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Danial Y. Husuna; Syarwani Canon; Ardiansyah, Ardiansyah; Meyko Panigoro; Rierind Koniyo

Dinamika Pembelajaran : Jurnal Pendidikan dan bahasa 2026 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

This study aimed to analyze the effect of using interactive PowerPoint media on the learning outcomes of eighth-grade students at SMP Negeri 3 Kabila. The study was motivated by the relatively low student learning outcomes in Social Studies, as indicated by the number of students who had not yet achieved the minimum mastery criteria, as well as the limited use of technology-based instructional media in classroom learning. This research employed a quantitative approach with a correlational design. The population and sample consisted of 50 eighth-grade students. Data were collected through questionnaires, observation, interviews, and documentation. The data were analyzed using simple linear regression after the instruments had met validity and reliability requirements and the data were normally distributed. The findings revealed that the use of interactive PowerPoint media had a positive and significant effect on student learning outcomes. This was indicated by a t-value of 6.184, which was higher than the t-table value of 2.008 at a 5 percent significance level. The correlation coefficient of 0.666 indicated a strong relationship, while the coefficient of determination of 0.443 showed that 44.3 percent of the variance in students’ learning outcomes was explained by the use of interactive PowerPoint media. Therefore, interactive PowerPoint media can be considered an effective instructional alternative to support the improvement of student learning outcomes.

Satrio Nugroho; Dwi Jatmoko; Mike Elly Anitasari; Widiyatmoko Widiyatmoko; Muklis Muklis

Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Teknik 2026 Pusat riset dan Inovasi Nasional

This study aims to analyze the effect of direct learning on engine components toward students' vehicle diagnostic abilities in vocational education. Employing a quantitative approach with an ex post facto design, the sample consisted of 80 students selected using simple random sampling from a population of 100 students. Data were collected using validated and reliable questionnaires. The data analysis techniques included descriptive statistics, classical assumption tests, and simple linear regression analysis. The results show that direct learning has a positive and significant effect on students’ vehicle diagnostic abilities, with a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05 and a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.264. This indicates that direct learning contributes 26.4% to the improvement of students' diagnostic abilities. The findings emphasize the importance of practical, hands-on learning approaches in vocational education. These approaches not only enhance students' understanding of automotive theory but also improve their diagnostic skills. The study highlights that systematic learning and direct interaction with engine components are key factors in developing students' competencies, making them more effective in real-world vehicle diagnostics.

Romdah Romansyah

Bhinneka: Jurnal Bintang Pendidikan dan Bahasa 2026 Universitas Palan

This study aims to analyze the factors that influence cognitive development and the role of learning motivation in the learning process of teacher training students. Using a quantitative approach with a descriptive correlational design, this study involved 120 students from four study programs at the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education (FKIP) Galuh University, selected by purposive sampling from active students who regularly participate in lectures. The instruments used were a cognitive development questionnaire based on Piaget's theory and Bloom's taxonomy, and a learning motivation questionnaire with a Likert scale of 1–5. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and simple and multiple linear regression. The results showed that cognitive development (β = 0.43, p < 0.01) and learning motivation (β = 0.37, p < 0.05) each had a significant influence on student achievement. A strong positive correlation between the two variables indicates a mutually supportive relationship. Academic environmental factors, independent learning strategies, and lecturer support were identified as the main drivers of cognitive development. These findings emphasize the need for higher education to integrate learning approaches that address students' cognitive development while simultaneously fostering intrinsic motivation to improve learning quality and future professional readiness.

