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The Protestant Reformation, pioneered by Martin Luther in the 16th century, was an important moment in Christian history. This movement emerged as a critique of Catholic Church practices, particularly the sale of indulgences and the abuse of power by clergy, which were considered to deviate from the teachings of the Bible. In response, the Catholic Church convened the Council of Trent. This council not only reaffirmed the teachings of the faith but also tightened spiritual discipline and reformed the internal structure to maintain the unity of the Church. In addition, the Council of Trent also encouraged pastoral renewal supported by religious orders, especially the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), which played a major role in education, missions, and social services. This study analyzes the roots of the Reformation, examines the Council of Trent as the official response of the Catholic Church, and explores the forms of pastoral renewal that emerged afterwards. The results show that although the Protestant Reformation was a major challenge, the Catholic Church's response through the Council of Trent and the pastoral renewal movement succeeded in strengthening Catholic identity and left an important legacy that has influenced the development of the Church to this day.

Ketegangan epistemologis antara sains dan agama dalam masyarakat modern sering kali memicu polarisasi yang berujung pada dua ekstrem: positivisme yang mengabaikan etika dan fundamentalisme agama yang menolak rasionalitas. Model hubungan tradisional, seperti konflik dan independensi, terbukti tidak memadai untuk mengatasi fragmentasi sosial ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan dan menganalisis kerangka konseptual baru, yaitu "Sains 'Religius'" dan "Agama 'Saintifik'", sebagai solusi integratif untuk mencapai transformasi sosial. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan studi kepustakaan (library research) dan analisis konseptual-kritis terhadap literatur filsafat ilmu, sosiologi agama, dan teologi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsep "Sains 'Religius'" menanamkan etos spiritual berupa kekaguman (awe) dan kerendahan hati epistemik ke dalam praktik ilmiah, sementara "Agama 'Saintifik'" mengintegrasikan nalar kritis dan rasionalitas untuk memurnikan penafsiran keagamaan dari dogmatisme sempit. Sintesis kedua paradigma ini berfungsi sebagai mekanisme katalisator yang mereduksi ekstremisme, membentuk moderasi beragama yang aktif, dan membangun landasan bagi masyarakat yang harmonis berbasis nilai kemanusiaan universal

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Christian Religious Education (CRE) program in enhancing the quality of classroom learning through a qualitative approach. The main focus of this research includes the planning, implementation, and evaluation of the CRE program, as well as its contribution to improving students' understanding of Christian values, character formation, and active participation in the learning process. Data were collected through direct classroom observation, in-depth interviews with teachers and students, and document analysis of learning tools and the curriculum used. The findings indicate that a contextually designed CRE program that aligns with students' needs can create a more reflective and participatory learning environment. Teachers with both pedagogical and spiritual competence play a crucial role in effectively communicating Christian values through teaching methods, exemplary behavior, and daily interactions with students. Furthermore, the integration of learning content with real-life situations encourages students to internalize Christian teachings in their attitudes and behaviors, both in school and in their daily lives. However, the study also identified several challenges, such as limited instructional time, a lack of value-based learning media development, and difficulties in motivating students with weak spiritual backgrounds. Therefore, strengthening teacher capacity, developing more creative teaching methods, and institutional support from schools are essential to optimize the role of CRE in fostering a holistic and transformative learning experience.

The creative Sunday School teaching program at GKSI Imanuel Teretek was implemented as a community service initiative focused on increasing children’s enthusiasm for participating in spiritual activities. The program was motivated by initial findings showing that many children exhibited declining interest due to monotonous learning methods that lacked creative engagement. Therefore, the service team designed a series of activities based on creative approaches, including the use of visual media, educational games, art activities, and interactive storytelling to align learning with the developmental needs of children. The implementation process was carried out through several stages, including observation, material planning, activity execution, and evaluation. The results showed a significant increase in attendance, active participation, and positive responses from the children. They appeared more engaged, more willing to ask questions, and better able to remember biblical messages through enjoyable and easy-to-understand activities. Additionally, Sunday School teachers gained new insights regarding creative teaching strategies that can be applied sustainably. These findings affirm that innovation in teaching methods has a real impact on children’s learning motivation and strengthens the church’s role in nurturing faith from an early age.

