Publication Search

Higher education in Afghanistan faces chronic challenges stemming from decades of conflict, political instability, and underinvestment. Universities operate with limited infrastructure, outdated curricula, and overcrowded classrooms, leaving students underprepared for the demands of a competitive global labor market. The COVID-19 pandemic further exposed the fragility of the sector, as efforts to shift toward online learning were hindered by poor connectivity, unreliable electricity, and insufficient institutional readiness. This study investigates the potential of e-learning combined with artificial intelligence (AI) to address these systemic limitations and to provide a sustainable pathway for educational reform in fragile contexts. Adopting a qualitative design, the study draws on documentation analysis, field observations, and semi-structured interviews with lecturers, administrators, and students in Afghan universities. The data were analyzed thematically, focusing on infrastructure barriers, institutional capacity, and perceptions of AI-enhanced e-learning. Findings highlight that while conventional e-learning platforms expanded access during emergencies, they often lacked adaptability, personalization, and effectiveness in sustaining engagement. Participants demonstrated limited technical literacy regarding AI but expressed strong interest in its potential to improve teaching efficiency, student support, and inclusiveness. The absence of coherent policy frameworks and persistent gender and geographic inequalities emerged as critical challenges to equitable implementation. This study contributes to the state-of-the-art by extending discussions of AI in education into a fragile-state context, where assumptions of stable infrastructure and governance do not apply. It also problematizes the universality of technology adoption theories, suggesting the need for adaptations that incorporate structural and socio-cultural variables. AI-enabled e-learning can partially mitigate Afghanistan's educational infrastructure deficits when implemented alongside capacity building, inclusive design, and supportive governance frameworks. These findings hold relevance not only for Afghanistan but also for other fragile states seeking innovative, equitable, and sustainable educational solutions.

The Merdeka Learning - Merdeka Campus (MBKM) policy is a groundbreaking initiative in Indonesia’s higher education system, aiming to create more flexible learning opportunities, connect students with the workforce, and integrate experiential learning. The key strength of this policy lies in its ability to empower students to develop independent learning through extracurricular activities that align with their competencies. At Yudharta Pasuruan University, MBKM has been adopted as an important strategy to enhance the quality of education while preparing graduates to be adaptive and competent in an ever-changing job market. The main aim of this research is to analyze how the planning, implementation, and evaluation of the MBKM program at Yudharta Pasuruan University contribute to improving student independence in learning. The focus of this study includes examining curriculum management, faculty support, and the university's partnerships with external organizations, which are all vital components of the MBKM program. This research uses a qualitative approach, with data collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis. The data analysis process involves data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study indicate that Yudharta Pasuruan University has successfully implemented MBKM through clear policy planning, curriculum adjustments, and the strengthening of external partnerships. Students have gained significant benefits, including increased independence in learning, enhanced critical thinking skills, improved adaptability, and valuable real-world experiences in their chosen fields. These outcomes show that the MBKM program at Yudharta Pasuruan University plays a critical role in transforming higher education, making it more relevant, sustainable, and aligned with the needs of both students and the workforce. This research underscores the importance of MBKM in encouraging the development of a more independent and competent generation of graduates.

