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The juridical issues concern the limits of military criminal jurisdiction, patterns of sentencing for soldiers, command responsibility, and their implications for the principles of civilian supremacy and equality before the law. This study aims to analyze the implications and provide a comparative assessment of the expansion of the Indonesian National Armed Forces’ (TNI) authority following Law Number 3 of 2025 concerning the Amendment to Law Number 34 of 2004, particularly in relation to the addition of civilian positions that may be occupied by active-duty soldiers and the expansion of Military Operations Other Than War (OMSP). This research employs a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, using data sources in the form of legislation as well as national and international legal literature, which are analyzed qualitatively with deductive reasoning in drawing conclusions. The results of the study indicate that, first, the criminal law implications of the post-expansion of the TNI’s authority and roles give rise to the potential emergence of official offenses (delicta propria), particularly in the implementation of OMSP and the assignment of active-duty soldiers to civilian positions, which may generate ambiguity in judicial forums and criminal accountability; and second, a comparison with the military sentencing systems in the Netherlands and the United States demonstrates the importance of clear classification of offenses, a clearer separation between military jurisdiction and civilian courts, and the strengthening of due process of law, as well as effective civilian oversight to ensure the professionalism and legal certainty of the TNI.

This study aims to analyze the collective kiai leadership policies in enhancing the quality of madrasah education at Bahrul Ulum Islamic Boarding School, Tambakberas, Jombang. Using a qualitative research method with a phenomenological approach, the study collects data through in-depth interviews, structured observation, and documentation. The data analysis process involves three stages: data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing. The study reveals that the formulation of collective leadership policies is based on the need to achieve religious goals, legal foundations, and community needs. These policies are oriented toward problem-solving and continuity, formulated through deliberation and consensus involving all kiai leaders of both formal and non-formal educational institutions within the pesantren. The implementation of these policies emphasizes scholarly sanad and intellectual tradition across all educational institutions. Key aspects include educational administration, human resource development, strengthening formal education based on national accreditation standards, providing entrepreneurship education, and participating in faith-based as well as science and technology competitions at national and international levels. The evaluation of these policies is carried out collectively by all caretakers and leaders in alignment with established policies to ensure quality improvement across the pesantren’s formal and non-formal educational institutions.

This study aims to examine the historical legacy of the Sriwijaya and Majapahit Kingdoms in the context of the development of Southeast Asian civilization through a literature review approach. The study focuses on the contributions of both kingdoms in various aspects, including politics, economy, maritime activities, culture, education, and international diplomacy. Research data were obtained from primary and secondary sources, such as historical manuscripts, inscriptions, archaeological reports, and national and international scholarly publications. The findings indicate that the Sriwijaya Kingdom played a significant role as a major maritime power and an international center of Buddhist education that influenced intellectual networks across Asia. Meanwhile, the Majapahit Kingdom was prominent in developing systems of governance, law, and regional integration of the Nusantara through extensive political and trade networks. Both kingdoms not only shaped the social and cultural structures of their respective periods but also laid an important historical foundation for the formation of identity and regional dynamics in modern Southeast Asia. Therefore, the legacies of Sriwijaya and Majapahit remain highly relevant for understanding historical processes, regional integration, and the long-term development of Southeast Asian civilization.

This study aims to describe and analyze the transformation process from maritime empires to nation-states in Southeast Asia, as well as the factors that drove it and its impact on regional societies. The study uses a literature study method by collecting and analyzing data from various relevant primary and secondary sources. The results show that Southeast Asia has a long history of maritime empires such as Srivijaya, Majapahit, and Malacca, which became centers of trade, the spread of religion, and the formation of early social structures. The transformation to nation-states was influenced by the influx of European influence, the growth of nationalism, and changes in economic structures. The transformation process included changes in the formation of national borders, government systems, the development of state institutions, as well as changes in social structures, the spread of education, and shifts in cultural values. The impacts of the transformation included increased state sovereignty, economic development, and improvements in the quality of life for the people, but also brought challenges such as ethnic tensions, corruption, and socioeconomic inequality. This study concludes that the transformation process is a complex journey that shapes the characteristics of modern nation-states in Southeast Asia today.

