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This study aims to examine immigration administration within the context of foreigner surveillance in Indonesia through a literature review approach. The primary focus is on policy analysis, implementation, challenges, and the effectiveness of surveillance systems based on legal documents, institutional reports, and recent academic publications. Findings indicate that Indonesia’s immigration policy has a relatively strong legal framework through Law No. 6 of 2011 and its derivative regulations. However, its implementation still faces challenges such as limited human resources, uneven technological infrastructure, and suboptimal inter-agency coordination. The adoption of information technology tools such as SIMKIM, APOA, and CEKAL represents an important innovation, although they have not been fully optimized. This study recommends strengthening institutional capacity, updating evidence-based regulations, and enhancing multi-actor collaboration as strategic future steps.

This study discusses the role of Pancasila as the foundational and ideological basis of the Indonesian state in the context of international diplomacy, as well as its implications for the formation of national law and foreign policy. Pancasila functions not only as a normative foundation but also as a form of soft power that supports Indonesia's position in the global arena. This research uses a qualitative method with a literature study approach, drawing from journals, books, and relevant legal documents. The findings indicate that Pancasila influences Indonesia’s foreign diplomacy through core values such as social justice, deliberation, and humanity. However, challenges remain in its implementation, particularly in maintaining consistency between Pancasila’s values and global as well as national interests. In the context of international law, Pancasila as a legal ideal (rechtsidee) contributes to the development of a just, inclusive, and tolerant legal system. Therefore, revitalizing the understanding of Pancasila is crucial to ensure it remains a central guideline in every foreign policy decision and national legal development in Indonesia.

This study analyzes Indonesia’s immigration policy reforms in response to global and ASEAN migration dynamics. The reforms emphasize a human rights-based approach, digital services like e-Visa and M-Paspor, and bureaucratic modernization. Despite progress, challenges remain in implementation, institutional overlap, and limited protection for vulnerable groups such as refugees and undocumented migrants. Comparisons with other ASEAN countries reveal varied approaches, positioning Indonesia to lead regional migration policy harmonization through its strategic role and commitment to human right.  

The Merdeka Curriculum is a new policy developed by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology as an effort to restore learning after the COVID-19 pandemic and improve the 2013 Curriculum. This curriculum emphasizes flexibility, student-centered learning, and strengthening character through the Pancasila learner profile. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of implementing Merdeka Curriculum in improving the quality of education in Indonesia. The method used is a literature study with a qualitative descriptive approach. Data were obtained from 25 scientific articles, and after selection, 10 articles were declared relevant. The study results show that the Merdeka Curriculum has a positive impact on the quality of education, such as increasing creativity, independence, 21st century skills, and teacher professionalism. However, the implementation of this curriculum also faces obstacles, such as limited facilities, uneven teacher training, and disparities between education units. Therefore, continuous training, consistent supervision, and equitable policy support are needed to optimize the implementation of Merdeka Curriculum.

This study aims to analyze the reform of Indonesia’s immigration policy in the era of globalization and to compare it with the immigration policies of other ASEAN countries, such as Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. The research uses a literature review method by analyzing current regulations, international reports, and academic publications. The findings indicate that Indonesia has made significant reforms through immigration service digitalization, the implementation of e-visas, and a human rights-based approach. However, compared to neighboring countries, Indonesia still faces challenges in inter-agency coordination, undocumented migrant regulation, and refugee protection. The comparative study reveals that ASEAN countries adopt varied approaches, from merit-based systems to migrant regularization programs. This research concludes that Indonesia has great potential to lead the harmonization of migration policies in the ASEAN region, but it requires stronger legal frameworks and more integrated governance.

Humanitarian intervention is often seen as an effort to protect civilians from human rights violations, but it often clashes with the principle of state sovereignty in international law. This research evaluates the alignment of humanitarian intervention with the values of Pancasila as an ethical and moral footing in international policy. The research uses a qualitative method with a case study approach; data is obtained from a literature study that includes academic documents, journals, reference books, and diplomatic reports, then analyzed descriptively-analytically to reveal the views of Pancasila in the practice of international law. The results show that although intervention has noble aims, its implementation often collides with the principle of non-intervention and the principle of state sovereignty. The values of Pancasila, especially fair and civilized humanity and social justice, can be used as a moral foundation to assess the legitimacy of intervention, but its application in international norms is still constrained by political interests and power imbalances between states. The conclusion of this study is that Pancasila offers a potential ethical framework for more just humanitarian interventions, but diplomacy and policy advocacy efforts are needed to strengthen the position of developing countries in formulating international norms that respect sovereignty while protecting human rights.

