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This meta-analysis systematically and comprehensively examines the structural and functional roles of the extended family in moderating the psychological impact of war trauma in the Middle East by compiling data from 47 independent studies involving 12,483 participants published between 2000 and 2023. An analytical approach using a random-effects model revealed that the presence and involvement of the extended family demonstrated a statistically significant moderating effect on the reduction of PTSD symptoms, anxiety, and depression, with an association strength of r = .42 (p < .001). Further meta-regression results indicated that support from the extended family contributed to a 37.8% reduction in PTSD symptoms (β = -.378, SE = .042, p < .001), a 29.4% decrease in anxiety levels (β = -.294, SE = .038, p < .001), and a 31.2% reduction in depressive symptoms (β = -.312, SE = .040, p < .001). Analysis of moderator variables showed that the protective effect of the extended family structure was more pronounced among children (r = .48) compared to the adult population (r = .38) and more salient among females (r = .45) than males (r = .39), indicating demographic sensitivity to the type of collective support received. Moreover, the high heterogeneity across studies (I² = 76.3%) indicated significant contextual and methodological diversity, though it did not obscure the core findings. These results contradict the theoretical emphasis advanced by Nakeyar and Frewen (2016) and Atallah (2017), who prioritized the role of the nuclear family in post-war healing contexts. In contrast, this study found that the extended family configuration has provided a more comprehensive and multidimensional form of psychological protection rooted in the distinct collectivistic values of Middle Eastern societies. Ultimately, these findings expand the conceptual horizon for understanding resilience mechanisms to trauma within non-Western cultural landscapes and open new possibilities for developing extended family-based interventions in the context of post-conflict psychosocial reconstruction.

This study aims to explain the moral values taught to the Church of Christ by the Apostolic Fathers. Through a literature review, it was found that the main principles of the teachings and way of life of the Apostolic Fathers were centered on Christ. They held firmly to apostolic dogma and accepted the authority of the Bible as the foundation of church teaching. The moral values they passed down became a model that shaped the foundation of the universal church throughout history. Figures such as Polycarp, Ignatius, Hermas, Clement, and Papias were devout church leaders who received direct guidance and the laying on of hands from the apostles of Jesus. Their steadfastness of faith often led to martyrdom, which is seen as a true confession of faith in the likeness of Christ. The spiritual heritage of the Apostolic Fathers remains relevant and can be interpreted within various cultural contexts, including the practice of church life in Indonesia. Through their exemplary lives and teachings, the Apostolic Fathers emphasized the importance of Christ-centered faith and obedience to the Scriptures. Thus, the moral values they taught continue to serve as guidelines for the church throughout all generations.

This study discusses the conflict between Government Regulation Number 28 of 2024 concerning the provision of contraceptives for students with the principles contained in the Child Marriage Law and the National Education System in Indonesia. Although this policy aims to prevent early pregnancy and transmission of sexually transmitted diseases, the provision of contraceptives for students raises concerns because it is considered to legitimize sexual activity among adolescents. This is compared to child protection efforts as stated in the Marriage Law which stipulates the minimum age of marriage and moral values ​​in education. This study uses a normative legal approach to analyze the implications of the policy on children's rights, the education system, and social and cultural values. The results of the study indicate that this policy has the potential to violate the goals of national education and child protection. Therefore, a more balanced policy revision is needed, by integrating comprehensive sex education based on moral values, in order to protect children's rights while providing appropriate education for adolescents.

This research discusses equality before the law in Indonesia by highlighting the role of the second principle of Pancasila, “Just and civilized humanity,” as the philosophical foundation of law enforcement. Although the constitution and various policies have affirmed the principle of equality, practice on the ground still shows injustice and discrimination, especially against low-income groups and those from certain social backgrounds. This study highlights the structural and cultural challenges, as well as the weak resources and integrity of law enforcement officials, that have led to suboptimal law enforcement. In addition, this study also evaluates the effectiveness of government policies in integrating Pancasila values into the legal system and highlights the importance of policy reforms to ensure fair treatment for all citizens. The findings of this research recommend the need to strengthen the implementation of Pancasila values and supervise the implementation of the law to realize substantive justice in Indonesia.    