This study examines the concept of repentance (taubah) as the foundation of moral pedagogy through a thematic interpretation approach to the Hadith Qudsi and classical and contemporary Islamic scholarly literature. The study employed a qualitative method based on literature review, examining the meaning, values, and educational implications of the teachings of repentance. The results of the study indicate that repentance is not merely understood as a spiritual act of seeking forgiveness, but as a holistic educational process. This process encompasses self-awareness (ma'rifah) of mistakes, deep regret (nadam), a strong determination not to repeat them ('azm), and concrete behavioral change ('amal). From an Islamic educational perspective, the values ​​of repentance play a crucial role in fostering moral responsibility, self-reflection, the habituation of good deeds, and a commitment to continuous self-improvement. The integration of repentance values ​​into learning can be realized through a character-based curriculum, reflective methods, strengthening worship practices, and moral development. Thus, repentance becomes an essential instrument in shaping a perfect human being who is faithful, has noble character, and possesses social awareness.     Kata kunci: Taubat, Hadis Qudsi, Pedagogi Moral, Pendidikan Islam, dan karakter.

Transformasi pendidikan pada era Society 5.0 menuntut pembelajaran yang inovatif, termasuk pada Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI), sehingga diperlukan model yang mampu mengintegrasikan nilai-nilai keagamaan ke dalam pembelajaran berbasis digital tanpa mengurangi esensi spiritualitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bentuk dan efektivitas integrasi nilai keagamaan dalam pembelajaran PAI digital sebagai upaya menanamkan karakter Islami pada peserta didik di tengah perkembangan teknologi. Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif berbasis studi literatur dengan menelaah berbagai publikasi ilmiah yang relevan dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa integrasi nilai-nilai keagamaan dapat diwujudkan melalui kebiasaan digital keagamaan, cerita moral digital, lab e-fiqh , simulasi ibadah berbasis VR, serta pembelajaran reflektif mengenai etika digital. Temuan tersebut menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran PAI digital tidak hanya meningkatkan partisipasi dan minat belajar, tetapi juga berkontribusi pada pembentukan kesadaran spiritual dan perilaku etis peserta didik. Implikasi penelitian menegaskan bahwa pemanfaatan teknologi yang terencana dan berorientasi karakter dapat memperkuat internalisasi nilai-nilai keagamaan, sehingga guru perlu menguasai kompetensi pedagogi keagamaan berbasis teknologi untuk mewujudkan pembelajaran PAI yang berkualitas.

This study aims to examine the concept of educational interaction between educators and students from the perspective of Shaykh Burhanuddin Al-Zarnuji as presented in his monumental work Ta‘līm al-Muta‘allim. This research is based on the assumption that the success of Islamic education is not only determined by the transfer of knowledge but also by the quality of the spiritual and moral relationship between teacher and student. This research utilizes library research supported by a qualitative descriptive approach, focusing on analyzing the educational values contained in Al-Zarnuji’s classical text and their relevance to the modern educational context. The results show that Al-Zarnuji emphasizes the importance of good manners (adab), sincere intention, respect for teachers, and discipline in learning as the core of effective educational interaction. The relationship between educators and students should be built upon compassion, exemplary conduct, and moral responsibility. This concept remains relevant to contemporary education systems in shaping learners who are both knowledgeable and virtuous. Thus, Al-Zarnuji’s thought contributes significantly to strengthening the humanistic and spiritual paradigm of modern education.

This Community Service (PKM) activity aims to assist students of Madrasah Tsanawiyah Shirojut Thalibin in understanding the adolescent development period through the perspectives of Aristotle, Comenius, and Charlotte Bühler. The mentoring was motivated by the complexity of physical, emotional, social, and spiritual changes during adolescence and the low interest of students in studying the stages of human development. The activity was carried out for one week through educational, interactive, and collaborative strategies, using participatory discussion methods, theoretical explanations contextualized with the realities of adolescent life, varied learning media, role simulations, and joint evaluation and reflection. The subjects of the activity were students of MTs Sirajut Thalibin Racek Village, Tiris District, Probolinggo. The results of the mentoring showed an increase in students' understanding of the stages of adolescent development, a higher awareness of maintaining physical and mental health, and a better ability to link personal changes with developmental tasks and life goals. Teachers and the madrasah also experienced positive impacts in the form of strengthened understanding of adolescent characteristics and adjustments to a more holistic learning approach. This activity produces scientific articles, activity documentation, and student work products, while also recommending the integration of human development material in learning and guidance programs to support the moral, intellectual, social, and spiritual development of adolescents.