The state's efforts to provide accurate and up-to-date population data for various development needs, such as planning policies and public services, are known as the implementation of population administration. Due to the large number of people living in big cities, many non-permanent residents have not been officially registered. This is due to difficult procedures, lack of legal knowledge, and limited access to population registration services. The need to maintain the basic rights of every citizen, both permanent and non-permanent, and ensure orderly administration as part of national development is the basis of the policies used to manage population administration. By ensuring proper data collection, accurate recording, and legal protection for non-permanent residents, proper population administration is expected to be an important tool to reduce the negative impacts of urbanization, especially in the city of Surabaya. This study aims to determine how population administration for non-permanent residents in the city of Surabaya is implemented in the context of urbanization and to suggest more reasonable and efficient policies. The results of the study, which was conducted using a qualitative approach by conducting literature research, in-depth interviews, and policy analysis, showed that simplifying registration procedures, increasing socialization, and increasing cooperation between related institutions are needed to carry out population administration for non-permanent residents.  

Surabaya known as the City of Heroes, has various historical buildings scattered in strategic areas, one of which is in Kota Lama Surabaya. The existence of these buildings has been designated as cultural heritage that must be preserved in order to maintain the historical value and identity of the city. However, the implementation of preservation still encounters various obstacles, especially in technical and administrative aspects, as well as the lack of public understanding of the importance of preservation. This research aims to describe the implementation of Surabaya City Regional Regulation Number 1 Year 2024 on the Preservation and Management of Cultural Heritage, with a focus on De Javasche Bank Museum as the object of research. Researchers used descriptive qualitative methods with data collection techniques in the form of interviews, field observations, documentation, and review of policy documents. The implementation theory of Ripley and Franklin was used as an analytical knife that includes three indicators, namely the level of compliance with regulations, the smooth routine of functions and coordination between implementers, and the realization of the desired performance and impact. The results show that the implementation of the local regulation has shown progress at the institutional level through coordination across Regional Apparatus Organizations and the implementation of SOPs by museum managers. However, there are still obstacles such as the lack of optimal human resources experts, weak administrative coordination, and the absence of a special management institution. Positive impacts such as increased visitation and community involvement are starting to be seen, but the overall effectiveness of implementation still requires strengthening in various sectors to ensure the sustainability of inclusive preservation.

This study aims to identify and analyze the challenges in developing Indonesian students’ mathematical abilities within the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum. Using a literature review method, 14 out of 30 reviewed articles were found relevant. The findings highlight key challenges such as gaps in foundational literacy and numeracy, low teacher quality, limited learning resources, lack of innovation in mathematics instruction, suboptimal formative assessments, and low student motivation. Although the Merdeka Curriculum promotes student-centered learning with flexibility, its implementation still faces significant barriers. Therefore, targeted strategies are needed, including teacher training, provision of adequate resources, and collaboration between educational institutions and the government. This review offers valuable implications for policy development aimed at improving the quality of mathematics education in Indonesia.

Climate change is a global challenge that affects various aspects of life, including economic development. The concept of green budgeting has emerged as an important strategy to ensure the efficiency of public spending while supporting sustainable development in Indonesia. This research analyzes the potential of green budgeting to enhance the efficiency of environmental budget management, focusing on public fiscal policies that align with sustainability. By implementing mechanisms such as climate-based budgeting (CBT), the government can increase the budget for programs aimed at mitigating and adapting to the impacts of climate change, but also faces structural challenges such as a lack of human resources and the absence of a comprehensive oversight system. This study adopts a qualitative approach to identify the relationship between public expenditure efficiency and the implementation of green budgeting in development policy, using literature review methods. Research results show that the distribution of green budgets in the state budget (APBN) is still limited, indicating a potential inefficiency in fund allocation. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance institutional capacity, integrate monitoring systems, and commit to implementing fiscal policies that consider the environment by both the central and local governments.    

