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This study discusses the role of prayer in shaping character and daily ethics as one of the main pillars of Islamic teachings. Prayer is not merely a ritual act of worship but also serves as a means of spiritual and moral education and shapes the overall personality of Muslims. This study uses a literature review method by examining various sources such as books, journals, and scientific articles relevant to Google Scholar from 2020 to 2025, sourced from 20 Indonesian-language journals and 5 English-language journals. Based on this background, prayer plays an important role in instilling values of discipline, responsibility, sincerity, patience, and self-reflection, which contribute to the formation of an individual's character and integrity. In addition, prayer also serves as the foundation of social ethics by fostering honesty, justice, empathy, politeness, and solidarity in social interactions. There is also congregational prayer, which, when performed, can strengthen the values of togetherness, brotherhood, and social concern, which are the foundations of a harmonious social life. Research shows that consistent and solemn prayer practices can control desires, prevent immoral and evil deeds, and provide mental and spiritual balance for the practitioner. Thus, prayer is an important instrument in the moral and spiritual development of Muslims and is relevant in facing modern challenges such as stress and social ethical degradation.

Hypertension is a chronic condition that requires long-term management due to its strong association with an increased risk of serious complications when blood pressure is not adequately controlled. One of the key factors influencing the success of hypertension management is patient adherence to antihypertensive medication. However, suboptimal adherence remains a common problem and may lead to poor therapeutic outcomes. This literature review aimed to examine the relationship between adherence to antihypertensive medication and blood pressure control among patients with hypertension. A systematic search of the literature was conducted using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases with relevant keywords combined through Boolean operators. The selected articles were screened based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, including original research articles published within the last ten years, accessible in full text, and addressing the association between medication adherence and blood pressure in hypertensive patients. The findings of the reviewed studies indicate that most articles reported a significant relationship between medication adherence and blood pressure levels. Patients with higher adherence to antihypertensive therapy tended to achieve better blood pressure control compared to those with lower adherence. Although variations in the strength of the reported associations were observed across studies, the overall direction of the relationship was consistent. These results suggest that adherence to antihypertensive medication plays an essential role in achieving optimal blood pressure control. Therefore, this review highlights the importance of continuous efforts to improve patient adherence as part of effective hypertension management strategies aimed at reducing the risk of long-term complications.

The rapid expansion of the digital economy has significantly accelerated the growth of technology startups while simultaneously increasing market concentration among dominant digital platforms. This condition has intensified the implementation of anti-monopoly policies as a regulatory instrument to maintain fair competition. Amid the ongoing global economic crisis extending into 2025, debates have emerged regarding whether anti-monopoly policies foster or hinder innovation among technology startups. This study aims to examine the impact of anti-monopoly policies on technology startup innovation within the context of the global economic crisis. The research adopts a qualitative approach using a narrative literature review and policy analysis. The data are derived from academic journal articles, scholarly books, and official reports issued by international organizations and competition authorities published within the last five years. The analysis is conducted through a descriptive-analytical method by synthesizing key findings related to anti-monopoly policy, technological innovation, digital market dynamics, and global economic conditions. The findings indicate that anti-monopoly policies can create a more equitable competitive environment for technology startups by limiting market dominance and abusive practices by large firms. However, during periods of global economic crisis, the effectiveness of such policies largely depends on regulatory design, consistency of enforcement, and the state’s capacity to balance competition protection with innovation incentives. Overly restrictive policies may suppress investment and startup growth, whereas adaptive and market-responsive regulations can enhance the resilience of technology startup innovation. This study contributes theoretical and policy insights for developing competition law frameworks that are more responsive to the challenges of the digital economy and global economic uncertainty.

This study evaluates the legal perspective concerning business competition in Indonesia regarding alleged abuse of dominant power in the competition between digital platforms TikTok Shop (including the acquisition of Tokopedia) and Shopee. The method applied is normative juridical with a case study approach, referring to Law Number 5 of 1999, particularly Articles 19–21 related to market control and Article 20 concerning below-cost selling practices. The analysis focuses on inter-platform integration, aggressive discount strategies, use of cross-platform data, as well as post-acquisition behavior that may hinder healthy competition. The assessment is conducted by considering market structure, business actors' behavior, and law enforcement efforts by the Business Competition Supervisory Commission (KPPU). Research findings indicate that although TikTok Shop has strong competitiveness following the acquisition, proving the existence of abuse of a dominant position requires meeting legal and economic provisions rigorously. Therefore, the implementation of conditional approval and remedial measures by the KPPU is considered a reasonable step to maintain a healthy business competition environment in the digital era.