Al Rasyid, Aly; Rafli Putra Pratama; Zalzabila Arzeta Putri; Mohammad Daffa Nugraha; Andre Suryaningprang

JURNAL EKONOMI BISNIS DAN MANAJEMEN (JISE) 2026 CV. ALIM'SPUBLISHING

Abstract. This study aims to determine the effect of Work-Life Imbalance on Customer Service Performance among banking employees who are also university students in Bandung City. Dual roles as employees and students have the potential to create an imbalance between work and academic life, which may affect the quality of customer service. This study employed a quantitative approach with a sample of 25 respondents consisting of active banking employees who are currently pursuing higher education. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using simple linear regression with the assistance of IBM SPSS software. The results indicate that Work-Life Imbalance has a significant effect on Customer Service Performance. The coefficient of determination (R Square) value of 0.837 shows that the Work-Life Imbalance variable explains 83.7% of the variance in Customer Service Performance, while the remaining percentage is influenced by other variables outside the scope of this study. Therefore, banking companies are expected to provide appropriate support for employees who carry dual roles as workers and students.

Siti Ambarwati; Armansyah Walian; Erdah Litriani

Maslahah : Jurnal Manajemen dan Ekonomi Syariah 2026 STAI YPIQ BAUBAU, SULAWESI TENGGARA

This study aims to analyze the influence of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs on community welfare. The research employs two variables, namely Corporate Social Responsibility as the independent variable and Community Welfare as the dependent variable. The population of this study consists of residents in Sidomulyo Village, with a sample of 97 respondents selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews using a Likert scale that had been tested for validity and reliability. The data analysis method applied in this research is simple regression analysis. The results indicate that Corporate Social Responsibility has a positive and significant effect on community welfare. This finding suggests that well-implemented CSR programs contribute to improving the quality of life, increasing income, strengthening social relationships, and enhancing access to education and health services. Furthermore, CSR programs also support sustainable community development by empowering local communities and improving social and economic conditions. Therefore, CSR plays a strategic role in fostering long-term welfare and development within the community.

Amanda Bella Shakira; Yandra Rivaldo; Rosita Septiani

Jurnal Manajemen Riset Inovasi 2026 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

The purpose of this study is to examine how online promotion, product innovation, and brand image affect product competitiveness in Batam City's flower bucket equipment industry (CV Acmeteam). This study employs a quantitative methodology, gathering information from 100 respondents via questionnaires using Simple Random Sampling with Slovin formula from a population of 135 active customers. Data were analyzed through validity tests, reliability tests (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.750), classical assumption tests (normality, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity), multiple linear regression, partial t-test, simultaneous F-test, and coefficient of determination (R²). Results show that all questionnaire items are valid and reliable. The normality test (Asymp. Sig. = 0.866 > 0.05) indicates normally distributed data, and no multicollinearity (VIF < 10) or heteroscedasticity (Sig. > 0.05) was detected. Regression analysis reveals that online promotion (β = 0.521, Sig. = 0.041), product innovation (β = 0.668, Sig. = 0.033), and brand image (β = 0.458, Sig. = 0.049) each significantly influence product competitiveness. Simultaneously, all three variables are significant (F = 9.876, Sig. = 0.000) and explain 44.9% (R² = 0.449) of product competitiveness variance. Product innovation is the strongest predictor. This study concludes that strong brand image, continuous product innovation, and effective digital marketing are essential pillars for enhancing product competitiveness. Business actors must optimize these three elements to compete effectively in an increasingly open creative industry market.

Oktavian Tri Pandowo; Yusuf Azka Junianto

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2026 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the effect of employer branding on the job interest of Generation Z in digital companies. The background of this research is based on the increasing competition among companies in attracting young talents, especially Generation Z, who have unique characteristics such as being highly adaptive to technology, prioritizing work-life balance, and having high expectations toward the workplace environment. Employer branding has become an essential strategy for companies to build an attractive and competitive image as an employer. This study employs a quantitative approach using a survey method. Data were collected through an online questionnaire distributed to 100 respondents from Generation Z who are seeking jobs or interested in working in digital companies. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Data analysis techniques include validity testing, reliability testing, simple linear regression analysis, and t-test. The results indicate that employer branding has a positive and significant effect on Generation Z’s job interest. This implies that the better the company’s image as an employer, the higher the interest of Generation Z to work in the company. This study suggests that digital companies need to strengthen their employer branding strategies to attract and retain young talents.