The State Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBN) is a fundamental fiscal policy instrument for realizing national development and public welfare. This study aims to analyze the correlation between APBN management and Indonesia’s economic growth, focusing on the effectiveness of government spending and oversight of budget misappropriations. Based on the 2023 audit report by the Supreme Audit Agency (BPK), financial losses due to APBN mismanagement reached IDR 8.2 trillion, highlighting the weakness in financial oversight and transparency. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, this study explores the significance of budget efficiency and the implementation of APBN’s fiscal functions in supporting macroeconomic stability. The findings suggest that government spending significantly influences economic growth, yet its effectiveness is heavily dependent on robust monitoring systems and sound fiscal strategies. Therefore, strengthening fiscal transparency and supervision is crucial to prevent state losses and promote equitable development.

The mass deportation of Indonesian migrant workers (TKI) from Malaysia is a multidimensional threat to national security, especially in Indonesia's border areas. In 2022–2023, more than 40,000 migrant workers were forcibly repatriated, mostly through North Kalimantan and Riau. Malaysia's strict immigration policies such as Operation Nyah and the implementation of online recruitment procedures accelerate the deportation process and increase migrant workers' vulnerability to exploitation. This journal examines the impact of these deportations on local socio-economic stability, increased cross-border crime, and institutional weaknesses in the management of migrant worker repatriation and reintegration. Using a policy study approach and analysis of deportation data, the paper highlights the need for integrated and responsive security policies and strengthened bilateral Indonesia–Malaysia coordination. Recommendations focus on institutional capacity building, protection of migrant workers' rights, and a human security approach in dealing with the challenges of forced migration.  

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the National Cash Social Assistance (BST) policy on the purchasing power of communities in Surabaya. BST is a social protection program launched by the Indonesian government in response to the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The policy targets low-income and vulnerable groups through direct cash transfers, with the goal of maintaining basic consumption levels and preventing a sharp decline in household welfare. This research examines the extent to which the BST program has achieved its objectives, particularly in enhancing or sustaining the purchasing power of its beneficiaries in urban settings. The study employs an evaluative approach using a mixed-methods design, combining quantitative survey data with qualitative interviews involving aid recipients and local-level implementers. The findings indicate that the BST program had a positive short-term impact on household purchasing power, particularly in meeting essential needs such as food and utility expenses. However, several implementation challenges were also identified, including issues of inaccurate beneficiary targeting, delays in distribution, and the relatively small amount of assistance compared to actual household need. These results highlight that the effectiveness of social policy is not solely dependent on budget allocation but also on the precision of its implementation on the ground. Consequently, the study recommends improvements in beneficiary data updating, enhanced transparency in aid distribution, and the development of more adaptive program designs that reflect local socio-economic conditions. The findings are expected to serve as a valuable reference for policymakers in designing more efficient and sustainable social assistance programs in the future.  

This study aims to analyze the factors contributing to the success of e-government implementation through the Wargaku application as a digital-based public service innovation in the city of Surabaya. The Wargaku application is designed to facilitate the community in submitting complaints, aspirations, and service needs in a faster, more efficient, and transparent manner. This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques including observation, interviews, and documentation. Analysis is conducted using an interactive model. The results of the study indicate that the success of the Wargaku application in supporting public complaint services is determined by five key factors: information and data, information technology, organizational and managerial aspects, legal and policy frameworks, and institutional or environmental factors. These five factors are interrelated in forming an effective and adaptive digital-based public service system. Although the application has achieved significant results with a complaint resolution rate above 90%, challenges remain, such as limited access for iOS users, technical system constraints, and the need to improve public digital literacy. This study recommends strengthening technological infrastructure, expanding cross-device accessibility, and enhancing user capacity as strategic steps to support the sustainability of local e-government.

Policy implementation is an effort to realize objectives through operational programs. The Village Government of Siwalan implemented the Village Information System Program (OpenSID) as part of the digital transformation initiated by the Gresik Regency Government under Regent Regulation No. 38 of 2023. This study aims to describe the implementation of OpenSID in Siwalan Village using a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation, and analyzed using George C. Edward III’s policy implementation model, which includes communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. The findings indicate several challenges in implementation, particularly in communication, limited human and financial resources, lack of incentives, and the absence of standard operating procedures (SOPs). The study recommends improving communication strategies, developing SOPs, strengthening human resource capacity, providing incentives, and upgrading to the premium version of OpenSID.  

