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The global climate crisis has become one of the greatest challenges facing humanity today. This phenomenon not only has an impact on the natural environment, but also affects social, economic and spiritual life. In this context, theological thinking has an important role in shaping responses and solutions to the climate crisis. This article explores how various religious traditions interpret and respond to the climate crisis, as well as the challenges faced in building ecological resilience. By examining theological perspectives from major traditions, this article seeks to provide new insights into facing these increasingly pressing environmental challenges.

Investigates the idea of muhkam and mutasyabih stanzas in the Qur'an and the connected religious ramifications. Muhkam refrains are stanzas that have clear, unequivocal and express implications, giving a strong legitimate premise and standards in Islamic lessons. Mutasyabih verses, on the other hand, contain symbolism and metaphors that enhance the spiritual and intellectual aspects of the sacred text and have meanings that are ambiguous and necessitate in-depth analysis. This study demonstrates that muhkam verses provide Muslims with clear practical and legal guidance, whereas mutasyabih verses encourage deep reflection and the development of theological understanding by analyzing the characteristics, functions, and purposes of these two types of verses. In interpreting the Qur'an, where muhkam and mutasyabih verses complement one another in conveying the Divine message, the study emphasizes the significance of a comprehensive and holistic understanding. These verses have important theological implications for the development of contemporary Islamic thought, including a deeper comprehension of God's nature, the essence of Islamic teachings, and the dynamics of interpreting sacred tex.

This research aims to describe the diversity of literature-based qualitative research applied in the study of religion and religiosity in Islam. Through descriptive qualitative research methods with library data collection, this research explores a variety of research that can be used in research on religion and diversity in Islam. The results show various research from various angles that can be applied in literature-based studies of religion and diversity in Islam. First, in terms of the type of research, namely the study of revelation texts, the study of figures' thoughts, textbook analysis, and historical studies. Second, in terms of research approaches, namely theological, anthropological, sociological, historical, interpretive, biographical research, hermeneutics, and artifact studies. The three research methods are descriptive, theoretical, comparative (muqaranah), historical and critical. Fourth, in terms of research data analysis, content analysis, discourse analysis, historical analysis, critical analysis, textual analysis, narrative analysis, and narrative analysis, thematic analysis, descriptive analysis, intertextual. The implication of this research is to enrich the insight of academics and researchers in choosing appropriate research methods for studying Islamic religion and diversity and encouraging the use of more varied, combinative, and in-depth qualitative research. The suggestions include integrating more interdisciplinary approaches, methods, and analysis in studying Islamic religion and diversity to produce more comprehensive findings relevant to current developments. In addition, researchers are expected to be able to develop analytical and critical skills in evaluating literature, which will help enrich academic discourse in this field.

The discourse regarding al-i'jaz al-'ilmi is a contemporary issue in the i'jaz al-Qur'an, especially if it is related to the discourse on the integration of science and religion. This is in line with the view that the Qur'an contains al-i'jaz al-'ilmi, so that it provides motivation and guidance for the development of science. However, errors in integrating science and religion will give birth to "pseudoscience" or "pseudoscience" which of course is not scientific. Even more than that, someone will be trapped in the "religiousization" of science or "sainization" of religion which assumes that religion and science can complement, complement and correct each other. Therefore, within the framework of the Philosophy of Science with library research type research, this article presents a study of the possibility of developing science based on the Koran. Even though there have been efforts to root scientific findings in the Koran, from the perspective of the Philosophy of Science, this is not necessarily science based on the Koran, in fact it may not even be science, but simply a layman's choice which is non-scientific. There is a pattern of scientific development which, although based on religion, still has scientific value, consisting of three layers of philosophical basis, namely theoretical framework, scientific paradigm and theological basis. By carefully following this pattern, the development of science can not only avoid pseudoscience, but will also give birth to science with high scientific value within the framework of the Koran. Then the development project is carried out with institutional-collective-cultural work.    

This article examines the theological basis and implementation of mission in the New Testament and its relevance to the church today. This research is motivated by the crisis of missionary identity in the church amid the challenges of globalization, secularization, ecological crisis, and relativism of truth. The main focus of this research is on the concept of missio Dei, which emphasizes that mission originates from the initiative of the Triune God, not solely from the church. The objective is to analyze the theological foundations of mission in the New Testament and how the church lives out its calling as a sent community. The method used is qualitative, employing a literature review approach to the Bible, theological literature, and academic journals. The main findings show that mission is the identity of the church, not just one of its programs. Mission in the New Testament is Trinitarian, holistic, and includes the proclamation of the Gospel, acts of love, social justice, and the formation of an inclusive community. The early church set an example through its living witness and cross-cultural evangelism. In the contemporary context, implementing mission requires contextual approaches such as digital ministry, social empowerment, discipleship, and interdenominational collaboration. The synthesis of key ideas emphasizes that mission cannot be separated from the existence of the church; without mission, the church loses its identity. In conclusion, the church today is challenged to return to the contextual, transformative, and Spirit-led mission of the New Testament to remain relevant in an ever-changing world.

