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The concept of the Kingdom of God in Matthew's Gospel is a central theme of the Teaching of Jesus Christ. The Kingdom of God can be understood as the reign of God that has entered this age through the presence of Jesus and will be perfect at His second coming. This research aims to understand the concept of the Kingdom of God in the Gospel of Matthew and its implications for the lives of believers. This research method uses textual and historical analysis to understand the concept of the Kingdom of God in the Gospel of Matthew. The results of the study show that the Kingdom of God has some very special characteristics, such as a government that is sinless and not weak before God, full of the Holy Spirit, and has great power to do extraordinary things.Jesus taught the concept of God's Kingdom through compelling parables and demonstrated important aspects of God's Kingdom. This research also shows that the coming of God's Kingdom refers to the second coming of Jesus, in which the Kingdom will be present in full power. Therefore, believers must be ready to receive the Kingdom of God in their lives and to demonstrate God's power in their actions.

This study aims to examine the historical development of the science of shorof with a focus on the contribution of classical scholars to the systematics of Arabic morphology, especially in the infaʽala verb pattern. Using a qualitative approach and literature study methods, this study traces the linguistic thoughts of figures such as Sībawayh, al-Mubarrid, Ibn Jinnī, to al-Raḍī. The results of the study show that the majority of classical scholars determine the infaʽala pattern as a non-transitive verb (lāzim) that contains the meaning of muṭāwaʽah, and is closely related to the basic pattern of faʽala. In addition, there were restrictions on certain letters as basic letters in this pattern to avoid sound assimilation (idghām). This study confirms that the Arabic morphological system is built on regular and logical rules, and the contribution of classical scholars is very significant in laying the scientific foundations of the science of shorof which are still relevant today

Tourism plays an important role in shaping the economic development of cities and communities. Heritage sites have a major impact on the economy, making an important contribution to economic growth and development. 3D digital conservation, apart from being useful for preserving historical heritage, also functions as promotional media by utilizing the Internet of Things (IoT). By making 3D models of historical heritage objects, apart from preserving cultural heritage sites, they are also used as promotional media to increase tourism and economic benefits for the community. From the results obtained, it can show satisfactory results. The 3D shape created can provide an overview and information about the geometric shape and condition of the heritage building site, which is quite well captured. The hope is that this can provide information and attract tourists to visit the historical site, namely "Mount Wudel" in Jepara. Making 3D models will of course increase their attractiveness and also serve as a medium for digital conservation.

This study analyzes the effectiveness of multi-stakeholder collaboration in the implementation of the Complete Systematic Land Registration (PTSL) program in Bunut District, Pelalawan Regency. The PTSL program as a government effort to provide legal certainty over land ownership requires cooperation from various stakeholders in its implementation. With a qualitative approach and case study design, this study uses the collaborative governance framework from Emerson et al. (2012) to analyze three main dimensions of collaboration: principled engagement, shared motivation, and capacity for joint action. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 27 informants, participant observation, focus group discussions, and documentation studies. The results of the study indicate that multi-stakeholder collaboration in the implementation of PTSL in Bunut District shows varying effectiveness in various dimensions. In the principled engagement dimension, collaboration is quite effective in the aspects of discovery and definition, but is still limited in the aspects of deliberation and determination. In the shared motivation dimension, there are limitations in building mutual trust and understanding between the community and technical agencies. Meanwhile, in the capacity for joint action dimension, there are strengths in the aspects of procedural arrangements and leadership, but significant limitations in the aspects of knowledge and resources. Supporting factors for collaboration include political commitment, community awareness, the role of traditional leaders, effective communication platforms, and academic involvement. Meanwhile, inhibiting factors include differences in interests between stakeholders, limited technical capacity at the village level, communication and coordination problems, historical land complexity, and budget constraints. The study recommends strategies to increase the effectiveness of collaboration through strengthening multi-stakeholder forum institutions, developing technical capacity, increasing transparency and accountability, developing effective conflict resolution mechanisms, strengthening the role of village governments, and allocating adequate resources. The research findings contribute to the development of collaborative governance theory in the Indonesian context, especially in rural areas with unique socio-cultural characteristics.  