The exploitation of street children is a complex social problem in Indonesia, especially in large cities. Children living on the streets are highly vulnerable to exploitation. Although the government has regulated child protection through Law No. 35 of 2014 as a revision of Law No. 23 of 2002, the implementation of these protections has not been optimal in practice. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Child Protection Law in addressing the exploitation of street children, identify obstacles in its implementation, and evaluate the suitability of legal norms with their practices. This study uses a normative legal method with a descriptive qualitative approach, based on an analysis of legal documents, scientific literature, and relevant data. The results of the study show that the implementation of child protection still faces many obstacles, such as a lack of supporting facilities, poor coordination between institutions, a lack of education for the community, and weak law enforcement. In addition, there is still a gap between ideal legal provisions and practices in the field. In conclusion, child protection is not sufficient with regulations alone but also requires integrated, sustainable, and participatory implementation so that Indonesian children, especially street children, can live safely, be protected, and develop optimally.

The Merdeka Curriculum is an educational policy innovation launched by the Minister of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology in 2022 in response to the need for more flexible, contextual, and student-centered learning. Its implementation at the elementary school level involves various parties, especially teachers and principals, in designing and implementing learning that adjusts to the characteristics and potential of students. Curriculum planning is focused on the preparation of individual learning, competency mapping, and the use of contextual teaching modules. Meanwhile, the implementation of the Independent Curriculum includes strengthening intracurricular learning and projects to strengthen the Pancasila Student Profile (P5), formative assessments, and collaboration between teachers. However, in its implementation, teachers face various challenges, such as limited facilities, difficulties in using digital platforms, and not yet optimal understanding of the concept of the new curriculum. Principal training, collaboration, and leadership support are important factors in overcoming these barriers. This article reviews in depth the aspects of planning, implementing, and evaluating the Independent Curriculum at the elementary school level as well as optimization efforts that can be carried out in improving the quality of education in Indonesia.

This article discusses the challenges of implementing the Merdeka Learning Curriculum in mathematics education at secondary schools. The study aims to identify the obstacles faced by educators in applying this curriculum, including teacher readiness, infrastructure, and project-based learning methods. Through literature review, it was found that many teachers struggle to understand the new curriculum concepts and access digital learning platforms. Additionally, limitations in facilities and government policies deemed overly prescriptive also pose significant hurdles. Nevertheless, the Merdeka Curriculum offers opportunities to enhance educational quality through a more flexible approach. This research provides recommendations for evaluation and increased training for teachers to support more effective implementation. The findings are expected to serve as a reference for educators and policymakers in optimizing the application of the Merdeka Curriculum in Indonesia.

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are the drivers of the Indonesian economy that have great potential to improve the economy and community welfare. The development of MSMEs, which has so far taken the form of training, technical guidance and entrepreneurship workshops attended by ASIPA members and general MSMEs in the ASIPA Community of South Tangerang City, has had a positive effect on several actors, although not all of them have been able to implement what has been given during the training. This research aims to discuss how the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) Development Policy is implemented in the ASIPA South Tangerang Community, using a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. This research analysis uses the theory put forward by Edward III (1980) with four indicators, namely: (1) Communication, (2) Resources, (3) Disposition, (4) Bureaucratic Structure. The data analyzed is the result of interviews, observations and documentation in the ASIPA South Tangerang Community. The results of research on the Implementation of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) Development Policy in the South Tangerang ASIPA Community from four indicators are that (1) Lack of understanding in promotion to improve the business of MSME actors (2) In providing services, guidance and security for MSME actors in terms of quality, there are still administrators and members who lack competence. Apart from that, in terms of quantity, the number of administrators and members is still minimal to carry out improvement activities in innovation (3) There is still a lack of facilities and training activities as well as proposals for security equipment and others, not all of which can be fulfilled because limited budget resources (4) The administrators and members have carried out their duties in accordance with the SOP that has been regulated, however the performance of the administrators and members has not been optimal because there are still administrators and members who carry out concurrent work in other fields.    

The implementation of digital citizenship in public policy in developing countries still faces various challenges. Therefore, a comprehensive strategy is needed, including improving digital access, digital literacy education, and supportive regulations for active and responsible citizen engagement. This study provides insights for policymakers in designing more inclusive regulations to strengthen citizen participation in the digital era. In the research on the Application of Digital Citizenship Principles in Public Policy: Case Study of Developing Countries, the methods used refer to the approaches that have been used in the journals in the bibliography.