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The production of pharmaceutical sterile products requires strict procedures to minimize the risk of microbial, particulate and pyrogen contamination that can be harmful to the user's health. The selection of the right sterilization method is the key to achieving the desired stability of the final product. Filtration sterilization is one of the oldest methods used for pharmaceutical sterile products. There are two types of feed flow in the method, namely through flow filtration and tangential flow filtration. This review article is prepared through literature search and download of national or international journals with inclusion or exclusion criteria that have been set. Literature sources are accessed online from various sites such as Google Scholar and Pubmed in the range of 2014-2024. The keywords used for journal searches are sterilization, through flow filtration, and tangential flow filtration. This review article reviews and compares the two methods to understand the differences, mechanism of action, and research objectives based on the review article on membrane filtration sterilization. This review aims to provide a better insight into the advantages and disadvantages of each membrane filtration sterilization method, as well as guidance in choosing the appropriate method based on the characteristics of the product to be sterilized. The results showed that through flow filtration is more commonly used in small volume and batch processes because of its simple design, but has limitations in reducing membrane fouling. In contrast, tangential flow filtration allows for continuous processing of larger volumes, with the advantage of minimizing particle build-up on the membrane surface, thus extending membrane life. The choice of method is also influenced by factors such as particle size, viscosity of the solution, sensitivity to heat, as well as operating costs. An in-depth understanding of the Working Principle and application of each method is essential for the pharmaceutical industry to ensure the quality, safety and efficiency of the production process. Thus, this review is expected to be a reference for researchers and practitioners in determining the optimal filtration sterilization strategy according to product needs.

Creativity is the fundamental trait a teacher has to have.  Creative teachers can be recognized by their capacity to use several approaches and modify instructional methods to fit other learning environments.  This study intends to investigate the imaginative techniques used by Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers to inspire students' enthusiasm in memorizing short surahs at the elementary school level, also to know the supporting factors of it.  To capture the lived experiences of participants, a qualitative research design using a phenomenological method was applied.  In-depth interviews with Islamic Religious Education teachers, three students, and two parents yielded primary data.  These interviews aimed to collect ideas on the teachers' inventiveness in creating interesting memorizing exercises, their strategies for inspiring pupils, and the obstacles they face. The results show that students' motivation is much improved by the regular application of the muraja'ah (revision) technique in weekly memorization exercises.  Encouraging students' desire to memorize brief surahs was the inventiveness of PAI teachers.  The study also emphasizes, therefore, that the effectiveness of these memorization exercises at SDN Gulun 3 is significantly influenced by parental support and good rivalry among students.  These elements working together produce a synergistic environment that motivates pupils to be more dedicated and eager in learning brief surahs. Keywords: Creativity, Islamic Religious Education (PAI), Muraja’ah Method.

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the demonstration method in improving the understanding of the concept of force in grade 1 elementary school students. The approach used is a literature study by reviewing various current scientific sources from 2021 to 2025. The results of the study show that the demonstration method is able to transform abstract concepts into concrete experiences that are easy for students to understand. Through demonstrations, students can see firsthand the application of force in everyday life, making it easier to understand. This method also increases students' active involvement, trains observation skills, and supports visual and kinesthetic learning styles. In its implementation, the success of the demonstration method is largely determined by the readiness of the teacher, the use of simple language, a variety of teaching aids, and repetition of activities to strengthen memory. Common obstacles faced include limited tools, time, and teacher skills in designing effective demonstrations. Therefore, school support and collaboration between teachers are key to optimizing the implementation of this method. In conclusion, the demonstration method is an effective learning strategy to improve the understanding of the concept of force, because it is in accordance with the cognitive development stage of early elementary school students who are in the concrete operational phase.   Keywords: demonstration method, concept of force, elementary school students, science learning, concrete activities  

This study aims to (1) Develop learning media using Articulate Storyline 3 based on android on the elements of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia in phase E of SMA Negeri 1 Sukoharjo; (2) Measure the feasibility of the product of the development of learning media using Articulate Storyline 3 based on android on the elements of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia in phase E of SMA Negeri 1 Sukoharjo. The results of this study are (1) the development of learning media based on android on the elements of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia in the form of an application containing learning materials, learning videos and evaluations (multiple choice tests). (2) The development product was validated by experts with the results of the feasibility test based on the validation of material experts of 76.25%, and the validation of media experts of 82%. Furthermore, a limited trial was conducted with a score of 90.1% and the results of the extensive trial obtained a score of 89.2%. The results of the effectiveness test using N-gain on class X E8 students obtained a score of 0.76 and on class X.E11 students obtained a score of 0.75. Keywords: Learning Media, DBR, Articulate Storyline 3, Pancasila Education

This study aims to explore the perceptions of Child Welfare Institutions (LKSA) regarding the Orphan Assistance Program (YAPI), implemented through the SIKS-GIS application. A qualitative approach was employed, involving subjects such as Social Service officials, LKSA administrators, and children who benefit from the program. The focus of the research is on LKSA's perceptions of the SIKS-GIS application, with data collected through interviews and observations, and validated using source and method triangulation. The findings indicate that the YAPI program is well-received by orphaned children in Karanganyar, positively impacting their emotional well-being and daily needs. While the application facilitates access, challenges such as data overlap and technical issues persist.  Keywords: Orphan Assistance, SIKS-GIS, Child Welfare Institutions (LKSA), Communication, Efficiency, Limitations, Ongoing Support