Pancasila, as the foundational ideology of Indonesia, plays a fundamental role in shaping a democratic system and ensuring the protection of human rights based on justice. From Yusril Ihza Mahendra’s perspective, Pancasila is not merely a normative ideology but serves as a political and legal paradigm that integrates the values of divinity, humanity, unity, democracy, and social justice into the practice of governance. According to Yusril, Indonesian democracy cannot be equated with Western liberalism, which emphasizes individual freedom; rather, it is a constitutional democracy grounded in the moral and spiritual foundations of Pancasila. The values of Pancasila position human rights in a balanced relationship between rights and responsibilities, as well as between individual and collective interests of the nation. Thus, democracy and human rights, in Yusril’s view, are integralistic—citizens’ freedoms are directed toward realizing social j  ustice and order in national life. This article aims to examine Yusril Ihza Mahendra’s thoughts on the relationship between Pancasila, democracy, and human rights, and their relevance within the context of Indonesia’s contemporary constitutional system.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji peran guru sebagai subjek pendidikan dalam perspektif tafsir tarbawi berdasarkan Q.S. Al-Kahfi ayat 66-67 serta relevansinya bagi pendidikan Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI). Kisah dialog antara Nabi Musa dan Nabi Khidir merepresentasikan relasi edukatif antara murid dan guru yang dilandasi adab, kesabaran, kerendahan hati, dan keteladanan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kepustakaan. Sumber data diperoleh dari Al-Qur’an, kitab tafsir tarbawi, serta buku dan artikel jurnal pendidikan islam yang terbit dalam lima tahun terakhir. Analisis data dilakukan dengan teknik Analisis tematik menggunakan pendekatan tafsir tarbawi. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa guru perspektif Al-Qur‟an tidak hanya berperan sebagai penyampai ilmu, tetapi juga sebagai pembimbing moral dan spiritual peserta didik. Nilai-nilai pendidikan dalam Q.S Al-Kahfi ayat 66-67 memiliki relevansi yang kuat untuk diterapkan dalam pendidikan MI, khususnya dalam penguatan adab belajar dan pembentukan karakter Islami peserta didik.

This research aims to analyze religious and structural values in Dede Soepriatna's short story "Titah yang Berkuasa" through an integrated religious and structural approach. Employing a qualitative descriptive method with content and structural analysis techniques, this study reveals various spiritual values implicit within the narrative of this contemporary Indonesian literary work. The analysis results demonstrate fundamental religious values such as destiny (qada and qadar), tawakkal (submission to God's will), sacrifice, betrayal, and divine justice. The character Roro Oyi represents spiritual steadfastness and surrender to the Creator amidst life's trials, while King Amangkurat's character critiques the abuse of power that contradicts moral-religious principles. Structurally, the short story presents a complex plot with effectively developed central conflict, multidimensional characterization, and rich symbolism that deepens the spiritual meaning of the narrative. The research findings confirm that literature can function as an effective medium for moral and religious education without sacrificing narrative integrity. The integration of religious and structural approaches provides a holistic perspective in understanding how spiritual messages are conveyed through formal beauty, offering a literary appreciation model that harmoniously combines ethical and aesthetic dimensions.

This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of curriculum development and teaching methods in Islamic education in Indonesia and Egypt. Both countries have a long tradition in the development of Islamic sciences, but they demonstrate different approaches in accordance with their respective social, cultural, and educational policy contexts. This study uses a literature review method with a descriptive qualitative approach through a review of journals, books, and Islamic education policy documents. The results of the analysis show that the Islamic education system in Indonesia emphasizes the integration of religious and general knowledge in its curriculum, in line with the spirit of religious moderation and the demands of modern society. Meanwhile, Islamic education in Egypt, especially through Al-Azhar University, emphasizes a traditional approach based on tafaqquh fi al-din with a focus on mastery of classical Islamic sciences. In terms of teaching methods, Indonesia is more adaptive to active and technology-based learning models, while Egypt maintains the talaqqi and memorization methods, but has begun to adopt modern pedagogical innovations. Overall, both education systems have their own strengths; Indonesia excels in contextualizing the curriculum, while Egypt sets an example in maintaining the authority and continuity of Islamic scholarship. These findings are expected to contribute to the development of a balanced Islamic education that integrates values and modernity.

