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In the era of globalization and technological advancement, education must transform to develop students who are adaptive, critical, and have strong character. One innovation introduced by the government is the Merdeka Belajar (Independent Learning) Curriculum, which emphasizes competency, character, and project-based learning. This study aims to determine the effect of implementing the Merdeka Curriculum on the learning outcomes of Pancasila Education for Grade XI students at SMAN 1 Petir in the 2024/2025 academic year. A quantitative method with a survey approach was used, involving 80 student respondents. Data were collected through questionnaires and learning outcome tests, and analyzed using correlation and regression statistical techniques. The results show that the Merdeka Curriculum has a significant and positive effect on students’ PPkN learning outcomes, with a correlation coefficient of 0.766. This means better implementation of the curriculum leads to better student achievement. The curriculum contributes 58.7% to the learning outcomes, while the remaining 41.3% is influenced by other factors. The study concludes that the Merdeka Curriculum effectively enhances learning outcomes, particularly in character and 21st-century skills development.

The development of lanthanum-doped barium hexaferrite materials has attracted considerable attention in the field of functional materials, particularly as electromagnetic wave absorbers. This literature review aims to analyze advances in synthesis methods, structural characteristics, magnetic properties, and electromagnetic absorption performance of lanthanum-doped barium hexaferrite reported in various studies. Synthesis techniques such as sol–gel, coprecipitation, solid-state reaction, and hydrothermal methods are compared to evaluate their effects on crystallite size, morphology, and phase purity. Lanthanum doping is known to modify lattice parameters, reduce coercivity, and enhance complex permittivity and permeability, which play crucial roles in absorption mechanisms. Furthermore, variations in dopant concentration significantly influence reflection loss values and effective absorption bandwidth. The reviewed literature indicates that optimization of composition and synthesis routes can produce materials with high absorption capability, good stability, and strong potential for application in electromagnetic interference mitigation devices. This review is expected to serve as a conceptual reference for future development of lanthanum-doped barium hexaferrite–based electromagnetic wave absorbing materials. The comparative approach also highlights research challenges, industrial application opportunities, and future research directions relevant to the evolving demands of modern communication and defense technologies at both national and global levels.

The development of modern biotechnology has brought fundamental changes to the life sciences through the application of molecular biology, genetic engineering, and bioinformatics techniques. This article aims to examine the transformation of life sciences through modern biotechnology approaches and its impact on health, agriculture, the environment, and industry. The method used is a descriptive-analytical literature review based on international journal sources and relevant scientific publications. The results of the study indicate that technologies such as CRISPR-Cas9 enable precise gene editing for genetic disease therapy, while the mRNA vaccine platforms developed by Pfizer and Moderna demonstrate the acceleration of biomedical innovation in response to the global pandemic. In the agricultural sector, genetic engineering increases crop productivity and resilience, while in the environmental sector, biotechnology supports environmentally friendly bioremediation processes. However, ethical and regulatory challenges remain important concerns in its implementation. In conclusion, modern biotechnology plays a key role as a catalyst for sustainable, innovation-driven transformation in the life sciences.

This study examines the role of Islamic Religious Education in shaping the character of young generations in the contemporary era. Islamic Religious Education is not only focused on cognitive aspects but also emphasizes moral, spiritual, and social development. The rapid development of technology and globalization has influenced the lifestyle and mindset of youth, creating challenges in maintaining ethical values and noble character. This research aims to analyze how Islamic Religious Education contributes to the formation of students’ character, including honesty, responsibility, discipline, tolerance, and social awareness. The research method uses a qualitative descriptive approach through literature review and analysis of relevant educational practices. The results show that effective Islamic Religious Education can strengthen students’ moral awareness, develop positive behavior, and build spiritual intelligence. Teachers play a significant role as role models in integrating Islamic values into daily life. Therefore, strengthening curriculum, learning methods, and collaboration between schools, families, and communities is essential to optimize the role of Islamic Religious Education in forming a morally upright and responsible young generation.

