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Flower disease detection is a significant challenge in modern agriculture, particularly with factors such as changes in leaf color, petal shape and structure, and environmental conditions affecting the accuracy of conventional models. These factors make it difficult to achieve optimal results using traditional methods. Transfer learning is an effective solution to improve image detection performance, especially when data is limited. This study used several pre-trained models, namely VGG16, ResNet50, and EfficientNet-B0, to detect three types of flower diseases: black spot on roses, white powdery mildew, and leaf rust. The research process included data processing, increasing the data volume using augmentation techniques, model training, and evaluation of the results. Experimental results showed that the EfficientNet-B0 model produced the highest accuracy of 97.2%, significantly better than the CNN model built from scratch with an accuracy of 85.1%. This study demonstrates that transfer learning is highly effective in improving the accuracy of flower disease detection, making it a more reliable alternative to methods that do not utilize pre-trained models, especially for agricultural applications that require high levels of accuracy in disease detection.

Over the past 20 years, developments in digital technology have led to the emergence of financial innovation in the form of cryptocurrencies, with Bitcoin being the main pioneer. Bitcoin is a decentralized, blockchain-based electronic payment system that is not controlled by a single financial institution. Although its presence facilitates quick and straightforward cross-border transactions, it also raises ethical and legal issues, especially when taking into account Islamic law, which strongly emphasizes justice, certainty, and the welfare of society. This paper aims to investigate the usage of Bitcoin in modern economic transactions from the standpoint of Islamic and international law. This study investigates Islamic legal sources, the views of Islamic scholars, fatwas (religious decrees), and international laws and regulations pertaining to cryptocurrency assets using a qualitative, normative-empirical methodology. The results show that, although opinions among scholars differ, the usage of Bitcoin is subject to ijtihadiyah (Islamic ijtihad) in Islamic law. Some reject it because of its great volatility and speculative potential, while others allow it as long as it provides advantages and does not include riba, gharar, or maysir (the risks associated with gambling). In terms of international law, Bitcoin is typically seen as a digital asset that has to be closely watched in order to preserve economic stability and deter financial crime. Therefore, balanced legislation is required to guarantee that the usage of Bitcoin is in line with the principles of sharia maqasid and global economic fairness.

Raining activities on making ketupat weaving for adolescents are important to implement as an effort to preserve Indonesia’s local cultural heritage. Ketupat weaving is a traditional skill that contains cultural, social, and philosophical values, which are at risk of fading among younger generations. This community service program was specifically designed for adolescents with the aim of providing hands-on experience and practical skills in traditional ketupat weaving. The training was conducted through several stages, including preparation, direct practice, guidance, and evaluation. Participants were actively involved in the entire process, starting from selecting materials, learning basic weaving techniques, to completing the final woven ketupat forms. The results of the activity indicate positive outcomes, including the improvement of participants’ traditional crafting skills, increased awareness of cultural values embedded in ketupat weaving, and strengthened social interaction among adolescents. In addition, the training contributed to fostering a sense of cultural pride and responsibility in preserving local traditions. Overall, this community service activity demonstrates that practical and participatory cultural training can serve as an effective medium for cultural transmission, character development, and social engagement among adolescents, while supporting the sustainability of local cultural heritage in the modern era.

As the business and technological environment evolves, modern accounting is no longer limited to recording historical transactions, but has developed into a strategic information system that emphasizes transparency, accountability, and the use of technology and integrated reporting to create long-term value. From a theoretical perspective, the development of accounting is closely related to agency theory, which explains the relationship between principals and agents. Unlike agency theory, stewardship theory assumes that management is motivated by the interests of the organization and principals rather than the personal goals of managers. The conceptual differences between agency theory and stewardship theory also influence modern accounting practices. This study was conducted to analyze the conceptual differences between agency theory and stewardship theory, the factors that distinguish the two theories, and the relevance of both theories in accounting practice. This research was conducted using a descriptive qualitative approach or comparative literature study. Empirical research results show that both theories have their own relevance according to the context of the company, so neither is completely superior. Agency theory and stewardship theory also offer different but complementary perspectives in explaining the relationship between owners and managers in modern accounting practices.  