Based on various studies and studies, the LGBT phenomenon in Indonesia, especially in the Pekanbaru area, is still often viewed negatively because it is considered contrary to local social and cultural norms. Several factors that influence the emergence of LGBT sexual orientation include childhood experiences, the influence of the social environment, and conditions within the family. Psychological interventions such as group counseling with the Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) approach combined with religious values, such as in Islamic counseling, have proven effective in reducing inner conflict, increasing the ability to manage emotions, and encouraging acceptance and self-confidence of LGBT individuals. This approach also helps replace irrational thought patterns and strengthens emotional resilience, although cultural and social challenges are still major obstacles. On the other hand, the importance of multicultural competence for professionals is also highly emphasized in dealing with issues related to LGBT and their emotional health. Education about sexuality and increasing public understanding of diversity are considered important to reduce stigma and discrimination against the LGBT community. Overall, the results of this study indicate the need for an appropriate psychological approach and educational efforts to create social acceptance and improve the welfare of LGBT individuals.    

This research discusses the impact of modernization on the dynamics of community culture in Indonesia and efforts to preserve cultural values ​​amidst the flow of change. The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of modernization on social and cultural changes in society and to identify strategies that can be carried out to maintain the existence of local culture. The method used is a literature study with a qualitative approach, based on various scientific literature and secondary data. The results of the study indicate that modernization has positive impacts such as the development of science, changes in values ​​and attitudes that are more rational, and improvements in communication technology. However, modernization also contributes to the erosion of local cultural identity, especially among the younger generation who are more influenced by global culture. This study emphasizes the importance of cultural experience and cultural knowledge as preservation strategies, as well as the active role of families, schools, and communities in instilling cultural values ​​from an early age.

This study explores the vital role of families in shaping social values among children and adolescents within the increasingly dominant digital environment. Digital technology has transformed communication patterns and modes of cultural transmission, presenting new challenges for families in instilling core values while navigating technological influences. Using a qualitative case study approach, this research involved 15 Indonesian families from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. Data collection methods included in-depth interviews, observations, and media diaries to understand the dynamics of value transmission in digital contexts.The findings reveal that family communication patterns—whether conversation-oriented, conformity-oriented, or laissez-faire—significantly influence children’s internalization of values. Effective strategies identified include parental digital co-learning, value-based guidance, and the promotion of critical media literacy. Major challenges include value conflicts between family teachings and digital culture, concerns over cultural preservation, and competition for children’s attention due to immersive technology.Nevertheless, the study also found that families can strategically leverage technology to reinforce values through careful media selection, engagement in meaningful digital activities, and fostering intergenerational connections. In conclusion, while families remain crucial socializing agents, the successful transmission of values requires thoughtful adaptation of traditional practices to meet the realities of the digital age.

Indonesia is an archipelagic country rich in ethnic, cultural, religious, and belief diversity. The Indonesian Constitution guarantees freedom of religion and belief, yet adherents of traditional beliefs often face discrimination, particularly in marriage registration. This study aims to evaluate and reconstruct the marriage registration system for adherents of traditional beliefs based on Pancasila's social justice principles. The study employs various theories, including the theory of equal freedom of belief, affirmative action, the legal duty to collect what is scattered, and the principle of iustitia socialis. The findings indicate that the integration of marriage registration institutions, simplification of the registration process, training for registration officers, revision of inclusive regulations, and increased public awareness are crucial to overcoming discrimination and ensuring social justice. The implementation of this reconstruction is expected to provide legal certainty and protection of the rights of traditional belief adherents, reflect Pancasila values, and create a more just and inclusive society.