In today’s global economy, accurately predicting foreign exchange rates or estimating their trends correctly is crucial for informed investment decisions. Despite the success of standalone models like ARIMA and deep learning models like LSTM, challenges persist in capturing both linear and nonlinear dynamics in highly volatile exchange rate environments. Motivated by the limitations of these individual models and the need for more robust forecasting tools, this study proposes a hybrid ARIMA-LSTM model that integrates ARIMA’s strength in modeling linear trends with LSTM’s capability to capture nonlinear dependencies, using historical USD/NGN exchange rate data from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) spanning 2001 to 2024. The research hypothesis posits that the hybrid ARIMA-LSTM model will significantly outperform standalone models in forecasting accuracy. By comparing these models against state-of-the-art approaches, the study highlights the advantages of hybridizing statistical and deep learning methods. The findings demonstrate that the hybrid model achieved the lowest Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 2.216 and the highest R² of 0.998, indicating superior forecasting performance. This study fills a critical research gap by demonstrating the effectiveness of hybrid deep learning in financial time series forecasting, providing valuable insights for investors, policymakers, and financial analysts. Future research will extend this work by incorporating the latest dataset and evaluating model robustness during the recent surge in the Naira/Dollar exchange rate from 2023 to 2024.

This study examines the spread of Christianity by the Kingdom of God in Central Kalimantan, focusing on its history, challenges, and impact on local communities. Using a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical method, data were collected through interviews, observations, and document studies. The analysis was conducted using Miles and Huberman’s interactive model, including data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that the spread of Christianity by the Kingdom of God was influenced by social, cultural, and political factors. The main challenges included local cultural resistance, social dynamics, and changing government policies. However, the teachings and values established have persisted in society to this day. These findings provide new insights into the interaction between religion and culture in the local historical context and its contribution to community identity. The implications of this research can serve as a reference for understanding religious dissemination patterns and preserving religious values amidst social changes.

The geopolitical relations between China and Afghanistan have undergone significant transformations in recent years, shaped by regional dynamics, security imperatives, economic cooperation, and strategic interests. As a neighboring country with extensive global influence, China has adopted a pragmatic approach toward Afghanistan, seeking to balance its economic investments with security considerations. This study explores the historical trajectory of Sino-Afghan relations, identifies the key factors influencing their bilateral interactions, and examines Afghanistan’s strategic importance within the broader regional ambitions of China—particularly in relation to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). It also briefly investigates China's role in Afghanistan’s political landscape following 2001 and analyzes its evolving stance after the Taliban's return to power in 2021. Furthermore, the research highlights the economic, security, and diplomatic dimensions of the two countries’ relationship and evaluates how Beijing’s strategic calculations in Afghanistan align with its broader regional objectives—especially concerning security stability (counterterrorism) and economic expansion. From a geopolitical standpoint, this paper offers insights into the long-term implications of China’s engagement with Afghanistan and its broader impact on the regional power dynamics, using a descriptive-analytical methodology.

Rainfall potential analysis plays a critical role in the management of air resources, mitigation of hydrometeorological disasters, and agricultural activity planning. Accurate estimation of rainfall patterns is essential to ensure effective decision-making in irrigation systems, water resource management, and disaster risk reduction strategies. This study aims to model the probability of rainfall occurrence using a statistical approach based on historical data obtained from the Bureau of Meteorology. The data spans a multi-year period and captures seasonal and regional variability in rainfall events. To characterize rainfall patterns, various probability distributions are tested, including the exponential distribution and the Weibull distribution, which are commonly applied in hydrological studies. Furthermore, the Markov chain method is employed to assess the likelihood of rainfall occurrence on a given day based on the conditions of the preceding day, thereby capturing temporal dependencies. Parameter estimation is conducted using Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE), a robust statistical method that enhances the precision of the model. The suitability of each probability distribution in representing the observed rainfall data is evaluated through goodness-of-fit tests such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The findings reveal that certain distributions align more closely with the local rainfall characteristics, demonstrating the importance of regional analysis in climate modeling. The combination of probabilistic modeling, Markov analysis, and rigorous statistical testing provides a reliable framework for forecasting rainfall. These results are expected to serve as a scientific basis for stakeholders in agriculture, environmental planning, and disaster preparedness, offering insights that support sustainable water resource utilization and risk management.

