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The phenomenon of Indonesian migrant workers reflects a critical nexus between labor migration, international law, and sustainable development. Indonesia is among the world’s largest labor-sending countries, with millions of its citizens employed abroad, particularly in the Middle East and Asia. Remittances from migrant workers provide substantial economic benefits for the state and households, yet these workers often face systemic vulnerabilities including exploitation, discrimination, and inadequate legal protection. This article examines the extent to which international law and Indonesia’s national legal framework safeguard the rights of migrant workers while contributing to the realization of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth. International instruments such as the 1990 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and their Families (ICRMW) and relevant ILO conventions provide comprehensive standards, but their effectiveness is constrained by limited ratification from key receiving states. At the domestic level, Indonesia has enacted Law No. 18 of 2017 on the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers (UU PPMI), which represents a shift toward state responsibility and alignment with international human rights norms. Nevertheless, implementation challenges ranging from weak enforcement and bureaucratic overlap to insufficient diplomatic support abroad remain significant. The findings suggest that while Indonesia has made normative progress, practical protection is hindered by governance gaps and lack of cooperation from host countries. Strengthening enforcement, regional collaboration, and worker empowerment are crucial to ensuring that Indonesian migrant workers achieve genuine “decent work” as envisioned by SDG 8.

The general problem faced by cooperatives is the low quality of Human Resources (SDM) managerial in managing the entities owned by these members. So the specific objective of this community service is directed at constructing the management's understanding of entrepreneurial-based cooperative management which is derived to answer 3 (three) specific problems, namely: (1) what is meant by cooperative entrepreneurship towards prosperous members?; (2) why is cooperative entrepreneurship important for student cooperative managers towards prosperous members? and (3) how to internalize cooperative entrepreneurship in student cooperative managers towards prosperous members? The method used is Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with participants being the management of the Student Cooperative (Kopma) al-Kautsar UIN Sayyid Ali Rahmatullah Tulungagung. The results of the service show that Kopma members have the same insight in perceiving cooperative entrepreneurship, namely the entrepreneurial spirit of members. Entrepreneurial spirit is a member modality shown by the creativity and independence of members. Meanwhile, the strategy to internalize cooperative entrepreneurship is by translating cooperative values ​​reflected in a responsible attitude implemented in the form of an Annual Members Meeting (RAT).

This study analyzes the potential of the traditional performing art Cupak Gurantang in supporting cultural tourism in West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), Indonesia. Cupak Gurantang is a distinctive folk theater from Lombok that conveys moral and social values through the conflict between Cupak, a cunning character, and Gerantang, an honest one. Through this narrative, the performance functions not only as entertainment but also as a medium for moral education within the community. The study employs a descriptive qualitative approach using interviews, observations, documentation, and literature review as data collection methods. Analysis is conducted through a SWOT method and a participatory approach to explore the cultural functions, preservation challenges, and development strategies. The findings indicate that Cupak Gurantang plays a significant role in preserving local cultural identity and strengthening moral values among society. However, several challenges persist, including limited regeneration of young performers, financial constraints, and the marginalization of traditional arts within a tourism sector that tends to prioritize natural attractions. The study recommends community empowerment, youth training, innovative performance presentations, and the use of digital promotion and integration into cultural tourism packages. With these strategies, Cupak Gurantang holds substantial potential to become a sustainable cultural tourism attraction in West Nusa Tenggara.

This study aims to determine the effect of shoot pruning and the application of MKP (Monopotassium Phosphate) foliar fertilizer on melon seed production (Cucumis melo L.) in a hydroponic system. The study was conducted in Jember, East Java, using a randomized block factorial design (RAK) involving two treatment factors: shoot pruning (C1: no pruning, C2: pruning at the 20th node, C3: pruning at the 25th node) and MKP foliar fertilizer application (M1: 3 g/liter, M2: 5 g/liter), with four replicates. The parameters observed included fruit weight, number of viable seeds per fruit, fruit diameter, and weight of 1000 seeds. The results showed that pruning at the 20th node and applying a concentration of 5 g/liter of MKP (C2M2) yielded the highest results in terms of fruit weight (583,585 grams), fruit diameter (10,527 cm), and weight of 1000 seeds (18,057 grams). Meanwhile, pruning at the 20th node and applying a concentration of 3 g/liter of MKP (C2M1) produced optimal results for the parameter of number of viable seeds per fruit, which was 325,750 seeds.