A literature review on the implementation and evaluation of Convergence Action to Reduce Stunting in Indonesia was conducted as a comprehensive study to understand national patterns, challenges, and factors determining the success of the program. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of cross-sectoral interventions, identify structural barriers, and formulate strategic recommendations for strengthening stunting reduction governance. The method used was a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) with the PRISMA 2020 model, utilizing Crossref and Google Scholar sources through the Publish or Perish application. Of the articles found, only nine studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed using a thematic approach based on the CIPP framework. The SLR results showed that in terms of context, government regulations and commitment were strong, but there were geographical disparities, poor sanitation, and low nutrition literacy that affected program outcomes. In terms of inputs, limitations in nutrition human resources, facilities, funding, and the quality of e-PPGBM data were the main obstacles. In terms of process, the implementation of the 8 Convergence Actions has been carried out but remains partial, with suboptimal integration between OPDs and monitoring that has not yet produced adequate feedback. In terms of output, service coverage has increased, but the decline in stunting rates has been inconsistent across regions. The research results emphasize the importance of strengthening human resource capacity, data integration, cross-sectoral coordination, and adapting programs based on local contexts to ensure the accelerated and sustainable reduction of stunting.

Article 20 of the Personal Data Protection Law (PDP Law) normatively regulates the protection of data subjects and constitutes a pivotal provision that underscores the principle of consent as the legal basis for the processing of personal data for commercial purposes. This normative framework safeguards individuals’ right to privacy, encompassing the validity of explicit consent, the right to withdraw such consent, and the accountability of data controllers. In parallel, Articles 65 to 70 of the PDP Law substantively establish various categories of criminal offenses within the context of personal data protection. These include the unlawful acquisition, disclosure, processing, falsification, and utilization of personal data. Collectively, these provisions reflect the State’s commitment to ensuring criminal legal protection against violations of personal data.This research adopts a doctrinal legal methodology with a descriptive-normative approach to address two primary issues: First, to examine and identify the scope of legal protection concerning the trade of personal data under the PDP Law; and Second, to assess and determine the degree of legal certainty afforded to the trade of personal data within the framework of the PDP Law.Notwithstanding the protective intent embodied in Article 20—particularly concerning the commercial use of personal data—this provision gives rise to legal uncertainty due to the absence of comprehensive regulatory clarity on several critical aspects. Similarly, Articles 65 to 70 continue to exhibit significant legal ambiguities, particularly with respect to the constituent elements of offenses, the definition of harm, corporate liability, regulatory overlap with other legislative instruments, and the lack of clear enforcement mechanisms and implementing institutions.

Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning has a strategic role in shaping the character of students who are religious, tolerant, and have noble morals. Amidst the reality of Indonesian multicultural society, PAI learning is required to be able to internalize the values of religious moderation as an effort to prevent extreme, radical, and intolerant attitudes. Religious moderation is an important paradigm in Islamic education to instill a balanced and contextual religious attitude. This proceedings article aims to examine the concept, strategy, and implications of moderation-based Islamic Religious Education learning through the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. The SLR method is used to examine journal articles, scientific books, and proceedings relevant to the topic of PAI learning and religious moderation in the last ten years. The results of the study indicate that moderation-based PAI learning is based on the values of wasathiyah, tawazun, i'tidal, and tasamuh which are integrated into the curriculum, learning methods, and the role models of educators. The implementation of moderation-based PAI learning has a positive impact on the formation of inclusive, tolerant attitudes and the ability to live peacefully together in students. This article is expected to be an academic reference for educators and researchers in developing Islamic Religious Education learning that is relevant to the social challenges and diversity of Indonesian society.