Taxes play a vital role as the primary source of state revenue and a key instrument for financing national development through the State Budget (APBN). This study aims to analyze the determinants of tax compliance among Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprise (MSME) taxpayers in Semarang City, with a particular focus on the effects of tax policy, subjective norms, and financial performance. A quantitative associative approach was employed, using primary data collected through questionnaires distributed to 100 MSME taxpayers selected via purposive sampling. The data was analyzed using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method with WarpPLS software. The results indicate that tax policy and subjective norms have a positive and significant effect on MSME tax compliance, while financial performance shows no significant effect. The adjusted R² value reveals that the model explains 87.2% of the variance in taxpayer compliance. To enhance MSME tax compliance, the government should simplify tax regulations, strengthen social norms through education and community engagement, and ensure consistent, transparent, and fair implementation of tax policies

Migrant workers are vulnerable to exploitation due to transnational and well-organized global human trafficking networks. Recently, a new modus operandi has emerged in human trafficking cases, namely recruitment under the pretext of employment in the overseas digital industry, promoted through social media and LinkedIn. Although these offers appear promising, they instead entrap migrant workers in trafficking schemes. Therefore, comprehensive case assistance involving the roles of government institutions and non-governmental organizations is urgently needed to protect victims. This study aims to examine the case assistance provided by Migrant CARE in addressing human trafficking cases in which victims are trapped as online scammers, viewed from a social welfare perspective. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach through observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings indicate that the social interventions carried out by Migrant CARE are effective from the engagement stage through the follow-up stage. Supporting factors in the success of case assistance include proactive involvement from the government, victims, families, and the media. Meanwhile, inhibiting factors include the absence of personal documents such as passports, identity cards, and family cards, confiscation of mobile phones, and cross-national conflicts. From the individual perspective, supporting factors consist of personal resilience, courage, motivation, and skills, whereas inhibiting factors include victims’ hesitation to leave human trafficking situations due to fear of the risks involved.

This study examines the binding force of the WHO Patient Safety Rights Charter (2024) as a soft law instrument within the Indonesian legal system and evaluates the potential application of its principles in the formulation of national health policies. The research employs a normative juridical method with descriptive, analytical, and comparative approaches toward international norms, including the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the Global Patient Safety Action Plan (2021–2030), as well as relevant national regulations. The findings indicate that although the WHO Charter is not legally binding, it possesses substantial normative and moral authority derived from the ethical legitimacy of the World Health Organization and its alignment with the principles of the right to health. In Indonesia, several principles of the Charter have been partially reflected in Law No. 17 of 2023 on Health; however, normative gaps remain, particularly regarding patients’ participatory rights and medical justice. Soft law acquires its normative strength through moral legitimacy, broad acceptance, and integration into domestic policy frameworks. The study concludes that strengthening legal protection for patient safety in Indonesia requires the explicit incorporation of the WHO Charter’s principles into implementing regulations, thereby fostering a health law system that is equitable, accountable, and grounded in human rights.

Public health is a crucial aspect of national development and is influenced by dietary consumption patterns. In Indonesia, the consumption of preserved foods has increased alongside lifestyle changes, economic conditions, and access to processed and packaged foods. Although preservatives function to extend shelf life, their improper use particularly hazardous substances such as formaldehyde, borax, and rhodamine B can have adverse health effects. This study aims to identify the factors contributing to high preserved food consumption, analyze their impact on public health, and examine weaknesses in Indonesia’s food monitoring system. The research employs a qualitative method through a literature review of scientific articles, reference books, and official reports from the National Agency of Drug and Food Control and the Ministry of Health. The findings indicate that preserved food consumption is influenced by a preference for convenience, economic constraints, and limited public knowledge of nutrition and food safety. Health impacts include digestive disorders, decreased immunity, impaired organ function, and an increased risk of chronic diseases. In addition, limited resources and weak law enforcement contribute to suboptimal food supervision. Therefore, strengthening regulatory oversight, enhancing public education, and promoting cross-sector collaboration are necessary to achieve a safe and healthy food system.

Guidance and counseling is an essential service in the academic framework that aims to support the optimal development of students. The success of BK services does not only depend on the competence of guidance and counseling teachers, but also on the involvement and synergy of all school personnel. However, in practice, BK services are often understood as the individual responsibility of BK teachers, so that the roles of other school personnel have not been optimally integrated. This research seeks to delineate the duties and responsibilities of school personnel in guidance and counseling activities and to examine the patterns of collaboration that have been established in their implementation. This research utilizes a qualitative approach using a literature study method, with data sources in the form of accredited national journal articles and related scientific publications over the past five years. The data were evaluated by employing content analysis techniques to identify topics related to the roles of the principal, guidance counselors, homeroom teachers, subject teachers, and educational staff. Findings from this research indicate that the effectiveness of guidance and counseling services is greatly influenced by the clarity of the division of tasks, managerial support from the principal, and collaboration between school personnel. The findings also reveal a gap between the ideal concept of collaborative guidance and counseling services and their implementation in schools. The Scientific implications stress the vital role of strengthening coordination and integration of the roles of school personnel in developing more effective, systematic, and sustainable guidance and counseling services.

