of the lack of popular participation in its design.

Background: Teenage pregnancy remains a significant public health concern due to its potential risks to both mother and child, including health complications, social challenges, and educational disruption. One of the factors influencing teenage pregnancy is parental patterns, which include parenting styles, communication, supervision, and emotional support. Studies have shown that adolescents from families with authoritarian or neglectful parenting are more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior, increasing the risk of early pregnancy. Understanding the relationship between parental patterns and teenage pregnancy can help develop targeted interventions to prevent adolescent pregnancies. Objective: This study aimed to examine the relationship between parental patterns and the incidence of teenage pregnancy. Methods: A quantitative analytical study with a cross-sectional design was conducted. The sample consisted of 30 teenage mothers selected using a total sampling technique. Data were collected through structured questionnaires assessing parental patterns, including communication, supervision, and emotional support, as well as information about pregnancy incidence. Data analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to determine the statistical relationship between parental patterns and teenage pregnancy incidence. Results: The study found that 30 respondents (100%) reported experiencing parental patterns that influenced their behavior. Among them, teenagers from families with supportive and communicative parenting had a lower risk of teenage pregnancy. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed a significant relationship between parental patterns and the incidence of teenage pregnancy (p = 0.000), indicating that parental guidance and involvement play a critical role in preventing early pregnancy. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between parental patterns and the incidence of teenage pregnancy. Supportive and communicative parental patterns reduce the likelihood of teenage pregnancy, while neglectful or authoritarian patterns increase the risk. These findings highlight the importance of parental involvement, education, and guidance in adolescent reproductive health.

Children's emotional development during childhood is a very important basis in forming attitudes, values ​​and behavior in the future. Parenting styles play a very important role in the formation and emotional development of children. This research examines various types of parenting patterns applied by parents and their impact on children's psychological well-being. Based on literature analysis from ten journals, it was found that positive parenting styles, such as authoritative, can support the development of children's emotional regulation and self-confidence. On the other hand, authoritarian or permissive parenting can actually hinder a child's ability to express emotions in a healthy way. The results of this study show that early social experiences and a positive family environment greatly influence children's emotional development, which ultimately has an impact on their success in the future. This research highlights the importance of parental attention in implementing parenting patterns that support children's emotional

During the New Order government, Indonesia experienced a process of economic recovery after hyperinflation in the 1960s. A number of policies and programs during President Soeharto's leadership were actually successful in bringing Indonesia to a state of recovery, and they were even able to achieve various new achievements, which led to Indonesia being nicknamed the 'Asian Tiger'. However, as a result of the Asian Financial Crisis, Indonesia again fell into the abyss of an economic crisis (monetary crisis) in the 1990s. Finally, as a result of this incident, Indonesian reform occurred, marked by the fall of the authoritarian regime. From the ups and downs of the Indonesian economy during the New Order, this research reveals the influence of events and polemics that occurred at that time in relation to the current digital era. From what has been researched, it has been found that there are many positive influences, such as sustainability in managing the potential of economic resources better with the support of technology and also regarding the fact that there is a lack of digital infrastructure facilities which hinder the progress of economic productivity.

Parenting style refers to the methods parents use to educate, guide, discipline, interact with, and protect their children to help them mature within the norms of the family and society. This study aims to describe the parenting style of parents of aerly childhood children at TK Cerdas Molibagu Kindergarten, Molibagu Village, Bolaang Uki District, South Bolaang Mongondow Regency. The qualitative research employed a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected through observation and questionnaires. The findings showed that, based on observations and open-ended questionnaires from 11 respondents, 36% (4 out of 11) of parents implemented an authoritarian parenting style characterized by full parental control and strict rules with punishments for violations. Similarly, 36% (4 out of 11) of parents adopted a democratic parenting style, emphasizing two-way communication and mutually agreed-upon rules. Meanwhile, 27% (3 out of 11) employed a permissive parenting style, granting full freedom to the child, where decisions were primarily based on the child’s preferences. The result indicate that the dominant parenting  styles applied by parents at TK Cerdas Molibagu are authoritarian and democratic.

Abstract. Winrista Minahali, 2024. Description of Children's Independence Reviewed from Parenting Patterns at Dewi Sartika Kindergarten, Sipatana District, Gorontalo City, Faculty of Education, Gorontalo State University. Supervisor 1: Icam Sutisna, S.Pd., M.Pd and Supervisor II: Sri Rawanti, S.Pd., M.Pd. The formulation of the problem in this study is "How is the Description of Children's Independence Reviewed from Parenting Patterns at Dewi Sartika Kindergarten, Sipatana District, Gorontalo City". This study aims to determine how the description of children's independence is reviewed from parenting patterns at Dewi Sartika Kindergarten, Sipatana District, Gorontalo City. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method. Data collection was carried out by observation, documentation and interviews. The data analysis techniques used were data reduction, data display and verification. Based on the results of the research and the discussion described, it can be concluded that democratic parenting supports children's independence, characterized by the child's ability to take the initiative, be confident, not depend on others, and be able to solve problems independently. In contrast, permissive and authoritarian parenting tend to inhibit these aspects. This study emphasizes the importance of the role of parents in providing the right space for children to learn independently according to their developmental stage.