The problem of evil remains one of the most persistent and challenging issues in Christian philosophy. This paper explores the philosophical dimensions of suffering through a Christian lens, focusing on the paradox of divine goodness in the presence of moral and natural evil. Drawing from classical theodicy and contemporary Catholic thought, the study examines how the mystery of the Cross offers a unique theological and philosophical response to suffering. Special attention is given to the thought of Augustine, Aquinas, and modern Catholic philosophers such as Henri de Lubac and Josef Pieper. The paper argues that Christian philosophy does not attempt to explain away suffering but rather provides a framework in which suffering can be redemptive, meaningful, and even transformative when united with the suffering of Christ. By grounding human suffering within the narrative of salvation history, Christian philosophy affirms that evil does not have the final word. The research also reflects on the existential implications of hope, patience, and grace in enduring suffering, making a case for a distinctly Christian metaphysical response to theodicy. This study contributes to ongoing discussions in Christian existentialism, ethics, and metaphysics by reaffirming the coherence of faith and reason in addressing one of the deepest human questions.

Polygamy is a topic in the study of Islamic Family Law that continues to attract attention for discussion. This is due to the polemics related to polygamy, both from a theological and anthropological perspective. Starting from such problems, this then led the researchers to analyze the impacts arising from social and economic aspects, how to review Islamic law regarding the practice of polygamy and its implementation in society. The researcher used the library research method, where the researcher collected information by studying theories from various references related to research (qualitative). The type of data that researchers use is secondary data, which is data that comes from document data. Document data defined here is data originating from books, research reports, journals, etc. (qualitative). The research results show that the practice of polygamy according to state law and Islamic law is permitted, provided that they are able to fulfill their rights and obligations, are able to act fairly, and are mentally and financially mature. The practice of polygamy has positive and negative impacts, the negative impact of the practice of polygamy if you are unable to carry it out, which has an impact on the wife, children and husband who carry it out. So researchers hope that practitioners of polygamy will consider various aspects before deciding to practice polygamy in order to maintain harmony in the household.

Traditional phenomena of the slaughter of wedhus kendit in Java, especially Norowito village, Karanganyar Prefecture, Demak Districk, Central Java, associated with the flood disaster that occurred in March 2024. Ritual in this respect is not just a cultural or religious practice, it encompasses complex mythological, theological, and socio-cultural aspects. The myths and beliefs about the wedhus of the frogs associate it with the Bathara Kala and the traditions of the earth, as well as preventing and protecting from catastrophe. Some people consider it a sacred habit, but others regard it as superstition or misleading. The majority of the inhabitants of the village of Norowito believe in this ritual, as evidenced by their participation in the slaughter ceremony and their belief that the wedhus will protect them from scourges. They also view this ritual as a way to find salvation in everyday life. The aim of this study is to understand the origins, significance, and influence of the tradition of wedhus slaughter, as well as its impact on the identity and life of the Java people. By studying further in these practices, it is expected to better understand the cultural wisdom and beliefs that make up this tradition, and the values held firmly by the local communities in daily life.

Traditional phenomena of the slaughter of wedhus kendit in Java, especially Norowito village, Karanganyar Prefecture, Demak Districk, Central Java, associated with the flood disaster that occurred in March 2024. Ritual in this respect is not just a cultural or religious practice, it encompasses complex mythological, theological, and socio-cultural aspects. The myths and beliefs about the wedhus of the frogs associate it with the Bathara Kala and the traditions of the earth, as well as preventing and protecting from catastrophe. Some people consider it a sacred habit, but others regard it as superstition or misleading. The majority of the inhabitants of the village of Norowito believe in this ritual, as evidenced by their participation in the slaughter ceremony and their belief that the wedhus will protect them from scourges. They also view this ritual as a way to find salvation in everyday life. The aim of this study is to understand the origins, significance, and influence of the tradition of wedhus slaughter, as well as its impact on the identity and life of the Java people. By studying further in these practices, it is expected to better understand the cultural wisdom and beliefs that make up this tradition, and the values held firmly by the local communities in daily life.