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of the marketing mix in SMEs in the laundry service sector, focusing on the 7P elements: product, price, promotion, place, process, people, and physical evidence. The research uses a descriptive qualitative method with data collection techniques including interviews, observations, and documentation with laundry business owners. The results show that a diverse range of services, competitive pricing, strategic location, and structured work processes contribute to the sustainability of the business. However, challenges such as unpredictable weather, timeliness, limited facilities, and suboptimal promotion still pose barriers to improving service quality. The findings highlight the importance of strengthening digital promotion, modernizing equipment, and improving the accuracy and consistency of human resources (HR) to enhance the effectiveness of the marketing mix. With improvements in these areas, laundry SMEs can enhance their competitiveness and provide better service to customers, thus strengthening their position in a competitive market.

 The development of modern education requires a strong philosophical foundation to ensure that learning processes are not merely technical but oriented toward holistic human formation. This article aims to comprehensively analyze the role of the philosophy of science within contemporary education through a conceptual exploration grounded in an extensive literature review. The philosophy of science with its three major pillars: ontology, epistemology, and axiology serves as an analytical framework for understanding the nature of human beings, the structure of knowledge, and the values embedded within educational objectives. The research methodology employs the Miles and Huberman data analysis model, consisting of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. The findings indicate that the philosophy of science plays a strategic role in providing direction and orientation for the development of humanistic, adaptive, and globally responsive education. Moreover, this study reveals that the advancement of scientific knowledge encounters significant challenges, including ontological complexity, epistemological crises driven by digital disruption, moral degradation, and shifting scientific paradigms. In the age of artificial intelligence and globalization, the philosophy of science emerges as an ethical and methodological compass to ensure that scientific progress remains aligned with human welfare. This study underscores the urgency of reconstructing educational paradigms by integrating humanistic values, local wisdom, and modern scientific thought to realize a future of science that is ethical, sustainable, and dignified.

The patent dispute between Apple Inc. and Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. is one of the largest Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) conflicts in the modern technology industry. This case began in 2007, when Apple launched the first-generation iPhone, revolutionizing the smartphone market with its minimalist design, full-touch screen, and intuitive interface. The success of the iPhone opened new markets and positioned Apple as an innovation leader. Samsung, as the largest electronics manufacturer in Asia, then produced the Android-based Samsung Galaxy smartphone, which quickly became the iPhone's main competitor. This business competition then turned into a legal dispute when Apple considered Samsung's products too similar to its products. This case involves claims of infringement of design patents and utility patents filed in various jurisdictions such as the United States, South Korea, Japan, Germany, and the United Kingdom. This article uses a normative juridical method with a statutory and case approach. The analysis shows that the patent dispute between Apple and Samsung cannot be resolved through a single international forum due to the territorial nature of the patent system. Therefore, litigation takes place in several countries and results in varying decisions.

Among the afterlife in Islamic belief is the grave, where at the beginning of this period it is believed that the soul will be questioned by the angels Munkar and Nakir about his faith and deeds in the world. The purpose of this writing is focused on elaborating on Islamic eschatology in the story of Umar bin Khattab about post-death procedures. Literature research to find out a more in-depth discussion on the topic of post-death procedures by collecting, analyzing, and synthesizing information from books, journals, articles, and other relevant documents, was analyzed content. Findings: The story of Umar bin Khattab with the Angels Munkar and Nakir shows his concern for the welfare of the people. This reflects responsible leadership and is oriented towards the long-term good for all Muslims. Although this particular narrative is not widely documented in classical Islamic texts, it reflects a broader theme in Islamic teachings about the mercy and compassion of Allah and the angels. This story also highlights the exemplary character of Umar and his concern for the welfare of others, even in the afterlife. Conclusion: This story is about a leader who always thinks about the welfare of the people, including those who will face questions in the grave. Novelty: This finding highlights visionary leadership based on the essence of Islam that fosters true happiness in this world and the hereafter, considering the challenges of modern leadership oriented toward the afterlife.