Schools play a strategic role in fostering an understanding of entrepreneurship from an early age to equip students to face future challenges. Strengthening entrepreneurial concepts is necessary to build knowledge and an adaptive mindset relevant to the dynamics of the workplace and everyday life. This Community Service (PkM) activity, conducted at Muhammadiyah Bontomarannu High School, aimed to foster students' entrepreneurial spirit through practical logo creation using the Canva app, as an effort to foster a culture of innovation within the school environment. The program was implemented in the odd semester and included a method that included explaining basic entrepreneurial concepts through presentations, educational YouTube videos, explanations of digital business opportunities, and hands-on practice in product logo creation. Nineteen students from grades 10, 11, and 12 participated in this activity. The results showed that students were able to understand the concepts of creativity and innovation more concretely. They also developed critical thinking and creative problem-solving skills through the logo design process using digital applications on mobile devices. These findings reflect the developing adaptive, creative, and solution-oriented abilities of Muhammadiyah Bontomarannu High School students. Overall, this activity is an initial step in instilling an entrepreneurial mindset while strengthening a culture of innovation within the school environment and in daily life.

In this article, we explore the concept and goals of Islamic education from the perspective of Imam Shafi'i, a great scholar and founder of one of the most important schools of Islamic jurisprudence in history. Based on the Quran and Sunnah, his views offer a balanced perspective on the intellectual and spiritual aspects of the educational profession. He believed that education aims not only to increase one's knowledge but also to develop one's character, morality, and devotion to Allah SWT. He emphasized that true knowledge is knowledge that benefits individuals and society and helps them draw closer to the Creator. According to Imam Shafi'i, Islamic education must combine religious and general knowledge in a balanced way, as both complement each other to shape the whole person. He believed that an educated person must possess not only intellectual intelligence but also high moral and spiritual integrity. He emphasized that academic success is measured not only by a student's ability to understand the subject matter but also by how they apply ethical principles, social responsibility, and a sense of community service. Furthermore, Imam Shafi'i emphasized the importance of maintaining a balance between cognitive, emotional, and intellectual abilities during the pursuit of knowledge. He argued that knowledge without morality loses its foundation, while morality without knowledge loses its foundation. This concept presents Islamic teachings holistically, where knowledge, ethics, and spirituality must be integrated.Imam Syafi'i's views remain relevant today. They can serve as a guide in building a character-based Islamic education system capable of adapting to changing times and addressing global challenges. The education he taught, which encompasses values ​​such as honesty, responsibility, and balance between this world and the hereafter, provides a clear path to producing a generation of educated and noble Muslims who will contribute positively to the world and humanity as a whole.

This study aims to identify the representation and manifestation of social values contained in the novel “40 Hari Takdir Itu Bernama Hidup dan Mati” (40 Days of Destiny Called Life and Death) by Adeicama. The research method used is a literature study with note-taking techniques on primary data (novels) and secondary data (related literature). Data analysis was conducted using descriptive qualitative methods based on Wirawan's theory of social values, Mulyana's theory of religious values, and Nurgiyantoro's theory of literary analysis. The results show that this novel represents social values through solidarity, caring, responsibility, and criticism of technological dependence. Religious values are manifested through faith in destiny, sincerity in loss, self-control, and the role of prayer and hope. These two aspects of value are interrelated, enriching the meaning of the story and providing an understanding of how humans deal with the uncertainties of life through social norms and spiritual strength. This research contributes to the development of literary studies and literary sociology, and is relevant for increasing public appreciation and critical understanding of the function of literature as a reflection of ethical and social norms.

This study aims to explore the symbolic meaning of the siraman ceremony in Javanese culture and interpret its values ​​in light of the Catholic faith, particularly regarding the sanctity and blessings of the sacrament of marriage. The siraman tradition is understood not merely as a cultural ritual, but as a process of physical and spiritual purification imbued with spiritual symbolism, such as the use of water from seven springs and the granting of parental blessings. This study uses a qualitative approach with a literature review method through analysis of Church documents, Javanese anthropological literature, and relevant research. The results indicate that the meaning of purification in siraman is closely related to the symbolism of baptismal water in the Catholic tradition, while the prayer of parental blessing aligns with the concept of blessing as a manifestation of God's grace in the family. Through the inculturation perspective emphasized in Gaudium et Spes and Ecclesia in Asia, siraman can be understood as a form of harmonious dialogue between faith and culture without compromising the purity of Church teachings. This study concludes that the siraman ceremony can enrich the experience of the sacrament of marriage for Javanese Catholics, while strengthening their identity as individuals of faith and culture.