Bali tourism is currently facing challenges such as environmental degradation and overtourism due to the massive influx of visitors. As a solution that has been implemented in various countries, the Tourist Levy began to be applied in Bali on February 14, 2024, through Regional Regulation No. 6 of 2023, known as the Foreign Tourist Levy, with the aim of protecting Bali’s nature and culture towards quality tourism. This research becomes urgent to examine the implications of the foreign tourist levy on Bali’s sustainable tourism. Although this regulation has noble intentions, its implementation has generated various responses from international tourists and tourism stakeholders in Bali. This condition has prompted the author to conduct an in-depth study. The objectives of this research are: (1) To analyze the implementation of the foreign tourist levy (International Tourist Levy) policy in Bali, (2) To analyze the challenges in implementing the foreign tourist levy (International Tourist Levy) policy on sustainable tourism in Bali, and (3) To analyze the implications of the foreign tourist levy (International Tourist Levy) policy for international tourists and tourism stakeholders in realizing sustainable tourism. The method used in this research is a descriptive approach. The types of data employed are qualitative and quantitative data. Data collection methods include observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation, analyzed using qualitative descriptive data analysis techniques. The results of this study indicate that the International Tourist Levy has great potential in strengthening sustainable tourism in Bali. The majority of tourists support the sustainability goals of this policy, although some express concerns about the transparency of fund utilization and the impact of additional costs on travel decisions. Meanwhile, tourism industry players demonstrate positive adaptation, with emphasis on the need for strengthening socialization, transparency, and collaboration among stakeholders. This research recommends enhancing public communication and conducting regular evaluations of the policy to be more responsive to the dynamics and needs of tourists. Thus, this policy is expected to serve as a model for foreign tourists’ contributions in supporting the preservation of Bali’s cultural and natural heritage in a sustainable manner.

Coastal areas are vital for ecosystems, social, and economic systems, yet they face challenges like erosion, land-use conversion, and weak community-based management. Serdang Bedagai Regency, located in North Sumatra, has significant ecological and socio-cultural potential, but this potential has not been sustainably managed. This study analyzes strategies for sustainable coastal land management by integrating local wisdom and village government roles. A mixed-method approach was used, including in-depth interviews, field observations, and surveys with 30 respondents from two coastal villages. The qualitative findings reveal that traditional practices, such as prohibiting mangrove cutting and communal conservation traditions, are still alive in the community. The village government plays a crucial role in strengthening institutions through village regulations (Perdes), environmental programs, and spatial monitoring. However, there is a gap between community understanding of ecological values and the implementation of regulations. Quantitative analysis using multiple linear regression shows that both local wisdom and the village government's role significantly influence sustainable coastal land management, with coefficients of 0.491 and 0.426, respectively (p < 0.05). Despite some heteroskedasticity, the model passed tests for multicollinearity and normality. These findings highlight the importance of combining traditional values with institutional support to balance coastal resource utilization and conservation. This study contributes to the development of a socio-ecological coastal governance model and offers practical recommendations for village governments, policymakers, and academics in creating participatory and sustainable coastal preservation programs.

Accelerating the formation of cooperatives at the village and sub-district levels is a priority for the Indonesian government, as emphasized in Presidential Instruction Number 9 of 2025, which focuses on strengthening economic independence and equitable development across regions. In this context, the existence of a Management Information Sistem (MIS) plays a strategic role in increasing the efficiency and transparency of cooperative management, including through the use of the official digital platform, the Merah Putih website (https://merahputih.kop.id). This study was conducted using a literature review approach, including the selection of relevant academic articles and government policy documents, with the aim of examining the role of MIS in accelerating the formation and management of village cooperatives. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of MIS and the use of the Merah Putih website can significantly contribute to the effectiveness of administration, coordination among members, and accountability of cooperative financial reporting. However, there are still obstacles that require attention, particularly related to technological readiness, human resource skills, and access to digital infrastructure in rural areas. The implications of these findings emphasize the need for the development of a MIS that is adaptive to the needs of village cooperatives and sustainable policy support that encourages digitalization in the cooperative sector. Thus, this research not only provides an overview of the potential use of information technology in accelerating the strengthening of village cooperatives, but also offers an important contribution to the implementation of government policies in realizing inclusive and sustainable economic development in Indonesia.

Public policies in the fields of health, environment, and safety are increasingly subject to disputes through the Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) mechanism. However, state efforts to protect the public often face claims from investors who consider themselves harmed. This situation carries serious consequences, as states not only bear high litigation costs but may also be required to pay significantly larger compensation if they lose the dispute. This gives rise to regulatory chill, a condition in which governments delay, weaken, or revoke regulations due to concerns over potential investment disputes. Even when some cases result in a state victory, the potential for regulatory chill remains significant, as investors do not need to win disputes to create regulatory uncertainty and pressure policymakers. This phenomenon can manifest in three forms precedential chill, anticipatory chill, and specific response chill, each affecting the policy-making process differently. Regulatory chill narrows the regulatory space, limits state capacity to protect public interests, and creates a deterrent effect on the implementation of new regulations. Using a normative juridical approach enriched with comparative case studies, this paper examines three primary sources of regulatory chill: the economic burden of arbitration and potential compensation, long-term commitments, and institutional limitations in meeting the standard of fair and equitable treatment.