Consumptive behavior among college students has increased along with the development of social media that plays a role in shaping modern lifestyles. This study was conducted to determine the effect of Instagram social media use and hedonistic lifestyle on the consumptive behavior of female students in the Culinary Arts Education Study Program, Universitas Negeri Medan. The study used a quantitative approach with multiple regression analysis methods. Data were obtained by distributing questionnaires to 52 respondents selected using a simple random sampling technique. The results showed that Instagram social media use had a significant effect on consumptive behavior with a significance value of 0.049, while hedonistic lifestyle had a more dominant effect with a significance value of 0.000. Simultaneously, both variables had a positive and significant effect on consumptive behavior with an R² value of 0.418, meaning that 41.8% of the variation in consumptive behavior was explained by these two variables. Based on these results, it was concluded that the higher the use of Instagram social media and hedonistic lifestyle, the greater the tendency of students to behave consumptively.

This article examines various guidance and counseling (BK) management models relevant to the context of modern education in Indonesia. The models discussed include POAC (Planning, Organizing, Actuating, Controlling) management, comprehensive BK services, school-based BK management, specialized service management, and the use of digitalization in BK services. This review was compiled using a literature review method, drawing on various credible national sources, such as scientific journals, reference books, and education policy documents. The purpose of this research is to provide an in-depth understanding of the characteristics, principles, and implementation of each BK management model in educational practice. The results indicate that each model has its own advantages and limitations, both in terms of service planning, resource management, and the effectiveness of service delivery to students. Therefore, the selection and implementation of a BK management model must be tailored to the needs of the school, the availability of professional staff, infrastructure, and student characteristics. The integration of a systematic, data-driven, and adaptive management approach to developments in information technology is a key factor in improving the quality and effectiveness of BK services. This article is expected to provide theoretical and practical contributions to school counselors, educators, and education policymakers.  

This study aims to describe the production process, business strategy, and product offerings of the COSIK chocolate factory located in Maumere, Sikka Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. The COSIK chocolate factory utilizes local raw materials, such as cocoa beans, obtained directly from local farmers, and implements a processing process without the use of chemical preservatives. This approach not only increases the added value of local products but also supports community economic empowerment through partnerships with cocoa farmers in the region. Furthermore, the use of simple yet modern technology enables a hygienic production process that meets quality standards. The results show that the COSIK chocolate factory contributes to improving the quality of local cocoa, developing innovative products based on natural ingredients, and strengthening the region's identity as a producer of quality chocolate. Thus, COSIK serves not only as a production unit but also as a sustainable business model that integrates environmental, social, and economic aspects in a food processing industry based on local resources.

Advancements in modern technology have reshaped people’s lifestyles, including how individuals carry out their daily activities. These changes have influenced individuals to make less realistic decisions in an effort to align themselves with their desired lifestyle. This study aims to examine whether college students with certain lifestyle tendencies are more likely to engage in impulsive buying when shopping online. The study involved 392 college students residing in Surabaya, East Java, selected through a random sampling technique. Data were collected using a Google Form–based questionnaire containing measurement instruments developed by the researcher: (1) the Impulsive Buying Scale (15 items; α = 0.858) and (2) the Lifestyle Scale (22 items; α = 0.898). Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the data.The findings reveal a significant positive relationship between lifestyle and impulsive buying. The strongeran individual’s consumerist lifestyle tendency, the more likely they are to make impulsive purchases.  