This research presents a personalized, context-aware recommender system to suggest Places of Interest (POIs) using a hybrid approach combining Bayesian inference and collaborative filtering. The system explicitly addresses the cold-start problem that new users face and improves recommendation accuracy by considering contextual variables such as user mood, budget, companion, and location. The system collects real-time contextual inputs for new users with no historical data and applies Bayesian inference to generate relevant POI suggestions. As users begin to interact and provide ratings, the system progressively shifts to a collaborative filtering mechanism, leveraging cosine similarity to identify similar users within comparable contexts. The recommender system focuses on three categories of POIs: restaurants, hotels, and landmarks. These locations are retrieved through the Google Maps API, and only mapped locations are considered. The system was implemented on Android devices and evaluated through a user study involving 25 participants from diverse backgrounds, including software developers, IT students, and general users. Evaluation metrics such as normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain (nDCG) and classification accuracy were used to assess recommendation quality. Results demonstrate that the system performs better than traditional methods, with nDCG improvements reaching up to 83 percent. Users reported high satisfaction regarding the recommendations' accuracy, ease of use, and contextual relevance. While the system offers significant improvements, it also has certain limitations. Its dependency on Google Maps data may restrict its scope, and using only four contextual factors limits the system’s adaptability to more complex user preferences. Future enhancements could include additional dynamic contexts such as weather, POI popularity, and time-related trends, as well as integrating more advanced models to increase personalization and flexibility in real-world applications.

Museums are locations that store various collections of cultural and historical heritage, have great potential to attract tourists. Lubuklinggau city students and students utilize the museum as a place of learning to know and understand the heritage that is in the museum. The museum in Lubuklinggau city is the Subkos museum which is located in the center of Lubuiklinggau city. Visiting a museum is not just coming, but also a process of understanding, learning, and appreciating the history and culture that we encounter in various museum collections. Unfortunately, the existence of museums is still not considered by the community, especially in its utilization as a learning tool. The management of existing museums needs to be well organized and adapted to the times. Nowadays, museums do not only focus on collections, but on how to attract visitors and make them an educational resource. This research adopts a qualitative method. The data used consists of two types: first, primary data obtained through direct interviews with museum managers, and second, secondary data taken from articles in relevant journals.

This article aims to explore the diversity of Christological reflections that emerge in various contexts, namely cultural, social, and interfaith dialog. Christology, the central study in Christian theology regarding Jesus Christ, has undergone significant evolution and adaptation along with its interaction with various historical, social, and cultural backgrounds. This research uses a literature study approach, by collecting and analyzing data from various journals and relevant academic sources to identify and understand how the concept of Christology is reflected and interpreted in different contexts. The results of the analysis show that the reflection of Christology in the cultural context involves the incarnation of positive values of local culture while maintaining a critical perspective on elements that are contrary to Christian teachings. In the social context, Christology becomes a theological foundation to fight for justice and inclusiveness. Meanwhile, in interfaith dialog, Christology acts as a bridge to build understanding and cooperation with adherents of other religions through recognition of uniqueness and potential common ground. This article concludes that a contextual and diverse understanding of Christology not only enriches the treasures of Christian theology, but also strengthens the relevance of Christian faith in the face of the complexity and plurality of the modern world. Thus, continuous and contextualized Christological reflection is essential for Christians to live their faith deeply and make a significant contribution to the global community.