This study investigates the implementation of a simple supply chain strengthening program to enhance the competitiveness of Indonesian micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in the Malaysian market. Indonesian MSMEs face challenges in market entry, including limited knowledge of export procedures, high distribution costs, and low product acceptance due to labeling and packaging issues. The research aims to evaluate whether targeted, low-cost interventions can improve MSME readiness and performance in international trade. A total of 40 MSMEs from the food and beverage, handicraft, and processed product sectors participated, with 55 owners, managers, and employees engaged in training and mentoring activities. Data were collected using pre–post knowledge questionnaires, logistics cost records, product placement monitoring, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. The program resulted in a 35% increase in knowledge scores, a 15% reduction in average distribution costs, a rise in product acceptance from 45% to 72%, and successful distribution partnerships for 8 MSMEs, leading to a 180% increase in monthly orders. The findings indicate that practice-based, contextual training combined with logistics optimization and market facilitation significantly enhances MSME competitiveness. Low-cost interventions are shown to be effective and scalable, providing practical guidance for policymakers and support institutions. The study contributes to the literature on MSME export readiness by demonstrating that structured, simple supply chain strategies can deliver measurable outcomes in low-resource settings. Future research should examine larger samples, longer monitoring periods, and additional markets to assess long-term sustainability and sector-specific strategies

This study examines the dynamics of urban politics in the policy of the Palembang City Government regarding the management of disorganized electrical cables. The problem of irregularly hanging cables, mixed with telecommunication lines, and often dangling too low poses safety risks, reduces the city’s aesthetics, and reflects weak governance of urban infrastructure. This research employs a qualitative approach using a case study method. Data were collected through field observations, in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders, and documentation. The research informants consisted of representatives from the Palembang City Government, PLN (the state electricity company), telecommunication providers, and affected communities. The findings indicate that cable management policy is a concrete effort by the government to create an orderly, safe, and modern urban spatial arrangement. The Palembang City Government seeks to reorganize the overhead cable networks while simultaneously planning the development of underground utility ducts as a long-term solution. However, the implementation of this policy faces several challenges, particularly conflicting interests among stakeholders: PLN emphasizes operational efficiency, telecommunication providers resist additional financial burdens, while the public demands quick action but shows limited participation. This study concludes that the issue of cable management is not merely technical but also represents an arena of urban political contestation among the state, the private sector, and society. Effective solutions require cross-sectoral coordination, strong regulatory frameworks, collaborative financing, and active community involvement. Through a comprehensive approach, cable management in Palembang City has the potential to enhance public safety, improve urban aesthetics, and strengthen government legitimacy in sustainable urban governance.

This research investigates the integration of renewable energy systems within coastal conservation areas through public-private partnership (PPP) frameworks to achieve dual objectives of environmental sustainability and economic development. The study addresses the critical challenge of balancing energy infrastructure development with ecological preservation in sensitive coastal ecosystems, where biodiversity and community livelihoods are often at risk due to increasing industrial and urban pressures. A mixed-methods approach is employed, combining case study analysis, stakeholder interviews, and economic modeling, to generate a comprehensive perspective on the opportunities and constraints of renewable energy deployment in these regions. Case studies highlight successful international practices of PPPs that have facilitated renewable energy projects while safeguarding marine and coastal ecosystems. Stakeholder interviews with government agencies, local communities, and private sector representatives reveal the importance of transparent governance, shared responsibility, and inclusive participation in ensuring long-term project sustainability. Economic modeling further demonstrates that well-structured PPP models can reduce implementation costs by 30–40% while adhering to biodiversity conservation standards and regulatory frameworks. Findings underscore that renewable energy projects, when embedded within collaborative governance structures, not only contribute to reducing carbon emissions but also create employment opportunities, stimulate local economies, and enhance community resilience. This study contributes to the sustainable development literature by providing an actionable framework for integrating renewable energy infrastructure in environmentally sensitive areas through PPPs. The proposed framework emphasizes adaptive policy design, capacity building, and equitable benefit-sharing, offering practical insights for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers seeking to reconcile energy needs with ecological protection in coastal regions.