Alouisius Freddy Kurnia Sandy; Yugi Setyarko

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2026 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the influence of Relationship Marketing (X1), Service Quality (X2) and Brand Attachment (X3) on Member Loyalty (Y) at the Usaha Sejahtera Credit Cooperative. The sample used was 100 respondents, with the sampling method using non-probability sampling with simple random sampling technique. The initial analysis on the research instrument, by transforming ordinal data to interval data using the Method of Successive Interval (MSI) then the data was further analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solutions) version 31. The data analysis carried out was Validity Test, Reliability Test, Classical Assumption Test (Normality Test, Multicollinearity Test, Heteroscedasticity Test (Glejser Test), Linearity Test, Correlation, Multiple Linear Regression and Coefficient of Determination), Hypothesis Test (t test). The results of the study showed that Relationship Marketing (X1) partially had a significant effect on Member Loyalty (Y). Service Quality (X2) partially had a significant effect on Member Loyalty (Y). Brand Attachment (X3) has a partial and significant influence on Member Loyalty (Y).

Sinta Fatmala Sari; Diana Ambarwati; Angga Permana Mahaputra

Jurnal Penelitian Manajemen dan Inovasi Riset 2026 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This study aims to determine the effect of product quality and service quality on consumer purchasing decisions, both partially and simultaneously, at Chickenday Restaurant Trenggalek. The method used is a quantitative approach with data processing in numerical form to objectively test the relationship between variables. The research was conducted at Chickenday Restaurant, located on Jl. Soekarno Hatta No. 20 Trenggalek. The research population consists of all consumers during the period of May–June 2025, the exact number of which is unknown. The sampling technique utilized probability sampling with a simple random sampling method, resulting in 96 respondents based on the Lemeshow formula. The data include primary data through questionnaires and observations, as well as secondary data from various sources. Data analysis was performed using multiple linear regression, t-test, and F-test. The results indicate that product quality and service quality have a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions, both partially and simultaneously, with service quality being the more dominant variable.

M. Reza Brahmana; Mulia Inda Purwati; Mukti Hadianto

Jurnal Kajian dan Penalaran Ilmu Manajemen 2026 CV. Aksara Global Akademia

This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of the Current Ratio (CR) on Return on Equity (ROE) at PT Kino Indonesia Tbk for the period 2015–2025. This research employs a quantitative approach with an associative research design. The data used are secondary data obtained from the company's annual financial statements. The data analysis techniques include classical assumption tests, simple linear regression analysis, partial t-test, and coefficient of determination (R²). The results show that the Current Ratio has a negative and significant effect on Return on Equity. This is indicated by a regression coefficient value of -0.489 and a significance value of 0.001 (< 0.05). In addition, the coefficient of determination (R Square) is 0.734, which means that 73.4% of the variation in Return on Equity can be explained by the Current Ratio, while the remaining 26.6% is influenced by other factors outside this study. These findings indicate that excessively high liquidity tends to reduce the company’s profitability, suggesting inefficient management of current assets. Therefore, companies need to maintain a balance between liquidity and profitability to improve overall financial performance

Violla Agatha; Marwan Setiawan; Adria Wuri Lastari

Jurnal Kajian dan Penalaran Ilmu Manajemen 2026 CV. Aksara Global Akademia

This study aims to analyze the effect of the Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) on Return on Assets (ROA) at PT Sumber Alfaria Trijaya Tbk during the period 2015–2025. This research uses a quantitative approach with an associative method to examine the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The data used are secondary data obtained from the company’s quarterly financial statements over the research period, with a total sample of 44 observations selected using a saturated sampling technique. The data analysis methods applied in this study include classical assumption tests to ensure the feasibility of the regression model, simple linear regression analysis to determine the direction and magnitude of the relationship between variables, t-test to examine the significance of the effect, and the coefficient of determination (R²) to measure the extent to which the independent variable explains the dependent variable. The results of the study show that the Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) has a negative and significant effect on Return on Assets (ROA). This is evidenced by a significance value of 0.000, which is lower than 0.05, and a t-statistic value of -8.469. The regression equation indicates that an increase in DER leads to a decrease in ROA. Furthermore, the coefficient of determination (R²) value of 0.631 shows that DER explains 63.1% of the variation in ROA, while the remaining 36.9% is influenced by other variables outside the model