The reform of criminal law in Indonesia has become an increasingly urgent necessity in line with social developments, technological advancement, and the growing complexity and diversity of crime. Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the new Criminal Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana/KUHP) emerges as a comprehensive effort to replace the colonial-era Criminal Code and to align the national criminal law system with the current conditions of Indonesian society. This new Criminal Code introduces several significant changes, including the regulation of cybercrime, protection of the environment, the reinforcement of humanitarian values, and the strengthening of the principle of limiting criminal sanctions on individual liberty in order to ensure the protection of human rights. This paper aims to analyze the direction and substance of the Criminal Code reform, evaluate its potential implementation, and assess the implications of these changes for criminal law enforcement practices in Indonesia. The research method employed is a literature review using a normative approach, conducted through the analysis of statutory regulations, criminal law theories, and relevant case studies. The results of the analysis indicate that the new Criminal Code provides a more adaptive and responsive legal framework to contemporary issues; however, the effectiveness of its implementation largely depends on the readiness of law enforcement authorities, the intensity of regulatory socialization, and the level of public legal awareness. This study concludes that criminal law reform represents a strategic step toward realizing a criminal justice system that is more just, effective, and aligned with the values of Pancasila.

The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has opened significant opportunities to support maritime monitoring systems, particularly in detecting anomalies in ship movements that may indicate illegal or abnormal activities. However, the understanding and utilization of this technology among the general public and maritime stakeholders remain limited. This Community Service Program aims to conduct socialization and dissemination of knowledge on AI-based ship anomaly detection through the development and utilization of an interactive and informative web-based socialization platform. This activity is the result of collaboration between a team of lecturers from the Faculty of Communication and Informatics Technology (FTKI) and the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN). The implementation methods include the design of web-based educational content, presentation of fundamental AI concepts and ship anomaly detection, as well as visual simulations of ship movement data analysis results. The web-based socialization platform serves as an educational medium to enhance users’ understanding of the benefits, working mechanisms, and potential applications of AI technology in maritime surveillance. The results indicate an improvement in participants’ understanding of ship anomaly detection concepts and the role of artificial intelligence in supporting maritime security and safety. This PKM activity is expected to promote technological literacy, strengthen synergy between academia and research institutions, and serve as a model for practical and sustainable web-based technology socialization

Extreme poverty represents a complex, multidimensional challenge in development that demands cohesive policy integration among various governmental tiers. The Indonesian government has established goals to expedite the eradication of extreme poverty via diverse national frameworks and initiatives, yet their success hinges on the extent of alignment between central and regional policies in areas such as strategic planning, financial allocation, and program execution. This research seeks to examine the patterns of policy alignment between central and local authorities, pinpoint the obstacles encountered during execution, and develop recommendations for enhancing collaborative efforts in tackling extreme poverty. Employing a qualitative descriptive methodology, data collection involved reviewing policy documents and development plans, complemented by discussions with relevant stakeholders at the regional level. The outcomes reveal that efforts toward policy synchronization have been made by merging national and local planning frameworks and initiatives, although persistent issues persist, such as inconsistencies in poverty statistics, jurisdictional overlaps among sectors, and inadequate inter-institutional cooperation. These insights imply that effective reduction of extreme poverty necessitates reinforced strategies for policy alignment, unified data platforms, and the adoption of cross-level and cross-sector partnership models to guarantee that measures are precisely directed, enduring, and impactful in diminishing the population affected by extreme poverty.

The coverage of Complete Basic Immunization (Imunisasi Dasar Lengkap or IDL) in Maharani Village remains low at 38.8%, falling short of the national target of 95%. This condition increases the health risk of toddlers contracting Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (PD3I). This study aimed to determine the relationship between mothers' knowledge and husbands' support regarding the completeness of basic immunization for toddlers in Maharani Village, within the working area of Rumbai Bukit Public Health Center. This research employed a quantitative analytic method with a cross-sectional design. The population in this study comprised all mothers with toddlers in the area, with a sample of 73 respondents selected using the purposive sampling technique. Data collection was conducted using validated questionnaires and observation of Maternal and Child Health (KIA) books, followed by univariate and bivariate analysis using the Chi-square statistical test. The results indicated that the majority of toddlers had incomplete immunization status (61.6%), mothers had a low level of knowledge (61.6%), and respondents did not receive support from their husbands (58.9%). Statistical test results confirmed a very significant relationship between mothers' knowledge (p-value = 0.000) and husbands' support (p-value = 0.000) with the completeness of basic immunization. The conclusion confirms that knowledge and husband's support are the main determinant factors. It is suggested that Rumbai Bukit Public Health Center implement a more inclusive health promotion strategy by involving the active role of husbands in monitoring child health.