The understanding of Jesus Christ in the Bible is very diverse and is reflected in the various titles given to Him. Each title used by the biblical authors indicates a certain aspect of Jesus' identity and mission according to their historical and theological context. This research is a qualitative research using the literature study method. This research was conducted to analyze the Diversity of Christological Experiences in the Bible.

This study discusses the history and development of the number system in India and its influence on the evolution of mathematics worldwide. The Indian number system has evolved since the Indus Valley Civilization and has undergone significant innovations, such as the invention of the number zero by Brahmagupta and the development of the place value system, which forms the basis of the modern decimal number system. This research employs a qualitative method with a library research approach, involving the analysis of various written sources, such as books, academic journals, and historical articles on the Indian number system. The findings indicate that the Indian number system has had a profound impact on the advancement of mathematics, particularly after it was introduced to the Islamic world by scholars such as Al-Khwarizmi, who later disseminated it to Europe, making it the foundation of the numerical system used today. Additionally, the Indian number system contributed to the development of various branches of mathematics, including algebra, calculus, and number theory, and served as the foundation for modern technology, including computers and calculators. Therefore, understanding the history of the Indian number system should be reinforced in mathematics education, accompanied by further research on its applications in contemporary science and technology.

This study uses a qualitative methodology and secondary source data to investigate election cheating and its impact on Nigeria's democratic consolidation. It will be examined using historical and content analysis. examination. Nigerian democracy's progress has been severely hampered by election tampering. According to the report, e-election holds enormous promise and might be the solution to voter fraud in Nigeria's electoral system provided it is properly deployed and funded. It starts by looking at the constitutional, legal, and theoretical underpinnings of electronic voting. Second, it examines the real-world obstacles to the adoption and deployment of an electronic voting system in Nigeria by learning from other countries. Nigeria's elections have fallen short of expectations thus far because of a variety of electoral manipulations that have prevented the nation from holding legitimate, free, and fair elections within her political system. In addition to undermining Nigeria's democratic consolidation, election cheating has breached the fundamental human right (right to lives) of a large number of Nigerians. This essay offers some crucial suggestions that could solve the issues of election tampering and explain how those actions can support the need for a democratic atmosphere, which is a need for free and fair elections.

This study uses a qualitative methodology and secondary source data to investigate election cheating and its impact on Nigeria's democratic consolidation. It will be examined using historical and content analysis. examination. Nigerian democracy's progress has been severely hampered by election tampering. According to the report, e-election holds enormous promise and might be the solution to voter fraud in Nigeria's electoral system provided it is properly deployed and funded. It starts by looking at the constitutional, legal, and theoretical underpinnings of electronic voting. Second, it examines the real-world obstacles to the adoption and deployment of an electronic voting system in Nigeria by learning from other countries. Nigeria's elections have fallen short of expectations thus far because of a variety of electoral manipulations that have prevented the nation from holding legitimate, free, and fair elections within her political system. In addition to undermining Nigeria's democratic consolidation, election cheating has breached the fundamental human right (right to lives) of a large number of Nigerians. This essay offers some crucial suggestions that could solve the issues of election tampering and explain how those actions can support the need for a democratic atmosphere,

The 2011 Tohoku tsunami stands as one of the most catastrophic natural disasters in Japan’s history, resulting in massive loss of life, extensive property damage, and severe disruption to infrastructure along the northeastern coast. This study aims to examine the physical characteristics of the Tohoku tsunami and critically evaluate the factors that led to the failure of Japan’s disaster mitigation systems. Utilizing an essay-based synthesis approach, this analysis draws from a range of previous research findings and post-disaster assessments. The tsunami was caused by a 9.0 magnitude megathrust earthquake off the eastern coast of Honshu, generating wave heights that exceeded 10 meters in several locations. The tsunami’s immense energy produced destructive currents that penetrated deep inland, surpassing the protection capabilities of existing coastal defenses.The study identifies several contributing factors to the mitigation system’s shortcomings: the design limitations of seawalls, which were not built to withstand such extreme events; delays and limitations in the early warning system’s ability to reach all at-risk populations in time; and inadequate public preparedness, as the event exceeded historical precedents and training scenarios. These vulnerabilities highlight the need for integrated, adaptive disaster risk management strategies.Drawing lessons from Japan’s experience, this study proposes recommendations for improving tsunami mitigation efforts in Indonesia. Key suggestions include reinforcing and redesigning coastal defense structures, advancing early warning technologies such as seabed sensors and coastal radar systems, and enhancing disaster literacy through public education and scenario-based training. By adopting a science- and technology-driven approach, Indonesia can strengthen its resilience and reduce vulnerability among coastal populations facing future tsunami threats.