This study examines the political reconstruction of fair juvenile criminal law in the diversion mechanism at the investigation stage in Indonesia. The background of the research departs from the gap between the empirical conditions (das sein) and the ideal conditions (das sollen) mandated by the Law on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System UU SPPA and the principle of the best interest of the child in the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The research method used is normative legal research with legislative, case, and comparative approaches. The results of the study show that the implementation of diversion faces obstacles in substance, structure, and legal culture: procedural uncertainty, limited capacity of apparatus, lack of supporting facilities, and weak coordination across institutions. This research offers a reconstruction of legal politics in these three domains at once substance, structure, and culture so that diversion truly becomes an instrument of restorative justice that restores, not punishes. The scientific contribution of this article lies in the formulation of a multi-layered policy model, the elaboration of performance indicators for the implementation of diversion at the investigation stage, as well as a matrix of operational recommendations for stakeholders at the police, prosecutor's office, court, and child social service institutions.

The main issue addressed in this study is the gap between normative policies and actual practices regarding gender mainstreaming (GMS) at the Education Office of Tangerang Regency. The aim of this study is to analyze the implementation of GMS policies using Smith's theory, which includes ideal policy indicators, target groups, implementing organizations, and environmental factors. This research uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques include in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation. The results show that first, the ideal policy is outlined in Regent Regulation No. 10 of 2019; however, it has not been systematically elaborated in the Strategic Plan (RENSTRA) and Work Plan (RENJA) of the Education Office, limiting its implementation. Second, the target groups, such as teachers, students, and the general public, have not fully understood the concept of GMS, as the dissemination of information remains minimal and unfocused. Third, the implementing organization, the Education Office, has not yet optimized coordination in implementing GMS with schools, nor provided comprehensive, specialized training. Fourth, environmental factors, such as strong gender stereotypes, limited gender-friendly facilities, and low public awareness, are significant challenges in the policy’s implementation. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the implementation of GMS policies at the Education Office of Tangerang Regency remains symbolic and requires strengthening of institutions, more intensive socialization, and active involvement of all stakeholders to achieve more optimal success.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a strategic role in supporting regional economic growth, job creation, and equitable distribution of community welfare. In Cilegon City, MSMEs are growing rapidly in various sectors, but still face a number of fundamental challenges. The main problems faced include limited access to capital, low utilization of digital technology in business activities, limited managerial capacity, and less than optimal regulatory support oriented towards strengthening MSMEs. These conditions cause the competitiveness of MSMEs to be relatively weak compared to the large business sector, so that their contribution to the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) of Cilegon City is not optimal. This study aims to analyze policy strategies that can support the development of MSMEs in Cilegon City through a descriptive qualitative approach. The method used is a literature study and policy analysis by examining regulations, local government policies, and relevant previous research results. The analysis results show that there are several strategies that can be implemented, including: strengthening regulations and policies that favor MSMEs, expanding access to financing through collaboration with financial and banking institutions, developing human resource capacity through entrepreneurship and business management training, utilizing digital technology to expand market access, and building synergies between local governments, the private sector, and other supporting institutions. The implementation of these strategies is expected to increase the competitiveness of MSMEs, expand marketing networks, and encourage MSMEs to be more adaptive to technological developments and market needs. Thus, MSMEs in Cilegon City can make a more significant contribution to regional economic growth, create new jobs, and support sustainable economic development.