This study explores how Generation Z constructs work values and meaning in modern organizations shaped by digitalization and social transformation. Using a qualitative phenomenological approach under a social constructivist paradigm, the research investigates the lived experiences of young professionals in the digital, creative, and startup sectors. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and non-participant observation and analyzed using thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006; Moustakas, 1994). Findings show that Generation Z defines work through three interrelated dimensions: (1) intrinsic motivation grounded in personal purpose and self-expression, (2) redefined productivity emphasizing creativity and emotional balance rather than quantitative output, and (3) job satisfaction derived from inclusive culture and adaptive leadership. These results support Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000) and Social Constructionism (Berger & Luckmann, 1966), showing that work meaning is socially constructed rather than objectively given. Overall, the study concludes that for Generation Z, work represents not merely economic activity but a medium for identity, contribution, and personal growth, urging organizations to embrace meaning-centered and value-driven leadership to enhance engagement and fulfillment.

Spirituality is a fundamental foundation of congregational faith life that directly influences character formation and daily behavior. However, social, cultural, and technological changes in the modern era have contributed to the weakening of congregational spirituality, including within the GKSI Sungai Maram congregation in Ketapang Regency, West Kalimantan. This condition is reflected in faith practices that tend to be routine and have not yet fostered holistic Christlike character. This community service program aimed to revitalize congregational spirituality as an effort to strengthen character formation and faith through a contextual and participatory approach. The program was implemented through pastoral mentoring, reflective group discussions, prayer fellowships, and community-based faith development activities involving church leaders and congregants. The implementation methods included initial observation of congregational conditions, interviews with church leaders and members, and community reflection as an evaluation tool. The results of the program indicate increased spiritual awareness among congregants, reflected in the strengthening of Christian character values such as love, integrity, responsibility, and social concern, as well as improved relational quality within the congregation. In addition, the program encouraged the establishment of sustainable shared spiritual practices as an integral part of church life. Therefore, contextual and sustainable spiritual revitalization through community service activities serves as an effective strategy for building a congregation that is mature in faith, strong in character, and socially impactful.

Islamic entrepreneurship education integrates ethical, moral, and spiritual values with practical business practices. This study examines the perspective of the Prophet Muhammad’s hadith on entrepreneurship, emphasizing principles such as honesty, independence, creativity, risk-taking, and social responsibility. Using a qualitative approach, primary hadith sources and scholarly interpretations are analyzed to identify both values and practical implementations of entrepreneurship education in Islam. Findings reveal that the Prophet emphasized self-reliance, productive work, and ethical business conduct, providing practical guidance such as utilizing available resources, step-by-step mentoring, and progressive skill development. Additionally, Islamic entrepreneurship education prioritizes character formation, integrity, and social contribution alongside economic gain. Practical examples from hadith illustrate methods for instilling entrepreneurial values, including prohibitions against unethical transactions, encouragement to work with one’s own hands, and support for independent income generation. The study shows that integrating moral guidance from hadith with business training produces competent, responsible, and ethically grounded entrepreneurs. This framework offers a comprehensive model for modern entrepreneurship education, balancing profitability, ethical conduct, and societal welfare. The research contributes to understanding how Islamic values can form the foundation of sustainable and morally conscious business practices, providing educators and practitioners with actionable insights for cultivating entrepreneurship aligned with Islamic teachings.

Digital literacy is important in education in the era of Society 5.0, because teachers are required to be facilitators in supporting students to become digital learners. To support the success of students in becoming digital learners, the role of teachers in the use of technology during learning activities also contributes. The existence of these demands makes the use of virtual reality media in the learning environment an alternative that can be done to create learning activities that meet the demands in the Society 5.0 era. The purpose of this service activity is to improve the digital literacy of IGI Pekanbaru. as well as introduce virtual reality-based learning media as a renewable learning media innovation to support student learning activities in the digital era. In this service, the methods include presentation, demonstration, and practice. The results showed that teacher training in making VR learning media can improve their digital literacy. This training can also help teachers create interactive and interesting technology-based collaborative learning media for modern learning.