The study aimed to investigate the influence of paternalistic leadership on organizational virtuewithin the Dean's educational group. To achieve this goal, the study utilized paternalistic leadership,including ethical, authoritarian, and benevolent leadership, and organisational virtueousness, includingoptimism, trust, empathy, integrity, and forgiveness. Using a questionnaire including (125) workers ofKarbala Cement Company, a random sample of them was chosen for the study area. The correlationcoefficient (Person) was utilized, and the significance of the correlation link between the two variableswas determined using the (t) and (F) tests. The researcher found that paternalistic leadershipsignificantly influences organizational virtuousness, as determined by calculating the percentagecontribution of the independent variable to the dependent variable using (R2). The study suggests thatKarbala Cement Company prioritizes paternalistic leadership as a crucial aspect of its work andorganizational virtue.

The purpose of this study is 1) To describe the parenting patterns applied by single parents in increasing children's reading interest in Sukowiryo Village, Bondowoso District, Bondowoso Regency 2) To describe the inhibiting and supporting factors for single parents in increasing children's reading interest in Sukowiryo Village, Bondowoso District, Bondowoso Regency. This study uses a qualitative approach, this approach uses the natural environment as a direct source of data, is descriptive analytical, emphasizes the process rather than the results. The results of this study indicate that: 1) In the process of raising their children, two single parent families tend to use authoritarian, permissive and democratic parenting patterns in encouraging their children to be more active in reading so that their education can develop well. 2) a) The inhibiting factor for single parents in raising their children is the control of single parent families in the process of supervising and communicating with their children cannot be done fully every day due to time constraints. This also has an impact on children's learning/reading discipline. In addition, their unstable economic factors cause a lack of availability of reading materials for children, so that children do not maximize their learning. b) While the supporting factors for single parents in raising their sons or daughters are the self-acceptance and determination of the single parents that they have built and fixed to live their lives. They try their best to continue to pay attention to the continuation of their children's education.  

The series Cinta Pertama Ayah addresses the issue of sexual violence and depicts the struggle of parents in protecting their children and providing the best parenting according to their perspectives. This research aims to represent various forms of parenting styles and reveal the denotative, connotative, and mythical meanings contained in the series Cinta Pertama Ayah. Utilizing Roland Barthes semiotic analysis to uncover the meaning of signs in the series, this research is also reinforced by Santrock's theory of parenting. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, with observation, interviews, and literature study as data collection techniques. The results show that parents who adopt an authoritarian parenting style tend to make children secretly violate the rules given. Conversely, parents who adopt a democratic parenting style tend to make children more open and communicative. Different from permissive parenting, where children feel freer but often struggle to control themselves due to the lack or leniency of restrictions given. This research provides in-depth insights into how various parenting approaches can influence child development in the context of the series.

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of formal leaders in formal Islamic educational institutions. Formal leaders in formal Islamic education institutions are individuals who give commands or influence subordinates to carry out activities in accordance with established procedures and methods in order to achieve common goals. The method used is library research and content analysis with a qualitative approach. Library research is research carried out by reviewing various journals, books and other relevant references. The research results show that formal leadership in formal Islamic education institutions has a very large role in improving institutional performance in various aspects. There are five dimensions of leadership which include (1) leadership goals, (2) individuals who influence the group (3) individuals who are influenced, (4) interaction processes, and (5) situations where leadership takes place. The most basic types or styles of leadership are authoritarian leadership, democratic leadership and laissez faire leadership. Formal institutions consist of institutions established by the government and non-governmental organizations. Leaders of these institutions are required to have 2 competencies, namely core competencies (soft skills) and technical-knowledge competencies (hard skills). These two competencies are described in levels of proficiency with the lowest level being level 1 and the highest being level 5.  

Ritasari. This study aims to analyze the leadership style of the village head in increasing the work motivation of the village head in Tuan Kentang Village. The study used qualitative methods with data collection, namely observation, interviews and documentation. The results showed that the leadership style of the village head of Tuan Kentang village had no signs that indicated an authoritarian leadership style, because in this case the employee was given the freedom to work even though he still had to comply with the main tasks and functions, on the other hand the Lurah was also a leader capable of employee morale. to work. The leadership style of Tuan Kentang Village also includes a delegative leadership style that is able to delegate work and is authorized in accordance with the main tasks and functions. The leadership style of Kelurahan Kentang, which is more participatory, makes employees feel happy to work better, one of which shows that Kelurahan Kentang uses a participatory leadership style, namely discussions, exchanging ideas and meetings held before the activity. Supporting factors in terms of coordination between superiors and staff and related institutions are very good and run as expected, this can be seen from meeting activities. In addition, the village head of Tuan Kentang as a leader is able to set an example and motivate employees to improve their performance for the better. The inhibiting factor for the Lurah's leadership style in motivating employees in Tuan Kentang Village is the lack of performance supporting facilities and infrastructure, namely the work room and service room that is not so, and less supported, such as computers and printers to support administrative services. In principle, the existence of complete facilities and infrastructure can increase employee work motivation for the better.

The purpose of this research is to collect data on education in general and the leadership style of the madrasah principal in particular in an effort to improve student achievement. This research method is qualitative. Research conducted on descriptive analysis, speech, writing, and behavior as reported by individuals (subjects) themselves is known as qualitative research. The subjective nature of the principal is emphasized in this research approach. In order to increase the number of student achievements at MI Ma'arif Kaliwiro, the Madrasah principal's leadership plan includes involving and maximizing stakeholders, parents and students, conducting supervision, setting annual achievement targets, and giving gifts. Setting an example to the community, implementing strategic reforms with circumstances, and utilizing a combination of authoritarian and democratic leadership styles based on circumstances, and formulating the Madrasah's vision and mission to meet the aspirations of the community, parents, and Madrasah residents are part of the Madrasah principal's leadership strategy at MI Ma'arif Kaliwiro.