The case of young couples at the beginning of marriage still choose to live in the same house with their parents, especially from the husband's side, so that the wife is also required to follow her husband to live with his parents, in this case the in-laws for the wife, so that it can trigger household problems that encourage the in-laws to interfere in it. This study aims to determine the type of interpersonal conflict between daughters-in-law and mothers-in-law who live in the same house in the Batak Toba tribe in Situmeang Hasundutan Village, Sipoholon District and the causes of "sanding" between daughters-in-law and mothers-in-law who live in the same house in the Batak Toba tribe in Situmeang Hasundutan Village, Sipoholon District and How is the stereotype of society towards sanding between daughters-in-law and mothers-in-law who live in the same house in the Batak Toba tribe in Situmeang Hasundutan Village, Sipoholon District. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Data collection was conducted through direct interviews with informants; daughter-in-law, mother-in-law, husband, traditional leader, community. Descriptive analysis technique was conducted to analyze the “Case of “Sanding” Between Daughter-in-Law and Mother-in-Law Who Live in the Same House in the Batak Toba Community in Situmeang Hasundutan Village, Sipoholon District, North Tapanuli Regency”. The results of this study indicate that in the Batak Toba community in Situmeang Hasundutan Village, the conflict between daughter-in-law and mother-in-law is seen as a natural thing that is unavoidable, because there are several factors that occur, namely several types of conflicts that occur: Role conflict, Communication conflict, Cultural value conflict, Personality conflict. There are 2 Stereotypes of the Batak Toba community in Situmeang Hasundutan Village towards daughters-in-law who live in the same house with their mothers-in-law, namely positive stereotypes and negative stereotypes. Positive stereotypes: Role as a household manager, Guardian of customary values, Helping each other with household chores. Negative stereotypes: Intergenerational conflict, feelings of being pressured or unappreciated, lack of privacy.

This study examines the spread of Christianity by the Kingdom of God in Central Kalimantan, focusing on its history, challenges, and impact on local communities. Using a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical method, data were collected through interviews, observations, and document studies. The analysis was conducted using Miles and Huberman’s interactive model, including data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that the spread of Christianity by the Kingdom of God was influenced by social, cultural, and political factors. The main challenges included local cultural resistance, social dynamics, and changing government policies. However, the teachings and values established have persisted in society to this day. These findings provide new insights into the interaction between religion and culture in the local historical context and its contribution to community identity. The implications of this research can serve as a reference for understanding religious dissemination patterns and preserving religious values amidst social changes.

This study aims to identify Islamic educational values implemented in the Tiban tradition in Hargomulyo Village, Sekampung District, East Lampung Regency. Tiban is a rain-seeking ritual performed by the community during prolonged drought as a form of endeavor that combines elements of local culture with Islamic values. Using an ethnographic approach with qualitative methods, this research involved participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The results show that the Tiban tradition in Hargomulyo Village implements Islamic educational values, including: (1) faith values, in the form of belief in Allah's power as the creator and regulator of the universe including rain; (2) worship values, reflected in the series of prayers, dhikr, and istisqa prayers accompanying the ritual; (3) moral values, in the form of tawakkal, patience, sincerity, and mutual cooperation in ritual implementation; and (4) social values, in the form of strengthening social cohesion and solidarity among residents. The transformation of this ritual demonstrates the acculturation process between Javanese culture and Islamic teachings that has developed harmoniously, although there are some elements that still need adjustment to be more in line with Islamic law. This research contributes to the preservation of local wisdom that aligns with Islamic values and the development of culture-based Islamic education.

This study examines the integration of local wisdom values ​​in Social Studies (IPS) learning in Elementary Schools (SD) as an effort to strengthen students' character and cultural identity. Then the low utilization of local wisdom in IPS learning, which results in students' lack of understanding of regional cultural values. The purpose of this study is to analyze the application of local wisdom values ​​in IPS learning and identify its impact on students' understanding and character. The method used is a qualitative approach with literature study techniques by collecting a number of information obtained from various sources and media to learn about the application of local wisdom if applied to IPS learning in Elementary Schools. The results of the study indicate that the integration of local wisdom values, such as mutual cooperation, deliberation, and environmental wisdom, can increase student involvement and strengthen a sense of love for local culture and this confirms that IPS learning based on local wisdom is not only relevant to the socio-cultural context of students but also effective in forming characters rooted in the nation's culture. The conclusion of this study is that the integration of local wisdom in social studies learning in elementary schools can be a significant educational strategy in building students' social understanding and character values, so it needs to be supported by educational policies that encourage the implementation of local culture-based materials in elementary schools.