The massive adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) devices is expanding the cyberattacks surface, particularly by the Mirai botnet, which exploits the dynamic characteristics of data traffic. This research proposes a Mirai detection approach based on a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) optimized using Bayesian Optimization to improve prediction accuracy on sequential data. Unlike previous studies, this research utilizes the latest CIC IoT-DIAD 2024 dataset and applies probabilistic optimization to the hyperparameter space, including RNN units, dropout, and learning rate. The experiment was conducted on 201,021 valid data points, with dimensionality reduction using PCA as the optimal point to represent essential features without redundancy. The results show a significant increase in accuracy from 97.95% to 99.69%, accompanied by an 84% decrease in False Negatives, an 86% decrease in False Positives, and an AUC value of 0.9999. These findings confirm that integrating RNN and Bayesian Optimization not only improves numerical performance but also strengthens the reliability of the intrusion detection system for modern IoT ecosystems with controlled computational loads.

That Christian Religious Education teachers update their professionalism and competencies to ensure that Christian education remains relevant, effective, and transformative. This study aims to analyze the modernization of the professionalism of Christian Religious Education teachers, including the integration of spirituality with modern pedagogical approaches and strategies for developing teacher competencies in addressing the challenges of the digital generation. The study employs a descriptive qualitative approach, collecting data through literature review from books, journals, notes, and relevant reports, and presenting the findings in a narrative form. The results show that the modernization of teacher competencies involves the development of pedagogical, personal, social, spiritual, and professional competencies, with the ability to integrate spirituality, technology, and modern teaching methods such as collaborative and digital learning to create contextual, engaging, and transformative learning experiences. In conclusion, the modernization of professionalism among Christian Religious Education teachers is an urgent necessity to enable teachers to deliver God’s Word in a relevant manner, shape students’ character and spirituality, and enhance the effectiveness of Christian education through mastery of holistic and collaborative competencies.  

This article develops a conceptual model that explains how social capital and digital literacy interact in shaping Islamic financial literacy in the digital era. Through a comprehensive literature review, this study synthesizes theories, empirical findings, and thematic patterns derived from reputable academic journals, scholarly books, and institutional publications. The analysis shows that social capital functions as a value foundation encompassing trust, collective norms, and behavioral orientations that influence individuals’ initial acceptance of sharia-based financial practices. Information obtained through family, religious communities, and social networks becomes a crucial entry point that shapes early perceptions and preferences toward Islamic financial products. Meanwhile, digital literacy strengthens individuals’ ability to access, evaluate, and verify Islamic financial information independently through various digital content such as online articles, infographics, educational videos, and Islamic fintech platforms. The interaction between these two dimensions creates a layered learning process in which social capital provides contextual value and trust, while digital literacy deepens technical understanding in a more objective manner. This article contributes theoretically by proposing the Social Capital–Digital Literacy Integrative Model and offers practical implications for Islamic financial institutions, regulators, and fintech providers in designing more effective strategies to enhance Islamic financial literacy in society.

Taxes are the largest contributor to state revenue in financing national development. Tax compliance is the act of the taxpayer in fulfilling their tax obligations following the provisions of the legislation and tax implementation regulations in force in a country. Efforts made by the government to improve taxpayer compliance are by reforming tax laws and the tax administration system. This study aims to determine the effect of tax knowledge, tax sanctions, the benefit of the taxpayer identification number, and modern tax administration systems on personal taxpayer reporting compliance at the tax office in North Badung. The population of this research is personal taxpayers at the North Badung Tax Office Services, which is based on the data of individual taxpayers, as many as 95,542 people. The sample in this study consisted of 76 individual taxpayers who reported compliance, selected using a non-probability sampling method with an accidental sampling technique. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that the tax knowledge variable did not affect personal taxpayer compliance, while the tax sanctions variable, the benefit of the taxpayer identification number, taxpayer awareness, and the modern tax administration system had a positive effect on personal taxpayer reporting compliance. Further research can expand on this study by incorporating other variables that, in theory, influence taxpayer reporting compliance, such as tax services.