Ijaz Al-Quran or miracles of the Al-Quran is a concept that emphasizes the superiority and uniqueness of the Al-Quran which cannot be matched by humans. In the view of the Muktazilah, a school of Islamic theology that developed in the 8th to 10th centuries AD, Ijaz Al-Quran is analyzed through a rational and theological approach. Muktazilah emphasized that the miracle of the Al-Quran lies in aspects of its language, rhetoric and scientific content which exceed ordinary human abilities. Muktazilah believes that the superiority of the Al-Quran in the linguistic aspect is clear evidence of human inability to produce something comparable. They also consider the harmonious structure and composition of the Al-Quran, as well as the scientific accuracy found therein, to be strong evidence of divine revelation. In view, the miracles of the Al-Quran also include its ability to influence and change human behavior and beliefs. Even though the Muktazilah used a rational approach in interpreting the ijaz of the Al-Quran, they still acknowledged that the main source of this miracle was Allah. They argue that the use of reason and reasoning in understanding the superiority of the Al-Quran does not reduce the spiritual value and belief in revelation. Thus, the Muktazilah's view of the ijaz of the Al-Quran reflects a balance between rationality and spirituality in their theological understanding.  

The Millennium or Millennium in a Biblical perspective is the period of Christ's reign on earth referred to in the book of Revelation. This article will discuss in depth the Biblical view of the Millennial Kingdom, including theological interpretation, implications for Christians, and relevance in the context of eschatology. Through analysis of Biblical texts, especially the book of Revelation, this article seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of this concept.

This article explores Christian philosophical views regarding the existence of God through an analysis of various main arguments that have been developed by Christian philosophers. Focusing on ontological, cosmological, teleological, and moral arguments, this article explores how each argument attempts to prove the existence of God through rational and empirical approaches. Ontological arguments, such as those proposed by Anselm of Canterbury, use conceptual reflection to conclude that God must exist. The cosmological argument, popularized by Thomas Aquinas, combines observations of the universe with the logic of causality to demonstrate the existence of a transcendent first cause. The teleological argument, with a major contribution from William Paley, suggests that the complexity and order in the universe indicates the existence of an intelligent designer. Apart from that, this article also highlights the importance of religious experience as subjective evidence of the existence of God. Through a combination of rational argument and spiritual experience, Christian philosophy offers a comprehensive and insightful view of God's existence, making it relevant in contemporary theological and philosophical discussions.

Land is something that is very important for human life. From the land humans come from, on the land humans live and into the land humans will return. Ownership, control, use and utilization of land need to be regulated in such a way in national agrarian law. In particular, land rights also need to be regulated in the agrarian law. In this context, the teachings and laws in Islam as the largest religion in Indonesia also influence the conception and policies regarding land rights. In this case, the teachings contained in the verses of the Quran and the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad SAW as a source of Islamic law become the theological and philosophical basis of the substance of land rights regulated in the constitution and other laws and regulations in Indonesia.

Understanding the concept of Justification by Faith is crucial for Christians, as it enables them to gauge their comprehension and application of this doctrine in their lives. Many Christians have yet to fully grasp this foundational aspect of their faith. This study aims to elucidate the true significance of Justification by Faith by comparing the perspectives of Paul and James, which at first glance, seem contradictory. This research employs a literature review approach, involving the identification, classification, and analysis of relevant literature on the topic of Justification by Faith according to Paul, James, and Calvin. The study involves a hermeneutical analysis of biblical texts, a comparison of theological perspectives, and a systematic organization of findings. Paul asserts that justification occurs through faith, independent of works, as an act of God's grace (Romans 3:28, 4:5). The law reveals human sinfulness and the need for divine justification through faith in Christ. James emphasizes that genuine faith is demonstrated through works (James 2:24). He argues that faith without works is dead and insists on the necessity of works as evidence of true faith. Calvin integrates both perspectives, emphasizing that justification by faith is inseparable from the process of regeneration by the Holy Spirit. He views faith as a gift from God that leads to good works, the fruit of genuine faith. Justification by Faith is an act of God that can only be achieved through His grace and the sacrifice of Jesus Christ (Romans 4:5; 5:6). Faith is rooted in the truth of God's revelation in Christ, culminating in belief in His crucifixion and resurrection. Both Paul and James agree that faith and works are essential in a genuine response to God, with good works being the inevitable result of true faith. This study underscores the interconnectedness of faith and works, aligning with Martin Luther's assertion that good works are the fruit of righteousness. The comprehensive understanding of Justification by Faith involves recognizing it as a divine act that provides hope for salvation through faith, a gift from God facilitated by the Holy Spirit (Ephesians 2:8; Galatians 5:22).  