This study aims to examine the relevance of Paul's teachings on the Kingdom of God in the context of marturia (testimony) for the Batak community. In Paul's teachings, the Kingdom of God is not only understood as an eschatological dimension, but also as a calling for every person to live as a Witness of Christ in the midst of the world. This teaching invites Christians to live in love, justice, and hope based on the values ​​of the Kingdom of God. For the Batak community, which has a strong social and cultural tradition, Paul's teachings on the Kingdom of God have great potential to be applied in their daily lives. This study reveals how the teachings on the Kingdom of God can have a positive impact on the formation of authentic marturia in the midst of Batak socio-cultural life. By combining the principles of Paul's teachings and Batak cultural values, this study shows that the teachings are not only relevant for spiritual life, but also for the development of a more just and prosperous society, in accordance with the principles of the Kingdom of God.  

The irfani approach in the study of Islamic law is a method that integrates spiritual experience, intuition, and moral values in understanding and applying legal principles. This research aims to explore the relevance, implications, and challenges of the irfani approach within the context of Islamic law in Indonesia. By employing normative juridical analysis and literature study, this study finds that the irfani approach enriches the understanding of Islamic law by linking it to contemporary issues, such as social justice, environmental protection, and human rights. This perspective encourages a more holistic and ethical interpretation of legal principles, moving beyond rigid textual analysis. Furthermore, this research highlights the potential harmonization between Islamic law and customary law (adat law) in Indonesia. This integration can create a more inclusive, culturally adaptive, and community-responsive legal system, which aligns with Indonesia's pluralistic legal landscape. However, challenges remain in the widespread acceptance and implementation of the irfani approach. Resistance often arises from scholars and institutions that prefer conventional, textual, and rationalistic approaches to Islamic law, perceiving the irfani method as subjective or lacking legal rigor.Despite these challenges, strengthening education, scholarly dialogue, and interdisciplinary engagement between Islamic law scholars, legal practitioners, and policymakers can foster a greater appreciation for the ethical and spiritual dimensions of Islamic law. By incorporating mystical insights and moral considerations, the irfani approach has significant potential to contribute to the evolution of Islamic law in Indonesia, ensuring its relevance, inclusivity, and adaptability in addressing the complex challenges of modern society.

This study aims to examine the importance of using cultural language as a communication style for students in the digital era at MTsN 1 Kota Serang. The rapid development of digital technology affects the way they communicate, including among students. The use of language that is not in accordance with cultural rules is often found in online interactions, which has the potential to damage cultural values and social norms. Therefore, it is important to instill an understanding of the importance of cultural language as part of students' identity and character. This study uses a qualitative approach with interview and observation methods to explore the views of students, teachers, and parents regarding the application of cultural language in digital communication. The results of the study show that although students are accustomed to using digital technology, they still need to be given a deeper understanding of the use of language that is in accordance with local culture and applicable norms. It is hoped that the results of this study can be the basis for designing a cultural language education program in the curriculum, as well as increasing students' awareness of the importance of communicating politely and ethically in the digital world. This study also provides recommendations for schools in facilitating cultural language learning as part of student character formation.

Christian religious education plays a crucial role in shaping students' character and morals. Christian religious teachers are responsible for teaching God's Word with objectivity, without discrimination based on students' social, cultural, economic, ethnic backgrounds, or academic abilities. However, in practice, discrimination can still occur in various forms, both consciously and unconsciously. This study aims to analyze the competencies of Christian religious teachers in teaching God's Word objectively and to identify possible forms of discrimination in the learning process. Using a qualitative descriptive analysis method, this research examines religious education policies and teachers' experiences in the teaching process. The findings indicate that teachers with a deep understanding of theology, a neutral attitude in interpretation, discussion-based teaching methods, and high ethics and professionalism are better able to create an inclusive learning environment. To prevent discrimination, awareness and commitment from educators are needed so that the values of love and justice in Christian teachings can be realized in the learning process.