This study investigates the effectiveness of teacher training policy implementation in Dili Regency, Timor-Leste, utilizing the CIPP (Context, Input, Process, Product) evaluation model. A structured survey was administered to 150 teachers and education stakeholders to assess key determinants influencing implementation outcomes. Quantitative analysis employed Pearson correlation, multiple regression, and path analysis to examine relationships among variables. Findings revealed strong correlations between all independent variables and implementation effectiveness (r > 0.60, p < 0.01). The multiple regression model accounted for 76.3% of the variance in implementation effectiveness (R² = 0.763, F = 123.45, p < 0.001), with Policy Standards exerting the greatest influence (β = 0.243), followed by Resources (β = 0.203) and Implementer Disposition (β = 0.201). Path analysis confirmed the significance of all direct causal pathways, reinforcing the robustness of the model. These results underscore the critical role of clear policy standards, adequate resource allocation, and implementer commitment in enhancing the success of teacher training programs. The study contributes empirical evidence to the discourse on education reform in developing and post-conflict regions, highlighting strategic priorities for policy makers and practitioners. By aligning training initiatives with contextual realities and stakeholder capacities, the findings offer actionable insights for improving teacher professional development in Timor-Leste and similar settings.

This research discusses the Juridical Analysis of the Application of Government Regulation Number 16 of 2021 concerning Building in DKI Jakarta Province. The focus of the research is directed at the effectiveness of local policies in adjusting national regulations to the diverse urban dynamics of Jakarta, especially related to the Building Approval mechanism (PBG), supervision system, and enforcement of administrative sanctions. Using a normative juridical approach and analyzing local regulations such as Government Regulation No. 16 of 2021 on the Implementation Regulation of Law No. 28 of 2002 on Building, this research identifies implementative obstacles, such as weak supervision, limited human resources, and low public legal awareness. The findings show that adaptation efforts have not been fully optimized, so policy adjustments, institutional strengthening, and cross-sector collaboration are needed. This research confirms the importance of digitalization, public participation, and consistency of law enforcement in creating orderly and sustainable building development in Jakarta.

Central Java Province targets a 16% reduction in stunting by 2023, with the prevalence having been reduced from 31.2% in 2018(Riskesdas, 2018) to 20.8% in 2022 (SSGI). The causes of stunting in Central Java include a lack of knowledge about balanced nutrition, proper parenting, and lack of access to proper drinking water and sanitation. This study aims to determine the implementation of the Central Java Provincial Health Office strategy in reducing stunting rates. The study used a qualitative design with descriptive methods and in-depth interviews, involving samples from the Health Office, TP-PKK, and Head of Puskesmas through snowball sampling techniques. The results showed that implementation at the Puskesmas level has not been optimal, with low community participation. Semarang City has many stunting reduction programs, in contrast to Brebes Regency. The overall provincial target has been achieved, but operational funding constraints hinder optimal program implementation.

his study aims to explore the implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies within the e-commerce supply chain using a systematic and comprehensive Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. By critically analysing a broad range of recent studies, it systematically identifies implementation patterns, integration barriers, and strategic opportunities that support efficiency and adaptability in digital supply chains. Findings reveal that IoT plays a pivotal role in enhancing logistics operations, inventory management accuracy, and responsiveness to dynamic market demands through real-time data monitoring. Key challenges include data security vulnerabilities, high initial investment costs, and the complexity of system interoperability. Nevertheless, the long-term benefits underscore the strategic potential of IoT as a transformative component in sustainable e-commerce supply chain development. This review contributes both theoretically and practically to policy development, technological investment strategies, and the design of adaptive IoT-based supply chain models.