Background: Sleep disorders in adolescents are a significant health problem, with a global prevalence reaching 57.8% and particularly high rates in several cities in Indonesia. Poor sleep quality negatively impacts physical health, such as the risk of cardiovascular disease and anemia, as well as mental and cognitive health. Sleep behavior is influenced by a dynamic interaction between personal and environmental factors, as explained in Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). Research Objective: To identify the determinants of sleep deprivation in adolescents, specifically individual and environmental factors, based on a Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) perspective through a literature review from 2019 to 2025. Method: This study utilized a literature review. To obtain research data, the authors searched for scientific articles through Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases, then analyzed 10 articles that met the inclusion criteria, published between 2020 and 2025. Results: Factors significantly associated with adolescent sleep quality were identified, with individual factors being the most dominant determinant (found in 7 studies), including academic stress and smartphone addiction. Furthermore, a positive association was found with environmental factors (found in 4 studies), such as bright lighting, noise, and uncomfortable room temperature. Conclusion: Within the framework of Social Cognitive Theory, adolescent sleep quality is the result of a reciprocal interaction between personal factors (perceived stress and self-control over gadgets), the physical environment, and sleep behavior. Individual factors such as stress and nighttime gadget use reduce self-efficacy for regular sleep, which is exacerbated by an unfavorable environment.

This study investigates Indonesia’s long-term economic transformation across four pivotal eras: the colonial period, the Old Order, the New Order, and the Reformasi era. Employing a descriptive qualitative design with historical analysis, the research elucidates how political transitions, institutional reforms, and global dynamics have interacted to shape the nation's economic architecture. Results indicate that colonial legacies entrenched deep structural inequalities and a dualistic economy, creating a path dependency that continued to influence policy direction after independence. During the Old Order, efforts to assert economic sovereignty were constrained by macroeconomic instability, limited state capacity, and shifting political coalitions. The New Order marked a turning point toward industrialization, macroeconomic stabilization, and openness to foreign investment, generating high growth but also deepening inequality and dependence on external capital. Entering the Reformasi era, decentralization, democratization of governance, and fiscal transparency reshaped institutional frameworks; however, persistent challenges such as regional disparities, productivity gaps, and vulnerability to global shocks remain evident. The study concludes that Indonesia’s economic evolution is non-linear, shaped by historical constraints and gradual institutional adaptation rather than abrupt shifts. Strengthening governance, enhancing domestic industrial competitiveness, and expanding inclusive development policies are essential strategies for supporting long-term resilience. These findings highlight the importance of continuity in policy reform to achieve sustainable growth and to realize the national vision of Indonesia Emas 2045.

Heritage language loss among immigrant and diaspora communities represents a critical challenge to cultural identity, intergenerational communication, and cognitive diversity. Traditional heritage language maintenance approaches face significant barriers including limited resources, lack of qualified instructors, geographic dispersion, and competing demands of dominant language acquisition. This study investigates the effectiveness of bilingual digital story applications as innovative tools for heritage language maintenance among children aged 4-12 years. Through a 24-month longitudinal mixed-methods study involving 1,843 families across eight language communities (Spanish, Mandarin, Arabic, Korean, Tagalog, Vietnamese, Hindi, and Polish), we examined language proficiency development, cultural identity formation, family engagement patterns, and app usage behaviors. Quantitative analysis of pre- and post-intervention language assessments revealed statistically significant improvements in heritage language vocabulary (effect size d=0.68), listening comprehension (d=0.54), and oral production (d=0.47) among children using bilingual story apps for at least 20 minutes daily. Qualitative findings from parent interviews and child focus groups highlighted the apps' role in making heritage language learning enjoyable, facilitating parent-child interaction, connecting children to cultural narratives, and normalizing bilingualism. However, effectiveness varied substantially based on app design features, with interactive elements, culturally authentic content, parent involvement scaffolds, and adaptive difficulty showing strongest associations with outcomes. This research demonstrates that thoughtfully designed bilingual story apps can serve as accessible, scalable tools for heritage language maintenance, though they function most effectively as complements to rather than substitutes for rich home language environments and community connections. The study contributes empirical evidence to inform app development, family language planning, and policies supporting linguistic diversity in increasingly globalized societies.

This Community Service Program (PKM) aims to provide direct socialization and mentoring to Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprise (MSME) actors in Biring Ere Village to enhance the quality and sustainability of their businesses. MSMEs play a vital role in the village economy as drivers of local economic growth and employment. However, various obstacles such as limited access to capital, low quality of human resources, restricted market access, lack of product innovation, and weak business management remain major barriers. This community service activity was conducted through interactive socialization methods, skills training, direct mentoring, and focused group discussions involving MSME actors, village heads, village officials, and the general community. The materials presented included business development strategies, basic financial management, product marketing techniques, product innovation and diversification, and access to capital. The results demonstrated increased understanding among MSME actors regarding business development strategies, heightened motivation to innovate, formation of collaborative business groups, and enhanced awareness of the importance of sound business management. This program has had a significant impact on empowering the community's economy and strengthening the capacity of MSME actors in Biring Ere Village to face global economic challenges.