Tradisi Sedekah Bumi in Dusun Krajan, Tunahan Village, is a cultural practice rich in symbolic and spiritual meanings. This study aims to uncover the symbolic meanings of offerings in this tradition and examine their relevance to the concept of pattidāna in Theravāda Buddhism. The research employs a qualitative method with an ethnographic approach, using participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation for data collection. The findings show that offerings carry complex symbolic meanings as a form of spiritual communication with ancestors and unseen beings. Elements such as flowers, coffee, incense, and takir reflect values of spirituality, ancestral reverence, and gratitude toward nature. This practice is aligned with the concept of pattidāna, which refers to merit transfer to ancestors as an expression of spiritual solidarity and communal identity. The study concludes that Sedekah Bumi embodies an integration of local and Buddhist values, making it a significant cultural practice to preserve amidst the challenges of modernity and contemporary spiritual crises

The development of the Toba Caldera Geopark as a national priority tourism destination is part of the government’s efforts to drive regional economic growth, improve community welfare, and strengthen Indonesia’s position in sustainable tourism. However, its implementation presents significant challenges in balancing economic development, environmental sustainability, and social justice, particularly for indigenous communities around the area. This study aims to analyze the impact of the Toba Caldera Geopark development policy on the environment and local indigenous communities. A multidisciplinary approach was employed, combining qualitative methods through in-depth interviews and participatory observations, along with quantitative data from surveys and official secondary sources. The results indicate potential conflicts between tourism infrastructure development and nature conservation, including environmental degradation and the erosion of local cultural values. Additionally, there is a risk of marginalization of indigenous communities in terms of access to natural resources and their involvement in decision-making processes. Therefore, this study recommends the need for more inclusive and sustainable policies that place indigenous communities at the center of geopark management. Active participation of local communities, recognition of customary land rights, and development approaches based on local wisdom are essential to achieving equitable, sustainable, and environmentally responsible development of the Toba Caldera Geopark.

This research uses qualitative research methods with Roland Barthes Semiotics theory with data on the lyrics of the song “Duration” by Feby Putri which dissects signs in two levels: denotation and connotation, as well as the myths contained in the song text. The main data source in this research is the lyrics of the song “Duration” which is accessed by YouTube on the official Feby Putri NC account, while secondary data is obtained from the website article www.RRI.co.id, music reviews and a podcast entitled “Feby Putri surgical song Duration with Indra Aziz |Dalem banget” on the youtube account VokalPlus by Indra Aziz. The data collection technique was done through documentation. The results showed that denotatively, the lyrics of this song describe the feelings of someone who realizes that being together with the person he loves has a time limit, whether due to circumstances, fate, or changing feelings. Connotatively, this song represents Feby's life story as an overseas child feeling lonely overseas when he returned to his hometown he found significant changes in his family, especially his mother who was getting older. Meanwhile, at the mythical level, this song reflects Indonesian cultural values about the importance of returning to one's hometown because family and loved ones are something very valuable, moments together must be utilized as well as possible because time keeps running and will never be repeated. Thus, the lyrics of Durasi are not just a melancholic song, but also a symbol of universal life reflections that are relevant to many individuals.

In the era of globalization, fashion accessories are no longer limited to functional purposes but have evolved into instruments of personal and cultural expression. Wallets, as one of the most widely used accessories, are now experiencing a shift in design orientation toward cultural values. This study aims to analyze the phenomenon of culturally designed wallets as an emerging modern trend through a comprehensive literature review. The research explores various academic and industry sources published between 2018 and 2024 to understand how cultural elements are integrated into wallet designs and how these influence consumer preferences.The study identifies three primary factors that drive consumer interest in culturally themed wallets: aesthetic value, sustainability, and innovation. Aesthetic value refers to the visual and symbolic appeal of cultural motifs, which resonate with consumers seeking uniqueness and identity. Sustainability reflects the growing awareness among younger generations—especially Millennials and Gen Z—regarding ethical consumption and the use of eco-friendly materials. Innovation in design, such as the fusion of traditional patterns with modern functionality, also plays a crucial role in maintaining market relevance.The findings suggest that culturally inspired wallets have a distinctive market niche, appealing to consumers who value both cultural heritage and modern fashion sensibilities. Moreover, these products support the preservation and promotion of local culture in the context of global commerce. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on culture-based product development and provides insights for stakeholders in the creative industry to enhance product innovation, cultural storytelling, and market competitiveness in the global fashion landscape.