Faridatul A’la; Titin Agustin Nengsih; Victor Diwantara

Jurnal Kajian dan Penalaran Ilmu Manajemen 2026 CV. Aksara Global Akademia

This research is motivated by the fluctuation in income of areca nut farmers in Lagan Tengah Village, Geragai District, East Tanjung Jabung Regency, which has decreased in recent years. This condition is suspected to be caused by high production costs and unstable areca nut selling prices at the farm level. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of production costs and selling prices on areca nut farmer income in Lagan Tengah Village. This research used a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis. The study population was all 1,105 areca nut farmers in Lagan Tengah Village, while the sample size was 92 people, selected using simple random sampling based on the Slovin formula with a 10% margin of error. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, observations, and documentation. Data analysis was performed using the classical assumption test, the t-test (partial), the F-test (simultaneous), and the coefficient of determination (R²) test. The results showed that production costs had a partial and significant negative effect on areca nut farmer income, while selling prices had a positive and significant effect on areca nut farmer income. Simultaneously, both variables—production costs and selling prices—have a significant impact on the income of areca nut farmers in Lagan Tengah Village. The coefficient of determination (R²) indicates that production costs and selling prices are able to explain variations in areca nut farmer income quite strongly. From these results, it can be concluded that improving production cost efficiency and stabilizing areca nut selling prices are important factors in increasing the income of areca nut farmers in Lagan Tengah Village. The local government and related institutions are expected to support farmers through subsidy policies, increased market access, and fostering farm management to optimize and sustain farmer income.

Dwi Wara Sari; Adria Wuri Lastari; Mulia Inda Purwati

Jurnal Kajian dan Penalaran Ilmu Manajemen 2026 CV. Aksara Global Akademia

This study aims to examine the effect of the use of the Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS) as part of digital payment instruments on the personal financial management of employees at PT. Alkana Diza Nusantara in the era of a cashless society. The rapid development of financial technology has encouraged a shift in transaction behavior from cash to cashless systems, making it important to understand its impact on individual financial management more comprehensively. This study employs a quantitative approach with a causal associative research design to analyze the relationship between variables. The population consists of 42 employees, with total sampling used as the sampling technique. Data were collected through a Likert-scale questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis techniques include classical assumption tests, simple linear regression analysis, t-test, and the coefficient of determination (R²) to measure the extent of the independent variable’s influence on the dependent variable. The results show that the use of QRIS has a positive and significant effect on personal financial management. This is evidenced by a regression coefficient of 0.923 and a significance value of 0.000 (<0.05). Furthermore, the coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.735 indicates that QRIS usage explains 73.5% of the variation in personal financial management, while the remaining 26.5% is influenced by other variables outside the scope of this study. These findings suggest that digital payment usage can enhance the effectiveness, efficiency, and discipline of individual financial management

Naela Farkhati; Agus Supriatna

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan 2026 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the effect of financial literacy and lifestyle on financial management of students of the Management Study Program at Universitas Pamulang. This research uses a quantitative method with an associative approach, with data collected through questionnaires distributed to 160 respondents. Data analysis was conducted using validity tests, reliability tests, classical assumption tests, simple and multiple linear regression analysis, t-test, F-test, and coefficient of determination (R²). The results show that partially financial literacy has a positive and significant effect on financial management with a t-value of 7,161 > t-table 1.975 and a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05, while lifestyle also has a positive and significant effect with a t-value of 6,881 > t-table 1.975 and a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05. Simultaneously, financial literacy and lifestyle have a significant effect on financial management with an F-value of 853.671 > F-table 3.05 and a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05. The coefficient of determination of 0.916 indicates that 91,6% of the variation in students’ financial management is explained by financial literacy and lifestyle, while the remaining 8,4% is influenced by other factors outside this study.