The limited ability of teachers to write scientific papers remains one of the obstacles to professional development and career advancement. This activity aimed to improve teachers’ competencies through scientific writing training at SMAN 1 Kayu Agung, Ogan Komering Ilir Regency. The method employed was training and mentoring, which included the delivery of materials on basic concepts of scientific writing, the structure of scientific articles, citation and referencing techniques, and practical sessions on preparing scientific articles. The participants of this activity were teachers of SMAN 1 Kayu Agung. The results showed an improvement in teachers’ understanding and skills in writing scientific papers, as indicated by their ability to produce scientific articles in accordance with proper academic writing standards. In addition, teachers demonstrated positive attitudes and increased motivation to produce scientific works as part of continuous professional development. Therefore, scientific writing training is effective in enhancing teachers’ competencies and can serve as a strategy for teacher professional development in schools.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial infection that requires appropriate antibiotic management to prevent complications and antimicrobial resistance. Ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin are commonly used antibiotics with different clinical indications in UTI treatment. This literature review aims to compare the role of ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin in the management of urinary tract infections. A narrative literature review was conducted using articles published within the last ten years from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases. The review focuses on clinical effectiveness, resistance patterns, and therapeutic considerations. The findings indicate that ceftriaxone is primarily used in moderate to severe or complicated UTIs, particularly in hospitalized patients, whereas ciprofloxacin is more frequently used in uncomplicated UTIs in outpatient settings. However, increasing bacterial resistance and safety concerns limit the empirical use of ciprofloxacin. These findings emphasize the importance of rational antibiotic selection based on clinical conditions and local resistance patterns.  

Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are two highly prevalent non-communicable diseases that often coexist as comorbidities, significantly increasing the risk of cardiovascular complications. The coexistence of these conditions accelerates the onset of atherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, and kidney failure, thereby requiring more comprehensive clinical management. One of the key parameters in diabetes management is fasting blood glucose (FBG), which reflects the balance of glucose metabolism after a fasting period. Chronic hyperglycemia is known to contribute to endothelial dysfunction, increased peripheral vascular resistance, and activation of the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, ultimately leading to elevated blood pressure. This study employed a systematic literature review approach, analyzing articles published between 2021 and 2025. Narrative synthesis was conducted across various study designs, including cross-sectional, cohort, and meta-analysis studies. The findings indicate that most studies support a significant association between FBG levels and blood pressure, although some reported varying results. Cohort studies provide stronger evidence that elevated FBG increases the risk of new-onset hypertension. Age, treatment adherence, and lifestyle factors were also identified as confounding variables influencing outcomes. Overall, the evidence highlights that glycemic control through FBG monitoring is essential in managing hypertension among diabetic patients. Multidisciplinary strategies, patient education, and strengthening of primary healthcare services are required to reduce cardiovascular risks. Longitudinal studies are recommended to deepen the understanding of the relationship between FBG and blood pressure and to reinforce the scientific basis for evidence-based clinical interventions.

Tax compliance is a crucial element in supporting state revenue and reflects the integrity of the public bureaucracy. However, the level of tax compliance among State Civil Apparatus (ASN) in Indonesia still faces various challenges. To date, the literature on ASN tax compliance tends to be partial and does not provide a comprehensive overview of the evolution of theories and emerging methodological trends. This study aims to map the development of research related to ASN tax compliance in Indonesia during the 2020–2024 period through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. This study analyzed ten scientific articles obtained from national academic databases, focusing on the variables, theories, and methods used in previous research. The analysis was conducted qualitatively and descriptively to identify patterns of findings and research gaps. The study results indicate that ASN tax compliance is influenced by factors such as tax knowledge, sanctions, awareness, trust, institutional factors, and digital technology. This study contributes by developing a research map that integrates the Theory of Planned Behavior and Institutional Trust Theory as a basis for fiscal policy for ASN. These results provide a basis for the government to design more effective tax policies and training.

Academic productivity is a vital indicator of student success in higher education, but it is often hampered by the complexity of tasks, transitions in the learning environment, and digital distractions that trigger procrastination. This phenomenon demands a high degree of adaptability so that students do not become trapped in physical and mental exhaustion due to unmanaged workloads. Therefore, this study aims to analyze in depth the causal relationship between time management skills and academic productivity, as well as investigate their role in mitigating academic stress levels in students. The research method applied is a literature review with a qualitative-descriptive approach. The research data was sourced from secondary data in the form of 21 reputable scientific articles (national and international journals) published between 2020 and 2025. The data analysis process was carried out through the stages of data reduction, synthesis of findings, and narrative conclusion drawing to systematically map the relationship between variables. The results and discussion of the study show that time management has a significant positive correlation with improved learning achievement. Specific indicators such as daily schedule planning, priority setting, and self-regulation have been empirically proven to increase task completion efficiency and Grade Point Average (GPA) achievement. Conversely, poor time management was identified as a major predictor of cognitive overload and exhaustion, especially among students with dense curricula such as engineering majors. This study concludes that mastery of time management is not merely a scheduling tool, but a fundamental cognitive strategy that functions as a coping mechanism to maintain mental health and achieve an optimal study-life balance.