This study aims to describe and analyze the activities taking place in the Rumah Adat Tinggi of Rengat as a reflection of the social and cultural identity of the Indragiri Hulu community. The research is motivated by the functional shift of traditional houses amid modernization, which threatens the continuity of local wisdom. This study employs a qualitative descriptive method. Data were collected through field observations, interviews with cultural figures and caretakers, and documentation of cultural events held in the traditional house. The findings indicate that the Rumah Adat Tinggi serves not only as a historical heritage but also as a social and cultural center for the community. Activities within it embody values such as mutual cooperation, deliberation, respect for ancestors, and cultural education for the younger generation. From the perspective of functionalism, the traditional house operates as a social system that maintains societal balance through social, cultural, and integrative functions. This research emphasizes the importance of revitalizing the Rumah Adat Tinggi to ensure its continued role as a living space for cultural transmission amid globalization.

This study aims to explore the integration of financial literacy into context-based mathematics education at the elementary school level by emphasizing the use of local knowledge in learning activities. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, this research investigates the experiences and perceptions of students and teachers involved in mathematics learning that connects mathematical concepts with real-life financial situations, such as budgeting, saving, and personal financial management. Data were collected through interviews, classroom observations, and documentation analysis to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the learning process and its outcomes. The findings indicate that integrating financial literacy into context-based mathematics learning enhances the relevance of mathematical content and facilitates students’ conceptual understanding. Students reported increased interest and engagement in mathematics lessons, as well as greater confidence in applying mathematical skills to manage personal finances. The use of familiar financial contexts enabled students to perceive mathematics as meaningful and applicable to their daily lives. Teachers identified limited instructional time and difficulties in explaining abstract concepts as key obstacles in the implementation process. Overall, the results suggest that context-based mathematics learning integrated with financial literacy has strong potential to improve students’ mathematical understanding and financial awareness while fostering practical life skills. Nevertheless, effective implementation requires careful instructional planning, adequate time allocation, and appropriate pedagogical strategies to address complex financial concepts. This study contributes to the growing body of research on contextualized mathematics education by highlighting the importance of integrating local context and financial literacy to enhance the quality and relevance of elementary mathematics education.

International criminal law is a crucial instrument within the international legal system designed to address serious crimes that transcend national jurisdiction, such as genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. International criminal law serves as a means to uphold justice, maintain international order, and prevent impunity for perpetrators of serious crimes that have a broad impact on the global community. This study aims to examine the enforcement of international criminal law in the modern era, emphasizing law enforcement mechanisms and the role of cooperation between states and international institutions. The research method used is normative juridical research, with an approach to relevant laws and regulations, legal doctrine, and court decisions. The results indicate that the effectiveness of international criminal law enforcement still faces various obstacles, primarily stemming from state political interests, weak commitment to international cooperation, and inconsistencies between legal norms and their implementation. The principle of complementarity is a fundamental element of this system, as it positions states as the primary actors in the prosecution process, while international judicial institutions play a complementary role if national mechanisms are ineffective. Furthermore, harmonization of national laws with international criminal law provisions and strengthening cross-border cooperation are determining factors in the success of law enforcement. This study concludes that synergy between states and international institutions, accompanied by strong political commitment, is a key prerequisite for the realization of a just and sustainable international criminal law enforcement system.

Background: Criminal justice reform has become a crucial global issue in maintaining the balance between the protection of individual rights and state authority, particularly amid the increasing complexity of law enforcement and the risk of abuse of power. Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationship between the principles of due process of law, legal accountability, and the rule of law within criminal justice systems, as well as to compare their implementation in common law and civil law systems. Methods: This research employs a normative and comparative approach through the analysis of legal regulations, criminal justice practices, case studies of procedural violations, and cross-country comparisons, supported by interviews with academics and legal practitioners. Results: The findings indicate that although the principles of due process, legal accountability, and the rule of law are widely recognized, their implementation still faces significant challenges, including weak oversight, procedural inconsistencies, and limited institutional capacity. The comparative analysis also reveals a growing convergence between common law and civil law systems in adopting human rights-based standards, despite differences in procedural approaches. This study concludes that the holistic integration of these three principles is essential to establish a fair, transparent, and accountable criminal justice system.

The integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and tools like Canva has revolutionized English Language Teaching (ELT) in Indonesia, shifting from traditional methods to interactive, student-centered approaches. This study aims to explore the benefits and challenges of incorporating these technologies into ELT practices. Employing a qualitative literature review methodology, the research analyzed over 20 empirical studies from 2020 to 2023 on Canva and ICT in Indonesian ELT, supplemented by global Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) frameworks. Key findings reveal that ICT and Canva enhance student motivation, creativity, and communicative skills through multimodal and constructivist learning, while fostering authentic language exposure and collaboration. However, challenges include inadequate infrastructure, limited teacher training, digital inequities between urban and rural areas, ethical issues such as copyright infringement, and increased teacher workload. The implications underscore the need for systematic professional development, institutional support, curriculum alignment, and policies promoting equitable access to ensure transformative and sustainable technology integration in Indonesian ELT.  

This study aims to enhance elementary school students’ motivation to learn English and to identify the factors contributing to their low motivation. The research is grounded in the need to prepare students for the global era, in which English proficiency is an essential skill from an early age. The study employs a Classroom Action Research (CAR) method using the Kemmis and McTaggart model, consisting of planning, action, observation, and reflection stages. Data were collected through observations, learning outcome evaluations, and interviews with English teachers. The findings reveal that students’ low motivation is influenced by perceptions that English is difficult, the lack of engaging teaching methods, limited learning facilities, and students’ weak willingness to learn. The implemented actions—such as using songs, educational games, teaching aids, role-play activities, and interactive communication—significantly increased students’ activeness and motivation. Moreover, the study emphasizes the importance of introducing English at the elementary level, as ages 6–13 represent a critical period for language development. With appropriate external motivation and strong teacher support, English learning becomes more effective, enjoyable, and meaningful. This study recommends that English instruction continue to be implemented in elementary schools through creative teaching methods and sufficient learning facilities

The animated film KPop Demon Hunters quickly became a worldwide hit, reaching the top of Netflix's global charts with over 33 million views in just two weeks. The highly acclaimed film KPop Demon Hunters has been the subject of some research due to its notable accomplishment. Yet, none of the research above discusses the symbolism that is richly put in the movie. Thus, the research attempts to elaborate on the representation of symbolism in order to provide an alternative viewpoint of the Kpop Demon Hunters, particularly the well-known villain, the Saja Boys. In order to study the underlying meaning of the Saja Boys, the author employs the qualitative method and applies Vrabel's study of deadly sin in relation to the religious symbol. This study concludes that the members of the Saja Boys represent symbolism of the deadly sins, which are anger, envy, greed, lust, pride, gluttony, and sloth. These vices are shown from the behavior of the Saja Boys, such as barking towards fans aggressively, being envious of one’s freedom and happiness, stocking food as much as possible, giving sexual gratification through physical appearance, and being overly proud of it. Not only that, the members of Saja Boys also portrayed the action of overconsumption and laziness.

Growing life expectancy continues to shift global demographic patterns and significantly increase the proportion of older adults, thereby creating an urgent need for innovative programs that promote wellbeing, maintain functional capacity, and encourage meaningful social participation. This community service initiative aimed to strengthen both motor and cognitive function among older adults through structured and interactive board game activities designed to stimulate thinking, coordination, and social interaction. The program employed a mixed descriptive approach, utilizing interviews, direct observation, and brief assessments conducted before and after the intervention period. Cognitive status was measured using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), while muscle strength was assessed through Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) to capture changes in physical performance. Quantitative analysis revealed no statistically significant differences between pre-test and post-test scores (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, qualitative findings demonstrated meaningful positive changes, including increased motivation, more active participation, improved emotional responsiveness, enhanced social interaction, and greater awareness of brain–body coordination among participants. These findings indicate that although short-term measurable changes were limited, board game–based activities can provide valuable psychosocial benefits. When implemented repeatedly and consistently as part of routine programs, such activities may contribute to maintaining cognitive engagement, supporting emotional wellbeing, and fostering a more active and participatory lifestyle among older adults.