The digital transformation of population administration services has become a strategic agenda in improving the quality of public services in many countries. This study aims to comparatively analyze the implementation models of digital-based population administration services in Indonesia and Singapore. Using a qualitative approach with a literature review method, this study examines various scientific journals, policy documents, government reports, and relevant publications published in the last five years. The analysis focuses on identifying differences in implementation patterns, supporting and inhibiting factors, and best practices applied in both countries. The results show that Singapore has successfully implemented an integrated and user-centered digital population administration system supported by a strong national digital identity infrastructure, advanced technology, and high digital literacy among citizens. Meanwhile, Indonesia has made significant progress through the implementation of the Population Administration Information System and Digital Population Identity, but still faces challenges such as infrastructure inequality, limited human resource capacity, and uneven digital literacy. This comparative study highlights that the success of digital population administration services is determined not only by technology adoption but also by policy consistency, system integration, institutional capacity, and public participation. The findings are expected to provide policy insights and practical recommendations to strengthen digital population administration services in Indonesia in the future.  

This research investigates the integration of Smart Production Systems (SPS) within the framework of Industry 5.0, emphasizing how such integration redefines operational efficiency and human–machine collaboration. The study aims to identify the contributions of smart technologies to productivity, sustainability, and human value in modern production systems. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, drawing from international databases including Elsevier, Springer, IEEE Xplore, Wiley, Taylor & Francis, ACM, and SAGE, as well as national sources. Publications from 2023–2025 were screened using keywords such as “Industry 5.0,” “Smart Production Systems,” “Human–Machine Collaboration,” and “Operational Efficiency.” Thematic analysis categorized findings into four dimensions: operational efficiency, human–machine collaboration, industrial sustainability, and socio-ethical aspects. Results indicate that SPS integration significantly enhances operational efficiency while fostering adaptive and creative collaboration between humans and machines. The combination of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), and human creativity establishes a resilient, sustainable, and innovative production paradigm. Successful implementation of Industry 5.0 requires harmonizing technological advancement, human skills, and ethical principles. Practically, the study offers insights for industry stakeholders and policymakers in designing human-centered digital transformation strategies, strengthening supply chain resilience, workplace safety, and innovation. This research contributes conceptually by highlighting ethical and sustainable human–machine interactions in future production systems.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of the SOSEK MALINDO (Malaysian-Indonesian Socio-Economic) regional collaboration program in addressing human trafficking, coordinated by the Regional Border Management Agency (BPPD) of the Riau Islands Province (Kepri). The Riau Islands Province, which borders Malaysia and Singapore, is a strategic entry point vulnerable to transnational crimes, including human trafficking. The main factors driving the people of Kepri to choose illegal routes to become Indonesian Migrant Workers (TKI) to Malaysia are economic pressure, limited job opportunities, attractive promises from brokers (tekong), complex and expensive official bureaucracy, and a lack of accurate information about official procedures. This situation is exploited by human trafficking networks through hidden routes, illegal ports, and methods of illegal labor and sexual exploitation. Although SOSEK MALINDO aims to improve the socio-economic welfare of communities in border areas and indirectly functions to reduce vulnerability to human trafficking, this program does not specifically make human trafficking its main focus. The BPPD plays a very important role as a liaison in cooperation with the Indonesian National Police, Immigration, and BP3MI for prevention and supervision. However, the BPPD faces challenges such as limited funding, overlapping authority between institutions, and a lack of accurate data on human trafficking. Strategic recommendations include making human trafficking a primary focus of the SOSEK MALINDO forum agenda, establishing a dedicated cross-border human trafficking task force, strengthening the BPPD's role in coordination and information gathering, and involving local communities, NGOs, and international organizations in mitigation efforts.