The online gaming industry continues to grow rapidly in Indonesia, with many users purchasing digital items through 3rd party top up services such as Pitopup.com. One of the main challenges faced by Pitopup.com is the difficulty in classifying the sales of each available game item. This research aims to apply the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) method to predict the sales classification of game items in order to find out the sales category for each game item and hopefully help increase stock efficiency. The dataset used was obtained from historical sales data on Pitopup.com from June to September 2024. The research stages include data processing, normalization using Min-Max Scaling, data transformation using label encoding, separating test and training data using a ratio of 80:20, and using confusion matrix as a model evaluation. The test results show that KNN algorithm is able to classify game item sales on the Pitopup.com website with a level of accuracy in several categories: marketable category at 100%, the moderately sellable category at 100% and the not sellable category at 100%.

Christology studies have various aspects, including historical, theological, social and cultural aspects in understanding the person and work of Jesus Christ. Christology does not only focus on Church doctrine, but also studies the meaning of Jesus in a broader context, including relationships with other religions, social struggles, and liberation. This research is a qualitative research using a literature study method. Research as an effort to examine comprehensively through Christology in various contexts that penetrate social, cultural and religious interactions, as well as through traditional dogmatic understanding.

Tebas Sungai Village is one of the villages in Tebas District, which has a very unique history and has experienced development from its formation until now, and is the oldest village, especially in Tebas District, with a large population and a high level of education. This research aims to explore the events behind the formation of Tebas Sungai Village, find out the development of Tebas Sungai Village from 1938-2024.This type of research is qualitative research using critical analysis. The approaches used are historical, sociological and anthropological approaches. Meanwhile, data sources were obtained from primary and secondary sources. The data that has been collected is processed and analyzed through the stages of historical research methods, namely the heuristic, verification, interpretation and historiography stages. Data collection techniques in this research include observation, interviews, and documentation.The research results show that The development of Tebas Sungai Village from the colonial period, the beginning of independence, the old order to the new order to reform, until the expansion of Sambas Regency, experienced many significant changes and developments, especially in infrastructure, development and community welfare.

Forecasting the number of electricity customers is a crucial aspect of resource planning and management at PT PLN Tasikmalaya. One method that can be used to improve forecasting accuracy is Lagrange Interpolation, which constructs an interpolation polynomial based on known data points. Although this method has been widely applied in various fields, its use in forecasting the number of electricity customers remains rare. Therefore, this study aims to explore the application of the Lagrange Interpolation method in forecasting the monthly number of electricity customers at PT PLN Tasikmalaya.In this study, historical electricity customer data was used as the basis for constructing an interpolation polynomial, which was then utilized to forecast the number of customers from January 2024 to May 2024. The forecasting results indicate an increase in the number of electricity customers each month. After rounding, the estimated number of customers is 274,952 in January 2024, 278,142 in February 2024, 284,402 in March 2024, 296,031 in April 2024, and 316,391 in May 2024.The findings of this study demonstrate that the Lagrange Interpolation method can be applied to forecast the monthly number of electricity customers at PT PLN Tasikmalaya. However, to improve forecasting accuracy, it is recommended to compare this method with other forecasting techniques and consider external factors that may influence the number of customers, such as government policies, economic growth, and changes in electricity consumption patterns.