As a maritime nation with vast sea territories, Indonesia faces significant challenges in safeguarding its waters, particularly in strategic regions such as the Natuna Sea. This area is vulnerable to various threats, including territorial violations, marine resource theft, and illegal underwater activities. This study aims to formulate a concept for the utilization of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) as an alternative solution to enhance underwater security systems in the region. The method employed is Research and Development (R&D), adopting model development steps and complemented by a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of AUVs in the context of Indonesian maritime defense. The research findings indicate that the main strength of AUVs lies in their technological capability to effectively detect underwater threats. Although they have weaknesses, such as high operational costs, dependency on imported components, and limitations in battery endurance and sonar capabilities, these factors do not significantly hinder AUV effectiveness. Major opportunities arise from global technological advancements, yet challenges remain due to insufficient government policy support. The threats faced include the risk of sabotage and extreme weather conditions. Therefore, the recommended strategies are to maximize the use of technology, strengthen supporting regulations, and address logistical and financial barriers to realize effective and sustainable AUV operations in the Natuna Sea.

Objective– This article aims to comprehensively examine the main types of food crop pests and their attack patterns through a systematic literature review approach. The research focuses on the dynamics of pest attacks, changes in ecological patterns due to climate change, and advances in modern identification technology that enable more accurate early detection. This study also highlights the significance of new paradigms of pest identification based on artificial intelligence (AI), genomics, and landscape mapping in supporting food security at the regional and national levels. Design/methodology/approach– This study used the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method for scientific publications from 2015–2025 from reputable sources such as Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Taylor & Francis, Wiley, AGRIS, and Google Scholar. Of the 326 articles identified in the initial stage, 30 articles in English and Indonesian were selected through a screening process based on strict inclusion–exclusion criteria. All articles were then analyzed using thematic coding techniques to produce an in-depth, evidence-based synthesis. Findings– The study produced four key findings: (1) there are five dominant pests in global food crops, namely Thrips tabaci, Spodoptera exigua/frugiperda, Helicoverpa armigera, Nilaparvata lugens and Sitophilus oryzae; (2) attack patterns are strongly influenced by temperature, humidity, pesticide resistance, and monoculture; (3) modern identification technology AI, drone imagery, multispectral sensors, and DNA Barcoding have increased detection accuracy to 94–98%; and (4) community-based early warning systems accelerate field response and reduce the risk of crop failure. Practical implications– These findings provide a scientific basis for local governments, agricultural extension workers, and farmers to gradually adopt pest identification technology and strengthen integrated monitoring systems at a regional scale. Authenticity/value– This article offers a new conceptual model of “Pest Identification Pyramid – Attack Pattern – Early Warning System” that integrates pest biology, digital technology, and community response to improve national food security.

In the era of globalization and digital transformation, organizations strive to maintain competitiveness through optimizing internal factors such as work culture, business process engineering (BPR), and decision support systems (DSS). This qualitative research based on a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) analyzes the relationship between these three using the Denison Organizational Culture Model, Hammer & Champy BPR, and the Resource-Based View (RBV). It finds that work culture mediates the implementation of BPR and DSS to increase efficiency by 30-50%, employee productivity, and sustainable competitive advantage. Case studies such as the Toyota Production System (TPS) confirm this synergy, resulting in reduced costs, cycle times, and improved service quality. This research also emphasizes the importance of a strong work culture in supporting the implementation of new technologies and methodologies, which in turn strengthens the company's market position. Thus, organizations that are able to integrate these three elements will be better prepared to face the challenges of globalization and dynamic changes in their industry, creating a sustainable advantage and being able to survive in a highly competitive market.

This study examines the effectiveness of national legislative strategies in promoting corporate accountability for industrial pollution and social justice violations. It analyzes a comparative legal framework, focusing on laws, enforcement mechanisms, and corporate liability regimes in countries such as France, Germany, Norway, China, and Australia. The research evaluates how mandatory due diligence laws, judicial measures, and transparency mechanisms help hold corporations accountable for environmental impacts. It compares voluntary compliance models with mandatory legal frameworks, noting the limitations of voluntary agreements in driving substantial environmental changes. Findings show that countries with strong legal frameworks, like the EU and Australia, achieve higher corporate compliance and environmental performance, while voluntary measures struggle to produce meaningful results. The study emphasizes the need for stronger enforcement, higher penalties for violations, and enhanced public transparency. Additionally, it explores integrating environmental justice considerations, such as community participation and fair compensation, into national strategies. The study offers policy recommendations for improving corporate responsibility through better legislation, harmonizing laws across jurisdictions, and fostering collaboration among governments, corporations, and civil society. It also suggests future research directions, including examining the long-term impacts of environmental justice policies in different global contexts.