Along with the development of the times and increasingly competitive market demands, there is an urgent need to develop post-harvest handling strategies based on technological innovation, strengthening farmer capacity, and developing supporting infrastructure in Makale District. This strategy not only aims to reduce the level of yield loss, but also increase product added value, expand market access, and encourage agricultural-based regional economic growth. This study uses the SWOT Analysis Method used to evaluate strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the implementation of rice post-harvest handling strategies. The results of this analysis can be used to formulate recommendations for more effective and sustainable strategies for farmers and other stakeholders. The results of the study by carrying out a SWOT analysis include strengths including long experience, farmer group socialization, quality awareness, weaknesses including dominant age old, limited capital, traditional methods, high yield loss, opportunities including government programs, local rice demand, the role of extension workers, the availability of appropriate technology and Threats including extreme weather, competition with modern areas, limited infrastructure, low farmer regeneration. This study emphasizes the importance of transforming harvest-post-harvest practices from traditional to semi-modern based on farmer groups. A combination of training, provision of tools and ongoing support is essential to reduce yield losses, improve grain quality and maintain agricultural sustainability in Tana Toraja.

The Sustainable Food Yard Program (P2L) has great potential in improving food security and women's empowerment, but there are still gaps related to the effectiveness of the program in areas with certain geographical and social characteristics such as Kalolok Village, therefore this study is expected to provide theoretical contributions in the development of community-based empowerment models as well as practical contributions for village governments and stakeholders in designing sustainable empowerment strategies. This study uses the SWOT Analysis Method (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats Analysis). SWOT is used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the empowerment strategy applied to the Women Farmers Group (KWT) in the Context of the P2L Program in Batupapan Village. The results of the study using SWOT analysis The results of the IFAS analysis (2.67) and EFAS (2.57) indicate that the position of KWT Kalolok is in Quadrant I (Aggressive Strategy). This means that the group possesses significant internal strength and is supported by significant external opportunities. Therefore, development strategies need to focus on cultivation expansion, commodity diversification, technological innovation, marketing strengthening, and institutional development and internal capital. Therefore, developing cultivation innovations such as vertical farming/hydroponics is necessary to maximize limited land and providing intensive mentoring to assist in marketing produce through villages, village-owned enterprises (BUMDes), and local MSME networks.  

The use of technology in rice farming can significantly increase production, reduce management time, expand cultivated land, and improve product quality to meet consumer standards. When rice production meets market demand, the selling price becomes higher, thus increasing farmers’ income and welfare. The presence of farmer groups plays a vital role as a learning forum for gaining knowledge, implementing agricultural technology, and facilitating access to agricultural tools and machinery. This enables farmers to apply technology effectively, improve work efficiency, and address challenges in rice farming. Considering the great potential of this region for rice cultivation, supported by growing local food demand and the national food security program, technology implementation becomes essential. This study employed the Likert scale method to measure farmers’ attitudes, opinions, and perceptions, with samples collected through purposive sampling. The findings show that the role of farmer groups in implementing rice farming technology in the Misa Kada (Advanced) group reached 74.91%, while the Ta’pan Kila’ (Beginner) group reached 66.07%. This indicates that farmer groups have contributed effectively, though some activities remain suboptimal. Strengthening learning class programs is the most strategic effort to enhance farmers’ understanding of agricultural technology, improve productivity, and maintain Tana Toraja’s cultural values.

This study aims to design a blanking die used for mass-producing mobile phone holders while prioritizing efficiency and dimensional accuracy. The die set developed includes key components such as the punch, die, stripper, guide post, and fastening bolts. The product produced has dimensions of 138 × 63 × 2 mm and uses ST 37 steel as the raw material. Based on calculations, the required blanking force is 129,000 kN, which is considered safe for the production process. The design also accounts for an optimal clearance of 0.083 mm and a die thickness of 35 mm to effectively withstand the working load. Simulations using stress analysis methods reveal that the von Mises stress distribution on both the punch and die remains below the elastic limit of SKD11 material. The maximum stress on the punch is recorded at 2.437 × 10⁵ N/m², while on the die it reaches 5.153 × 10⁵ N/m², both well below the yield strength of SKD11, which is 2.918 × 10⁸ N/m², indicating that these components operate safely without the risk of plastic deformation. To strengthen the construction, the stripper is designed with a thickness of 12 mm, and the addition of four SCM435 bolts is recommended to improve system stability. This die design is verified through manual calculations and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to ensure its reliability. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrate that the designed blanking die can support mass production with high precision, optimal structural strength, and long-term durability.