Penelitian ini menganalisis peran motivasi spiritual dalam meningkatkan ketahanan belajar siswa muslim di SD IT Ar Risalah Miri dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif studi kasus. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi partisipatif, dan analisis dokumen terhadap siswa kelas IV-VI, guru, dan manajemen sekolah. Temuan penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa motivasi spiritual berkontribusi fundamental terhadap pembentukan resiliensi akademik melalui empat dimensi utama: kesadaran menuntut ilmu sebagai ibadah, penerapan nilai kesabaran dalam menghadapi kesulitan pembelajaran, manifestasi ketekunan dalam konsistensi belajar, dan sikap tawakal yang mengurangi kecemasan akademik. Program pembiasaan keagamaan yang sistematis meliputi shalat dhuha berjamaah, tadarus Al-Qur'an, hafalan berjenjang, dan mentoring spiritual personal terbukti efektif menginternalisasi nilai-nilai spiritual dalam perilaku belajar siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa integrasi dimensi spiritual tidak hanya meningkatkan motivasi intrinsik tetapi juga membangun fondasi psikologis untuk menghadapi tekanan akademik. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi teoretis terhadap pengembangan model pendidikan Islam terpadu holistik dan implikasi praktis bagi stakeholder pendidikan dalam merancang kebijakan berbasis spiritual untuk penguatan resiliensi akademik siswa muslim tingkat sekolah dasar.

The phenomenon of increasing female activity in cafes shows a shift in lifestyle that is not merely consumptive, but also reflective and social. Cafes have now become leisure spaces where women express themselves, build relationships, and find emotional balance. This study aims to examine the trend of women utilizing cafes as a practice of social welfare in the era of sustainability. The approach used is descriptive qualitative based on secondary sources, with data in the form of news articles, lifestyle writings, and online media coverage of women's leisure behavior in Cirebon. This analysis was conducted to explore the social and spiritual values that emerge in these activities. The results of the study show that cafes serve as safe spaces for women to interact, share ideas, and restore mental energy. These activities reflect maqashid values such as Hifz al-nafs (preserving the soul) and Hifz al-'aql (preserving the mind), while contributing to the spirit of sustainability through the strengthening of gender equality and social welfare. The novelty of this research lies in its attempt to interpret women's leisure trends through the paradigm of social welfare, rather than simply as a modern lifestyle. These findings have important implications for the creation of a more inclusive, safe, and sustainable public space, while also opening up a new perspective that leisure activities can be part of achieving maqashid al-syari'ah in contemporary social life.

This study aims to understand the meaning of halal lifestyle for Generation Z Muslim consumers in East Java through a phenomenological approach. In recent years, the concept of halal lifestyle is no longer limited to food and beverage consumption, but has expanded to include fashion, skincare, digital services, and even social media interactions. Generation Z, as digital natives, interprets halal not only as a religious rule, but also as an identity, a social trend, and a form of self-actualization. This study integrates the results of previous empirical studies that show that halal awareness, religious education, marketing strategies, and the influence of public figures play a significant role in shaping halal behavior among the younger generation. The results of the literature review indicate that Generation Z in East Java experiences complex dynamics in adopting a halal lifestyle, ranging from identity dilemmas, ethical challenges, to the influence of local culture. This phenomenological study confirms that halal lifestyle is a multidimensional phenomenon influenced by spiritual values, consumption rationality, and digital interactions. These findings are expected to provide a conceptual contribution to the study of Muslim consumer behavior and form the basis for developing a halal industry that is more adaptive to the characteristics of the younger generation..

Intraoperative hypotension, particularly during spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections or major surgeries, is a common complication that can adversely affect maternal hemodynamics and organ perfusion, including fetal circulation. Vasopressors such as norepinephrine, phenylephrine, and ephedrine are widely used to manage this condition. This study employed a scoping review, defined as a type of research synthesis aimed at mapping the literature on a specific topic or field, providing an opportunity to identify key concepts, research gaps, and types and sources of evidence to inform clinical practice, policy-making, and further research. A systematic search was conducted across 10 recent experimental and clinical studies evaluating the effectiveness and safety of vasopressors in adult patients, particularly ASA I–II parturients, during surgical procedures. The results indicate that norepinephrine tends to maintain blood pressure with a lower incidence of tachycardia compared to ephedrine, while phenylephrine effectively prevents systemic vascular resistance decline but may reduce heart rate and cardiac output in a dose-dependent manner. Effects on fetal cerebral perfusion and cerebral oxygenation were generally similar across vasopressors. No significant differences were observed in neonatal Apgar scores or maternal complications. In conclusion, norepinephrine and phenylephrine are effective alternatives for managing intraoperative hypotension, whereas ephedrine increases cardiac output but may elevate the risk of tachycardia. Selecting the appropriate vasopressor is crucial to ensure maternal and neonatal safety.