Cold compresses or cryotherapy are one of the non-pharmacological therapies often used in nursing practice to help reduce pain, especially in patients with fractures. Fractures are often accompanied by acute pain that can inhibit mobilization, prolong recovery time, and reduce patient comfort. Therefore, a safe, effective, and easy-to-use pain management method is needed. This article was compiled with the aim of identifying and mapping scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of cold compresses in reducing pain intensity in fracture patients. This study used the Arksey and O'Malley model in conducting the analysis, with articles searched through PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for the 2021–2025 publication period. The article selection process followed the PRISMA flow. A review of ten articles showed that most studies used quantitative designs, both experimental and quasi-experimental. The results of the analysis of 11 articles consisted of 8 quantitative articles with experimental and quasi-experimental designs, while 2 articles were case studies. These articles generally discuss the effectiveness of cold compresses in reducing pain intensity in fracture patients using various measurement instruments, such as NRS, VAS, Wong-Baker Faces Scale, and Bourbanis Pain Scale. In addition to reducing pain, several studies also reported that cold compresses can reduce edema, increase mobility, and improve patient comfort. However, variations in the duration, frequency, and method of cold compress application were still found, so there is a need to develop a more standardized protocol in nursing practice.

Mining companies are increasingly required to demonstrate environmental, social, and governance (ESG) accountability through sustainability reporting (SR). However, empirical evidence regarding the impact of SR on firm value in Indonesia’s mining sector remains inconsistent. This study aims to systematically examine the relationship between sustainability reporting and firm value using legitimacy theory as the conceptual framework. A Systematic Literature Review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 protocol, employing narrative and thematic synthesis. Peer-reviewed articles published between 2018 and 2025 were retrieved from Google Scholar, Garuda Portal, and SINTA databases using relevant keywords. From 4,260 initial records, 11 studies met the inclusion criteria after screening, deduplication, and quality appraisal using an adapted CASP checklist. The findings reveal three dominant patterns: most studies report a positive effect of SR on firm value through improved transparency, corporate reputation, and investor confidence; several studies find no significant relationship due to short-term investor orientation; while a minority report negative effects associated with low disclosure quality and greenwashing concerns. Furthermore, the effectiveness of SR is influenced by disclosure quality, corporate governance, profitability, and leverage. This study implies that sustainability reporting can enhance firm value when disclosures are credible, consistent, and material, supporting legitimacy theory and encouraging alignment with the GRI 14: Mining Sector 2024 standard.

Posyandu (Integrated Health Post) is a community based health center that demonstrates community participation in health development. Posyandu provides a variety of integrated services, including family planning, maternal and child health (MCH), nutrition, immunization, and diarrhea management, all implemented simultaneously. Posyandu is also included in the Community-Based Health Efforts (UKBM) and is part of the Village Public Health Institution's activities. This study aims to analyze factors influencing mothers' visits to Posyandu by toddlers. The research method used was a literature review, examining ten relevant scientific articles. The article search was conducted through Google Scholar and Garuda databases, with the inclusion criteria being Indonesian-language articles published within the last five years (2021–2025). The study results indicate that factors influencing mothers' visits to Posyandu include knowledge, attitudes, education, employment, family support, the role of cadres, and access to health services. These findings emphasize the importance of strengthening the role of cadres and family support in increasing Posyandu visits.