The manufacturing industry in Indonesia has experienced significant growth. This increase has also impacted the demand for motorcycle spare parts. Currently, brake pads are composed of asbestos, which makes them prone to overheating and failure when reaching high friction temperatures. Therefore, an alternative brake pad material is an organic material mixed with coconut shell powder and bamboo fiber. This study aims to analyze the wear and hardness levels of motorcycle brake pads made from coconut shell powder and bamboo fiber. The study used varying ratios of coconut shell powder, bamboo fiber, and epoxy resin: 40:30:30, 35:35:30, and 30:40:30. Eighteen specimens were tested. Wear testing was performed using an Ogoshi Wear Tester, while hardness testing was performed using a Brinell hardness tester. The test results showed that the smallest wear rate on brake pads with variations of 40% coconut shell powder, 30% bamboo fiber and 30% epoxy resin was 0.001107984 mm3/kg.m. The highest hardness level was also in the variation of 40% coconut shell powder, 30% bamboo fiber and 30% epoxy resin at 63,0024 kg/. So it can be concluded that the greater the percentage of coconut shell powder and the smaller the percentage of bamboo fiber, the lower the wear rate. If the greater the percentage of coconut shell powder and the smaller the percentage of bamboo fiber, the higher the hardness level. So it can be concluded that a good brake pad variation is a variation of 40% coconut shell powder, 30% bamboo fiber and 30% epoxy resin.

The manufacturing industry in Indonesia has experienced significant growth. This increase has also impacted the demand for motorcycle spare parts. Currently, brake pads are composed of asbestos, which makes them prone to overheating and failure when reaching high friction temperatures. Therefore, an alternative brake pad material is an organic material mixed with coconut shell powder and bamboo fiber. This study aims to analyze the wear and hardness levels of motorcycle brake pads made from coconut shell powder and bamboo fiber. The study used varying ratios of coconut shell powder, bamboo fiber, and epoxy resin: 40:30:30, 35:35:30, and 30:40:30. Eighteen specimens were tested. Wear testing was performed using an Ogoshi Wear Tester, while hardness testing was performed using a Brinell hardness tester. The test results showed that the smallest wear rate on brake pads with variations of 40% coconut shell powder, 30% bamboo fiber and 30% epoxy resin was 0.001107984 mm3/kg.m. The highest hardness level was also in the variation of 40% coconut shell powder, 30% bamboo fiber and 30% epoxy resin at 63,0024 kg/. So it can be concluded that the greater the percentage of coconut shell powder and the smaller the percentage of bamboo fiber, the lower the wear rate. If the greater the percentage of coconut shell powder and the smaller the percentage of bamboo fiber, the higher the hardness level. So it can be concluded that a good brake pad variation is a variation of 40% coconut shell powder, 30% bamboo fiber and 30% epoxy resin.

This study aims to describe students’ mathematical critical thinking skills in terms of their learning styles based on the VARK model (Visual, Auditory, Reading/Writing, and Kinesthetic). The research employed a descriptive qualitative approach involving four seventh-grade students of SMP Negeri 9 Gresik, each representing one type of learning style. Data were collected through a learning style questionnaire, a mathematical critical thinking test based on Facione’s indicators, and in-depth interviews to strengthen the analysis. The results revealed that each learning style demonstrates distinct characteristics of critical thinking. Visual learners excelled in interpretation and self-regulation, auditory learners performed well in evaluation and verbal explanation, reading/writing learners showed strength in analysis and written reasoning, while kinesthetic learners were better in concrete activities but weaker in evaluation and inference. Overall, interpretation and analysis indicators were more dominant than evaluation and inference. These findings highlight the importance of implementing differentiated instruction aligned with students’ learning styles to foster optimal and comprehensive development of mathematical critical thinking skills.

This study aims to analyze the effect of liquidity, firm size, and capital structure on firm value in the banking sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2020–2024 period. The background of this research lies in the crucial role of the banking sector in maintaining national economic stability and the need for investors to access financial information that accurately reflects a company’s value. Referring to signaling theory, financial reports are viewed as signals to investors regarding the firm’s prospects and performance. This study employs a quantitative method using secondary data from the annual financial reports of nine banks selected through purposive sampling, resulting in 45 observations. The independent variables include liquidity (Loan to Deposit Ratio), firm size (log of total assets), and capital structure (Debt to Equity Ratio), while the dependent variable is firm value measured by the Price to Book Value (PBV). Data analysis was conducted using panel data regression with SPSS. The results show that firm size has a significant positive effect on firm value, while liquidity and capital structure have no significant impact. Simultaneously, all three variables significantly affect firm value, with an Adjusted R² of 0.493. These findings highlight that effective asset management and optimal funding policies are key to enhancing the firm value of banking institutions in Indonesia.