Siti Nuryanah; Nurhapsari, Risma

Jurnal Ilmiah Komputerisasi Akuntansi 2026 Universitas Sains dan Teknologi Komputer

This study aims to examine the extent to which taxpayers’ attitudes toward e-filing influence tax compliance, with the implementation of e-filing positioned as a mediating variable among employees of PT Selalu Cinta Indonesia (SCI) registered at the Primary Tax Office (KPP Pratama) of Salatiga City. The population comprised 18,244 employees, from which a sample of 100 respondents was selected using purposive sampling. Data were processed and analyzed using simple linear regression and path analysis. The results indicate that attitudes toward e-filing have a significant effect on taxpayer compliance (t = 7.708; sig. < 0.001) and also significantly influence the level of e-filing implementation (t = 7.644; sig. < 0.001). Furthermore, the implementation of e-filing has a significant impact on taxpayer compliance (t = 150.765; sig. < 0.001). Additional findings reveal that e-filing implementation acts as a partial mediator in the relationship between attitudes toward e-filing and taxpayer compliance, with a total effect value of 1.225. Overall, these findings reinforce the Theory of Planned Behavior framework, which posits that positive attitudes toward a system can foster the formation of specific behaviors, particularly in the context of tax compliance.

Geby Thalia Putri; Indra Wirawan; Muhajir Muhajir

Fauna: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hewani 2026 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Tanaman Dan Hewani Indonesia

Vaname shrimp (Litopenaeus Vannamei) is one of Indonesia's fishery commodities with high economic value. Vaname shrimp production in Indonesia continues to increase. However, obstacles sometimes arise in cultivation activities, such as the emergence of shrimp diseases and poor water quality. High stocking density and shrimp feeding can cause a decline in water quality. In addition, pond water quality is influenced by pond location and the surrounding environment, such as agriculture, settlements, mangroves, and the sea. This causes ponds to have different water qualities. One of the diseases that often attacks shrimp farming is caused by the bacterium Vibrio sp. The abundance of Vibrio sp. bacteria is closely related to pond water quality and the environmental conditions around the pond. The methods used were TPC testing and multiple linear regression testing. Based on the results of the study, the abundance of Vibrio sp. bacteria in pond A was the highest at 8.3 x 102, and pond C had the lowest at 3.1 x 102. Water quality testing in three different ponds showed safe limits for cultivation, except for nitrite testing. Based on the simple linear regression test, the water quality parameters that significantly affect the abundance of Vibrio sp. bacteria are pH, temperature, and nitrite.  

Rinto Francius Sirait; Merlin Santinus; Suhartono Suhartono

Jurnal Pendidikan, Bahasa dan Budaya 2026 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Pastoral care within the Voice of Truth Gospel Church throughout North Sumatra has experienced a decline in quality in fostering the maturity of faith and the spiritual life of the congregation. The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which emotional intelligence influences the quality of pastoral care within the Voice of Truth Gospel Church throughout North Sumatra. This study uses a quantitative approach. The data obtained were analyzed using simple linear regression techniques. This study proves that: Based on data reduction, it is known that the emotional intelligence of pastors, administrators, and servants of the Voice of Truth Gospel Church in the North Sumatra region is in the high category; Based on the results of data reduction, it is also known that the majority of respondents assess that pastoral care within the Voice of Truth Gospel Church throughout North Sumatra has been running quite effectively; Emotional Intelligence has a positive and significant effect on the variable of Pastoral Care Quality. This can be seen from the calculated t (8.857) > t table (1.65437) and Sig. (0.000) < 0.05, and based on the results of the coefficient of determination test, it is known that the Quality of Herding is influenced by the Emotional Intelligence variable with a value of 61.2% and the remaining 39.8% is influenced by other variables outside this study.