This study examines curriculum strategies implemented in five countries Singapore, Finland, Japan, Indonesia, and the United States using a library research approach. The main objective of this research is to analyze similarities, differences, challenges, and strategic orientations in curriculum development across diverse national education systems. Data were collected from scholarly journal articles, government policy documents, and international education reports published by reputable institutions. The analysis indicates that each country adopts distinct curriculum strategies influenced by its socio-cultural context, governance structure, policy priorities, and long-term educational goals. Singapore emphasizes competency-based learning aligned with economic needs, Finland prioritizes flexibility and teacher autonomy, Japan focuses on character education and cultural values, Indonesia continues to adapt its curriculum to improve relevance and equity, while the United States highlights standards-based accountability and innovation. Despite these differences, common patterns emerge, particularly in the emphasis on competency development, integration of 21st-century skills, teacher quality improvement, and curriculum adaptability to global challenges such as digitalization and workforce transformation. The findings suggest that effective curriculum development requires a balance between global educational trends and local contextual needs. This study contributes to comparative education discourse by providing insights that may inform policymakers and educators in designing responsive and sustainable curriculum strategies.

Set theory is one of the fundamental concepts underlying the structure of discrete mathematics and computer science and plays a crucial role in understanding various advanced topics, such as relations, functions, mathematical logic, and other discrete structures. This concept serves as the foundation for developing a systematic and structured mathematical mindset. This paper aims to explain the fundamental concepts of set theory, review its significance in discrete mathematics, and outline how to present sets and basic operations on sets, such as union, intersection, complement, and difference. The method used in this paper is a literature study by reviewing, collecting, reading, and analyzing data from various relevant written sources, both textbooks and scientific articles. Through this study, students are expected to be able to understand set theory more comprehensively. Thus, it can be concluded that set theory is not merely an introductory topic, but rather a formal framework that defines the validity of logic and structure in modern discrete systems.  

Postoperative pain is a common clinical condition experienced by patients after surgical procedures and may hinder the recovery process if not properly managed. In addition to pharmacological therapy, safe and effective non-pharmacological interventions are needed, one of which is early mobilization. This study aimed to analyze the effect of early mobilization on pain reduction in postoperative surgical patients. A scoping review method was conducted based on the Arksey and O’Malley framework. Literature searches were performed using ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases with a PICO strategy, including articles published within the last five years. From a total of 167,948 identified articles, 10 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. The results showed that early mobilization performed gradually and according to patients’ clinical conditions had a significant effect on reducing postoperative pain intensity. In addition, early mobilization was associated with improved comfort, enhanced functional recovery, and faster postoperative rehabilitation without increasing the risk of complications. Although variations were found in the timing and type of mobilization across studies, overall evidence supports that early mobilization is safe and effective. In conclusion, early mobilization can be recommended as an evidence-based nursing intervention for postoperative pain management.

Music education plays a crucial role in supporting the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor development of elementary school students. This study aims to analyze the contribution of music learning to students' thinking skills and identify other developmental aspects that can be enhanced through musical activities. This study employed a qualitative literature review, drawing on relevant scientific articles. The findings indicate that music education in elementary schools can foster and shape students' character values. Teachers can discover students' interests and talents. Furthermore, repeated training can foster cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects, as well as implement positive activities for students. This finding is in line with (Madina Ameliza, Hakim Ardipal, Miaz Ramalis, 2021) They said that music education, as a branch of arts education, plays a vital role in fostering the holistic development of students. Music enhances the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains, and serves as a medium for aesthetic expression and emotional refinement.  

One effort to enhance students’ engagement, learning interest, and conceptual understanding in Natural Science learning at the elementary school level is through the use of interactive learning media that are aligned with learners’ characteristics. Interactive learning media are considered capable of creating a more active and meaningful learning environment. This study aims to evaluate the use of ClassPoint as an interactive learning medium based on live quizzes on the topic of Energy and Its Transformations for fifth-grade elementary school students. The research method employed is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) by examining various relevant and credible scientific articles obtained from the Google Scholar, Garuda, and Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) databases. The findings indicate that the use of ClassPoint in science learning can significantly increase students’ participation, activeness during the learning process, and learning motivation. In addition, students’ responses to the use of ClassPoint generally show positive attitudes, as learning is perceived to be more engaging, interactive, enjoyable, and easier to understand. However, the successful implementation of ClassPoint in elementary school science learning requires adequate facilities and infrastructure as well as teacher training. The challenges encountered include limitations in technological infrastructure, the readiness of supporting devices, and teachers’ ability to effectively optimize the features of learning media.