This research aimed to examine and analyze how business capital and education level affect the income level of MSMEs in East Alok Sub-district, Sikka Regency. The data collection techniques used in this study were observation, questionnaire, interview, and documentation methods. This research employed a quantitative method. The results of the analysis showed that (1) business capital has a positive effect on increasing the income of MSMEs in East Alok Sub-district, Sikka Regency, (2) education level has a positive effect on increasing the income of MSMEs in East Alok Sub-district, Sikka Regency, and (3) business capital and education level together have a positive effect on increasing the income of MSMEs.

This study aims to analyze the investment policies in Semarang City, focusing on Regional Regulation Number 9 of 2014 and its execution by the Investment and One-Stop Integrated Services Office (DPMPTSP). Using a descriptive qualitative approach, this research applies the policy implementation theory by Edward III, examining four variables: communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. The results show that despite significant efforts to promote investment, the policy implementation still faces various challenges. These include suboptimal communication between agencies, limited human resources (HR) capacity, and misalignment between regional regulations and newer national policies, such as the Omnibus Law and the Online Single Submission (OSS) system. Although Semarang City has great investment potential supported by adequate infrastructure, the realized investment has yet to meet the set targets. Therefore, this study recommends an optimization strategy that includes simplifying licensing procedures, enhancing the capacity of apparatus, harmonizing regulations across government levels, and integrating technology to improve transparency and ease of investment.

Relativisme sebagai pandangan filsafat modern menolak adanya kebenaran yang absolut, termasuk dalam ranah keagamaan dan moralitas. Dalam konteks pendidikan Kristen, pemikiran ini menjadi tantangan serius karena menggoyahkan dasar epistemologis iman yang menegaskan bahwa Allah adalah sumber kebenaran sejati. Relativisme menempatkan manusia sebagai ukuran kebenaran, sehingga setiap pandangan dianggap sah menurut keyakinan pribadi, budaya, atau pengalaman masing-masing. Akibatnya, nilai-nilai objektif yang bersumber dari wahyu ilahi semakin kabur di tengah sistem pendidikan yang cenderung menekankan kebebasan berpikir tanpa batas moral. Tantangan ini meliputi tiga dimensi utama: penolakan terhadap kebenaran absolut, pandangan bahwa semua agama sama, dan keyakinan bahwa kebenaran bersandar pada pengalaman subjektif. Ketiganya menyebabkan peserta didik kehilangan arah moral dan spiritual yang jelas. Pendidikan Kristen dituntut untuk merespons dengan menegaskan kembali kebenaran yang bersumber dari firman Tuhan, memperkuat kemampuan berpikir kritis berbasis iman, serta mengembangkan kurikulum yang mengintegrasikan nilai-nilai Alkitabiah dalam seluruh bidang ilmu. Guru Kristen memiliki peran strategis dalam menanamkan keyakinan bahwa Kristus adalah kebenaran yang hidup dan tidak berubah di tengah dunia yang terus bergeser secara ideologis. Dengan demikian, pendidikan Kristen bukan hanya berfungsi mentransfer pengetahuan, tetapi juga membentuk karakter dan cara pandang dunia yang berakar pada kebenaran Allah yang kekal, sebagai jawaban terhadap arus relativisme yang mengaburkan makna sejati dari kebenaran.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan efektivitas pemanfaatan lagu sebagai alat bantu dalam menghafal cerita Alkitab pada mata pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Kristen (PAK) di kelas IV SD Kristen 03 Wonosobo. Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah rendahnya daya ingat siswa terhadap isi cerita Alkitab yang disampaikan secara konvensional melalui metode ceramah. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode penelitian tindakan kelas (action research), yang dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus tindakan. Teknik pengumpulan data meliputi observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran dengan metode lagu dapat meningkatkan daya ingat siswa terhadap isi cerita Alkitab. Siswa menjadi lebih antusias, aktif, serta mampu menceritakan kembali isi cerita dengan lebih runtut dan lengkap. Penerapan lagu terbukti membantu siswa memahami isi cerita Alkitab secara lebih menyenangkan dan bermakna. Selain itu, metode ini juga memperkuat keterlibatan emosional dan sosial siswa dalam proses pembelajaran. Dengan demikian, lagu dapat dijadikan sebagai alternatif metode pembelajaran yang efektif dan kreatif dalam pengajaran PAK, khususnya untuk materi berbentuk naratif seperti cerita Alkitab.