Rohulloh Faturahman; Rosita Anggraini

Kajian Administrasi Publik dan ilmu Komunikasi 2026 Asosiasi Peneliti Dan Pengajar Ilmu Sosial Indonesia

Cine Crib is a YouTube channel that routinely reviews both international and Indonesian films, with a primary focus on Indonesian cinema. The review content, presented in a relaxed, informative, and entertaining manner, possesses significant potential to influence audience decisions to watch films in cinemas. In the digital era, social media platforms, including YouTube, have emerged as primary information sources that play a vital role in shaping consumer perceptions, preferences, and behaviors concerning movie-watching interest, particularly in theaters. This study aims to determine the influence and the magnitude of the impact of review content on the Cine Crib YouTube channel toward the interest in watching films in cinemas. The research employs a quantitative approach utilizing a survey method. Data were collected by distributing questionnaires to 100 respondents consisting of Cine Crib channel subscribers. Data analysis includes validity and reliability tests, simple linear regression, t-tests, F-tests, and the calculation of the coefficient of determination ($R^2$). Research findings indicate that film review content on YouTube has a positive and significant influence on the interest in watching films in cinemas, albeit with a weak correlation. Variations in watching interest are influenced by film review content, while the remaining factors are influenced by variables outside the scope of this study. Consequently, the Cine Crib channel represents an effective strategy for increasing interest in cinema-going.

Maharani Salsabila Putri Riyadi; Tuti Alawiyah

Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Sosial, Politik dan Hukum 2026 Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

This study investigates the impact of social support and learning motivation on students' desire to pursue higher education at SMA Negeri 4 in South Tangerang City. It employs a quantitative design through survey methods, collecting data via a Google Form questionnaire from 84 participants, with instruments validated and tested for reliability using SPSS version 27. Analysis involved simple and multiple linear regression, supplemented by t-tests for individual effects and F-tests for combined influences. Social support (X1) significantly affects interest in further education (Y), showing a regression coefficient of 1.521 (p = 0.000) and R² of 0.649. Learning motivation (X2) likewise exerts a strong positive influence on interest in higher education (Y), with a coefficient of 1.307 (p = 0.000) and R² of 0.691. Together, these factors significantly predict students' interest (F = 106.418, p = 0.000), explaining 72.4% of the variance (multiple R² = 0.724), while 27.6% stems from unexamined variables. These results highlight the critical role of social support and robust learning motivation in boosting students' aspirations for advanced studies. Schools, families, and policymakers can leverage these insights to craft targeted initiatives for enhancing postsecondary enrollment. These results highlight the critical role of social support and robust learning motivation in boosting students' aspirations for advanced studies. Schools, families, and policymakers can leverage these insights to craft targeted initiatives for enhancing postsecondary enrollment.

Ismed Batubara; Rini Novita; Dhani DS Hasibuan; Hengky Syahyunan; Indra Fajar

International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 2026 Asosiasi Penelitian dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

This study aims to examine the influence of local wisdom as a living law on personal data protection behavior, as well as assess the role of Islamic law ethics and digital literacy in the context of intimate digital crime in Indonesia. The background of this research is based on the increasing cases of misuse of personal data in the digital space that have not been fully responded to effectively through formal legal approaches. The method used a quantitative approach with a correlational explanatory design. Data were obtained through the distribution of a questionnaire based on the Likert scale to 150 respondents who were selected purposively, then analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and simple linear regression. The results showed that local wisdom of alwasliyahan had a positive and significant influence on personal data protection behavior (β = 0.42; p < 0.05). Islamic legal ethics serve as a mediating variable that strengthens the relationship, while digital literacy provides a positive influence at a moderate level. These findings show that the internalization religious and cultural values plays an important role in shaping individual awareness and behavior in protecting personal data in the digital era. The conclusion of this study emphasizes that local wisdom can function effectively as a living law in supporting the protection of personal data. This research makes theoretical contribution the development of the study of Islamic law and the sociology of law, as well as practical implications for policy formulation that integrates formal regulations, cultural values, and digital literacy.