The agricultural sector plays a crucial role in the Indonesian economy, contributing significantly to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employment, and national food security. Conventional financing is often poorly suited to the unique characteristics of the agricultural sector, prompting the exploration of more adaptive alternatives. Islamic banking, with its principles of fairness and risk-sharing, offers innovative financing solutions. One such contract with significant potential but underutilized is the Salam contract, a purchase-and-sell contract where payment is made upfront and goods are delivered at a later date. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of the Salam contract in depth, identify challenges and opportunities in its implementation in the Islamic agricultural sector, and formulate strategies for optimizing its application. Using a qualitative descriptive research method based on literature review and comparative analysis, this article finds that the Salam contract offers an effective financing solution for farmers' working capital needs, price risk mitigation for farmers, and supply security for buyers. Key challenges include the risk of crop failure, quality risk, moral hazard risk, and limited supporting infrastructure and market understanding. Optimizing the Salam contract can be achieved through the development of innovative contract models, strengthening risk management through takaful instrumentation, utilizing digital technology, improving Islamic financial literacy, and collaboration between stakeholders. The implications of this research are expected to provide practical guidance for Islamic financial institutions, farmers, and policymakers to create a more inclusive and sustainable Islamic agricultural financing ecosystem. With the right approach, the Salam contract has the potential to become a key instrument in Islamic agricultural financing. Its widespread implementation can drive the transformation of the agricultural sector toward a more productive and equitable direction. Sustainable efforts are needed to ensure its effective implementation in the field.

Unemployment is a very serious problem in the economy because it affects a person's life physically and mentally. The government responded to this problem by creating a labor-intensive program. The labor-intensive program is an initiative that aims to empower the community, especially productive poor families. This program is designed to achieve several goals, namely reducing unemployment, alleviating poverty, and increasing people's sources of income through the use of natural resources, technology, and workers. This research aims to evaluate the implementation of community empowerment through labor-intensive programs in Gubeng District. This research was conducted with a qualitative descriptive approach and used George C. Edward III's policy implementation theory. The research results show that the implementation of the labor-intensive program in Gubeng District is in accordance with Surabaya Mayor Regulation Number 83 of 2023. However, there are several obstacles to implementation, namely the lack of public interest in the labor-intensive program. Therefore, it is hoped that the Gubeng District government will be more aggressive in providing information regarding labor-intensive programs via social media with the aim of increasing public interest. The government must also evaluate and carry out direct monitoring in the field in the implementation of labor-intensive programs in Gubeng District.  

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Indonesia’s National Cyber Security Strategy in responding to increasingly complex and dynamic digital threats. In the midst of the digital transformation era, Indonesia’s cyberspace is vulnerable to various serious threats, such as ransomware attacks, data leaks, and the spread of disinformation that can disrupt social and political stability. This research adopts a qualitative- descriptive approach with content analysis of national strategic documents, reports from the National Cyber and Crypto Agency (BSSN), and compares them with cybersecurity policies in ASEAN countries. The results revealed that although BSSN has designed a relatively robust policy and institutional framework, its implementation is still faced with various serious obstacles, including fragmented regulations, lack of coordination between agencies, and limitations in terms of human resources. This study uses Dunn’s (2023) policy evaluation framework, covering the dimensions of effectiveness, efficiency, responsiveness, equity and sustainability. The study recommends the need to strengthen governance involving various sectors, increase awareness and cyber literacy among the public, and develop national capacity through public private partnership. This evaluation is expected to serve as a basis for policy formulation to strengthen Indonesia’s digital resilience, especially in the face of the increasing complexity of cyber threats at the national level.

Public transportation is one of the needs that must be met for every human being who carries out daily activities, so the government needs to pay attention to its development. The city of Surabaya is one of the cities with high traffic jams, which is one of the reasons for developing public transportation. Wira Wiri Suroboyo, which was inaugurated last year, brought enthusiasm from the public but also experienced a decline in passengers in the second month of its launch. The explanation explained by the Transportation Service regarding the decrease in the number of passengers is that it coincides with the fasting month which means not many people travel. However, if compared with the number of people in Surabaya City, the use of Wira Wiri Suroboyo transportation is still not fulfilled. Public interest in using public transportation is considered lacking. This research was conducted to determine the success of implementing public transportation development policies through the Wira Wiri Suroboyo program. This research uses qualitative methods with observations at the Transportation Service through interviews and taking documentation. The results of this research are that the implementation of public transportation development through Wira Wiri Suroboyo can be said to be successful, seen from the increase in the number of passengers.