This research is an empirical study that aims to examine the influence of a number of financial indicators on company value in the construction and building subsectors listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2019–2023 period. The indicators analyzed include profitability, free cash flow (FCF), and leverage. This study uses a purposive sampling approach involving 9 issuers and produces 45 observation data. The analysis method used is multiple linear regression to test the relationship between independent variables and company value as measured by Price to Book Value (PBV). The results of the study show that the performance of Return on Assets (ROA) as well as the Debt to Asset Ratio (DAR) and Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) ratios have a significant effect on increasing the company's value. In contrast, other indicators such as Net Profit Margin (NPM), Free Cash Flow (FCF), and Long-Term Debt to Equity Ratio (LTDtER) did not show a significant influence. These findings indicate that investors prioritize capital utilization efficiency and sound funding structures in assessing the value of a company, compared to free cash flow or net profit margins. This research provides important implications for company management and investors in formulating financial strategies that are oriented towards increasing the company's value in a sustainable manner.

This study aims to describe the early literacy skills of elementary school students through the use of letter-arranging teaching media based on three main indicators: letter suitability, accuracy in arranging letters into words, and accuracy in combining syllables into words. Early literacy is a crucial foundation for mastering reading and writing skills that influence students’ academic development. However, many lower-grade students still face difficulties in recognizing letters and forming words correctly. To address this, learning media that are concrete, interactive, and suitable for children’s developmental stages are needed. The letter-arranging teaching medium was chosen because it trains basic reading skills through enjoyable play-based activities. This research employed a descriptive quantitative method involving 22 second-grade students. Data were collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire consisting of 10 statements, then analyzed using the mean score and response distribution. The results showed an overall mean of 3.39, categorized as very good. The highest indicator was letter suitability and accuracy in forming simple words (mean 3.6), while the lowest was accuracy in combining syllables into complex words (mean 3.1). These findings indicate that the letter-arranging medium effectively strengthens early literacy, particularly in letter recognition and simple word composition, while also improving motivation, confidence, and cooperation.

Stres akademik merupakan kondisi tekanan yang dialami mahasiswa akibat tuntutan akademik. Kondisi ini penting untuk diteliti karena dapat memengaruhi motivasi belajar, prestasi akademik, dan kesehatan mental mahasiswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat stres akademik yang dialami  mahasiswa PGSD semester V dalam menyelesaikan tugas kuliah dengan meninjau  aspek stres terkait ekspektasi akademik, stres terkait tugas dan ujian, serta stres terkait persepsi diri akademis. Metode  penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif deskriptif. Data dikumpulkan melalui  angket berbasis skala Likert yang disebarkan kepada 31 mahasiswa PGSD semester V. Analisis data dilakukan secara statistik deskriptif untuk melihat rata-rata,  presentase dan kategori stres akademik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa beban  tugas kuliah menjadi aspek dominan penyebab stres dengan kategori tinggi (mean 20, 19, 85,34%), diikuti ekspektasi akademik dalam kategori sedang (mean 16,10, 72, 58%), dan persepsi diri akademis dalam kategori sedang (mean 14, 32, 69,17%). Temuan  ini menegaskan bahwa mahasiswa PGSD semester V mengalami stres akademik pada level sedang hingga tinggi, yang dapat berdampak pada motivasi belajar, prestasi  akademik, dan kesehatan mental.

A ruling is a decision delivered by a judge in a trial, aimed at resolving a dispute or legal matter between the parties involved. There are various types of rulings, such as Declarative Rulings, Constitutive Rulings, Condemnatory Rulings, Contradictory Rulings, and Default Rulings. Each ruling has two kinds of authority: binding authority and executive authority, which refers to the power to enforce the ruling. Judges play a central role and have a significant responsibility in upholding the law and justice. Therefore, judges' professionalism must continually be improved to ensure that rulings are fair and in accordance with applicable regulations. Not only judges, but all members and staff of the Religious Courts are also required to enhance their professionalism in performing their duties. This is particularly important considering the expanded jurisdiction of Religious Courts in handling cases in the field of Islamic economics, which is still relatively new. As a result, the application of the concept of judicial rulings in Indonesia’s Religious Courts must continue to evolve to meet the public's expectations for justice based on the law.