This study critically examines the halal product certification process conducted by the Indonesian Council of Ulama (Majelis Ulama Indonesia, MUI) of South Sulawesi from the perspective of maslahah (public interest). The research is grounded in the urgent need to protect Muslim consumers, particularly in light of the growing consumption of both local and imported products that often lack clear halal status. While numerous studies have explored halal certification at the national level, there remains a significant gap in examining the regional dynamics and implementation of MUI fatwas, especially in South Sulawesi. This study aims to analyze the approaches employed by MUI South Sulawesi in determining halal certification and assess the extent to which maslahah serves as the guiding principle in their process. The research adopts a field research methodology with a descriptive qualitative approach and uses ushuliyyah (Islamic legal methodology) as its analytical framework. Data collection was carried out through observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings reveal that MUI South Sulawesi consistently upholds the principles of Islamic law in the halal certification process, emphasizing critical ingredients, production processes, and the cleanliness of facilities. Although the use of additives such as coloring and preservatives is permitted, it is contingent upon their halal status and freedom from impurities (najis). This approach reflects a moderate application of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, demonstrating adaptability to industrial developments while maintaining a cautious and principled stance. The study underscores the importance of transparency and education for business actors, and recommends further research focusing on post-certification supervision or comparative studies across regions. These findings offer valuable contributions to strengthening Indonesia’s halal assurance system based on the principles of public welfare.

The phenomenon of religion-based radicalism remains a serious threat to the sustainability of national and state life, including within educational institutions. Educational institutions hold a strategic role in instilling religious values that are peaceful, tolerant, and civilized. Therefore, religious moderation education has become a vital approach as a preventive measure against radical ideologies. This study aims to examine the role and urgency of religious moderation education as a shield against radicalism in educational institutions. The research method employed is a literature study, analyzing various literatures such as books, scientific articles, and policy documents related to religious moderation and character education. The results show that religious moderation education can instill the values of tawassuth (moderation), tasamuh (tolerance), tawazun (balance), and i‘tidal (justice) in students. These values contribute significantly to forming religious attitudes that are inclusive, humanistic, and non-violent. The implementation of religious moderation education in educational institutions can be achieved through curriculum integration, educator role-modeling, the cultivation of school culture, and the strengthening of contextual religious literacy. Thus, religious moderation education plays a crucial role as an ideological and moral fortress in preventing the entry and growth of radicalism within the educational environment.

This study aims to analyze and compare public administration systems in Indonesia and the United States, focusing on bureaucratic structure, decentralization mechanisms, and public service delivery. Using a qualitative approach through literature review, this research examines scholarly articles, policy documents, and relevant regulations published in recent years. The findings show that Indonesia adopts a hierarchical and relatively centralized bureaucratic structure within a decentralized unitary state framework, while the United States applies a federal system that grants constitutionally guaranteed autonomy to state governments. Decentralization in Indonesia emphasizes administrative and political authority transfer to local governments to improve service responsiveness, although challenges such as overlapping authority and uneven institutional capacity persist. In contrast, federalism in the United States enables flexible and innovative public service provision but also creates disparities among states. The study further reveals that public service effectiveness and responsiveness in both countries are influenced by bureaucratic capacity, coordination mechanisms, and digital governance implementation. This comparative analysis provides insights for policymakers to strengthen bureaucratic reform, improve intergovernmental coordination, and enhance public service quality in accordance with national governance contexts.

Islamic education in Indonesia plays a strategic role in shaping students’ religious character as well as their national identity, and therefore cannot be separated from the ideological foundations of Pancasila and the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). Islamic education functions not only as a means of transmitting religious values, but also as a medium for internalizing national ideology in line with the goals of national education. This study aims to analyze the ideological foundations of Islamic education based on the values of tauhid, Pancasila, and NKRI, as well as to examine their relevance to national education policies and curricula. This research employs a qualitative approach using a library research design. The data were obtained from secondary sources, including scholarly books, journal articles, education policy documents, and relevant legislation. Data collection was conducted through documentation studies, while data analysis applied a descriptive-analytical method to systematically examine the interrelationships among concepts. The findings indicate that the ideological values of Pancasila are substantively aligned with Islamic teachings, particularly in the aspects of divinity, humanity, unity, deliberation, and social justice. Within the framework of NKRI, Islamic education contributes significantly to the formation of religious-nationalist character and the strengthening of national integration. The integration of Pancasila values, religious moderation, and Islam rahmatan lil ‘alamin into national education policies and curricula, particularly through the Merdeka Curriculum and the Pancasila Student Profile, reflects a systematic effort to develop Islamic education that is adaptive and contextual. The implications of this study emphasize that strengthening the ideological foundations of Islamic education is a crucial prerequisite for producing learners who are faithful, knowledgeable, morally upright, and responsible citizens of Indonesia.