Philosophy is a method of thinking systematically and critically. In connection with Christian religious education, it must be studied systematically and critically as basis for knowledge so that it is parallel to other sciences that show real benefits for the development of humanity. The author will describe Christian Religious Education as a science praxis ontologically, epistemologically and axiologically. The method used in this research is systematic literature study approach. Ontologically Christian religious education must be a strong guide towards the journey of human life so that it is able to exist and exist both theologically and socially. Epistemology talks about knowledge. Epistemologically, the Bible and Jesus are the epistemological sources of Christian religious education. Axiology speaks of utility value. The axiological foundation of Christian Religious Education is a loving humanist inspired by Christian values. In other words, it axiology helps to humanize humans and free them from the alienation of their human role in life.

This article explores the symbolism and theological significance of the Millennial Kingdom in the context of the Book of Revelation. With a focus on specific texts such as Revelation 20:1-10, the author analyzes how this concept became an integral part of the eschatological vision presented in Revelation. Through the overall approach of Revelation theology, this article delves into the profound meaning of the Millennial Kingdom in the eschatonic Christian understanding. Thus, this article contributes to the understanding of

The Second Coming of Jesus Christ is one of the profound topics in Christian theology. This article aims to explore the concept of hope in the return of Jesus Christ within the context of Christian theology and beliefs. The introduction provides a conceptual foundation on the meaning and relevance of the hope for the return of Christ for Christian believers. The methods used include the analysis of biblical texts, theological literature review, and related conceptual review. The results depict various theological perspectives on the Second Coming of Christ and its implications in everyday Christian life. A thorough discussion of eschatological theology and the perceptions of Christians regarding the return of Christ is the main focus of this article. The conclusion affirms the importance of understanding and responding to the hope for the return of Jesus Christ in spiritual life and Christian practice. This article contributes to a deeper understanding of essential aspects of the Christian faith and invites reflection on the significant meaning of hope for the return of Christ in a contemporary context. The bibliography presents key references supporting this research and theological analysis.

This research is intended to discuss the importance of the resurrection of jesus according to 1 corinthians 15:1-8, by exploring its implications for religious beliefs and practices. Because the theme of the resurrection of Jesus chist is very important and central to the chritian faith. This topic sounds classic, but in reality there are Cristians who rarely report on it because they rarely explore the truth. So, to find its meaning and relevance for believers, the author wants to discuss it theologically through a literature review. This aims to make chistians understand that the theme of the meaning of the resurrection of Jesus christ is the core teaching of the Bible. So that today`s Christians continue to proclaim the risen christ as the center of preaching in the Gospel.

The school of Kalam science and its respective main points of thought. Kalam science, or Islamic theology, is a scientific discipline that discusses Islamic beliefs using rational methods and logical argumentation. This article discusses various schools in Kalam Science and their respective main points of thought. Some of the main schools in Kalam Science include:• Mu'tazilah: Mu'tazilah believed that the human mind is capable of understanding Islamic teachings rationally and that human actions are free. • Asy'ariyah: Asy'ariyah believes that human reason needs to be assisted by revelation to understand Islamic teachings and that human actions are not completely free. • Maturidiyah: Maturidiyah believes that human reason has an important role in understanding Islamic teachings, but revelation remains the main source knowledge.• Salafiyah: Salafiyah believes that the main source of Islamic knowledge is the Koran and Hadith, and that the use of reason in understanding religion must be limited. This article explains the differences in views between these schools in various theological aspects, such as the nature of God, free will, and destiny.

The role and leadership of women in the cultural and religious context of ancient Israel, as recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible, is the focus of this research. Even though that period was dominated by a patriarchal societal structure, several women emerged as influential figures and main leaders. This research examines the contribution of female figures in shaping Israel's history and theology. Examples such as Deborah, Esther, Miriam, and Rahab highlight the important role of women in the history and development of Israelite religion, although they are often overlooked in theological and historical studies. This research confirms that women's leadership in the Old Testament not only reflects the position of women in ancient society, but also confirms that leadership is not exclusive to men. These stories illustrate that women in the Old Testament had the capacity and skills to lead effectively. They broke cultural norms and demonstrated that their leadership not only benefited the nation of Israel, but also honored God.