The purpose of this study is (1) to understand the ways and applications to improve the character of civic disposition-based manners  in grade XI students at Colomadu High School, (2) for what are the obstacles when improving the character of civic disposition-based manners  in grade XI students through PPKn learning, (3) to find out the efforts to overcome  obstacles in improving the character of students' manners. A qualitative research method with a type of case study that determines the views of the subject studied and observed in detail and in depth. The location of this research is at SMA N Colomadu. This research involved the Principal, Vice Principal for Student Affairs, PPKn Teachers, and Students.  Interviews, documentation, and observations were used in this study. The study uses source triangulation in checking the validity of the data and triangulation techniques to show the suitability of the research material with the reality in the field. The data analysis technique used is an interactive qualitative descriptive model that begins with data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawn. The results of the study show that (1) the activities carried out by the school are activities with parents such as routine parenting activities, and students are always given motivation, literacy, and spirituality regarding the importance of civic disposition-based manners. (2) The obstacles faced by students do not understand the importance of politeness and cannot sort out negative things on social media and association. (3) Activities carried out as an improvement in the character  of civic disposition-based manners  in PPKn learning are by using project-based methods or analyzing case studies to improve students' polite character. They are given direction and guidance so that they have a good relationship and have morals that are in accordance with manners. Keywords: Character of Manners, Civic Disposition, Students, PPKn Learning  

The enactment of Law No. 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (KUHP) has brought a number of controversies, one of which is related to the revival of provisions regarding the criminal act of insulting the President and Vice President. This article aims to critically examine these provisions in the perspective of the freedom of expression guaranteed by the Indonesian constitution and international human rights instruments. This research uses a normative juridical approach with an analysis of the norms in the new Criminal Code, the 1945 Constitution, as well as international treaties such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The results of the study show that although the provision of insulting the President in the Criminal Code is only referred to as a complaint offense and is framed to protect the dignity of state institutions, the provision still has the potential to limit freedom of opinion excessively. In addition to risking opening a loophole for criminalization of legitimate public criticism, this rule also has the potential to contradict the principles of non-discrimination and accountability of public officials in a democratic country. Therefore, an in-depth evaluation of the formulation of norms and their application is needed so that they do not conflict with the spirit of democracy and the protection of human rights.   Keywords: , , , , .

The problem faced by Kelurahan Kebagusan is that there is no structured system in determining the allocation of aid funds to the community, so the distribution process is often uneven and less targeted. So far, the determination of aid recipients is only based on subjective observations and manual assessments that have the potential to cause ineffectiveness in decision making. Therefore, a decision support system was designed to assist the kelurahan in prioritizing beneficiaries objectively and transparently. This system uses the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method, which allows the assessment process to be carried out based on the weights of several predetermined criteria, such as economic conditions, number of dependents, employment status, and home ownership. The result of this system development is a desktop-based application using the Java programming language, which is expected to help the kelurahan in managing data and performing calculations quickly and accurately, so that the allocation of aid funds can be more targeted and fair.   Keywords: Decision Support System, Simple Additive Weighting, Fund Allocation, Kebagusan Village.

This study aims to identify the description of Commitment and Marital life Satisfaction. This study uses the systematic literature review (SLR) method, in order to answer research questions in a structured manner, by referring to the PRISMA 2020 model by reviewing 100 articles with keywords, namely (1) marriage commitment, (2) marriage satisfaction, and (3) commitment and marital life satisfaction. This research used the EndNote X9 application to obtain 5 articles from the Google Scholar database with the help of Harzing Publish or Perish (PoP). The results of this study show that commitment and marital life satisfaction are interrelated in maintaining marital harmony. Commitment, demonstrated through responsibility, support, and long-term orientation, is the foundation of marital stability. Couples with high commitment are better able to deal with challenges such as age difference or long distance thanks to open communication and effective conflict resolution. Factors such as religion, social support and the presence of children also affect satisfaction. Religious values strengthen relationship resilience, while unfulfilled expectations for children can decrease satisfaction.

Mathematics learning does not only focus on students' mastery of numbers, but also functions significantly in developing the ability to solve problems holistically. This skill is not something that is taught separately, but is integrated into the entire educational process, offering a real context so that mathematical concepts and abilities can be understood and applied. One approach that is highly recommended to achieve this is Problem Based Learning (PBL). This method has been proven effective in improving students' critical thinking skills through exploration and solving relevant problems, allowing students' knowledge to grow in a constructive way. The low achievement in problem-solving competency in Indonesia is a strong reason to apply PBL in mathematics teaching. This study aims to analyze the literature on the application of PBL to improve students' problem-solving abilities. Data were collected and analyzed from relevant journals, and testing and comparison of results were carried out to identify patterns and results from previous studies. In addition, this study also applies a bibliometric approach to explore publication trends, keywords, and the development of themes related to PBL in mathematics education. The analysis was carried out using VOSviewer software to map the relationship between topics and the progress of PBL research themes in the world of mathematics education.

This study aims to analyze the trends and development of research related to the use of Geogebra in improving the understanding of the concept of revival with a bibliometric approach. Data was collected from the Google Scholar database using the Publish or Perish (PoP) application in the 2020-2025 time span. The initial identification results found 393 documents, which were then filtered to obtain 11 documents worthy of analysis. The analysis was conducted with the help of VOSviewer software to map keywords, annual trends, and research topic density. The results showed that the number of publications increased significantly since 2021, with peaks in 2022 and 2023. Network, overlay, and density visualizations show that the topic of Geogebra usage is growing and diversifying, with a focus on interactive learning models, student abilities, and visual understanding of the concept of congruence. This research makes an important contribution to literature mapping and opens up opportunities for further research in the field of mathematics education technology.

This research discusses the legal protection for children involved in drug abuse as transaction intermediaries. The main focus of this research is the application of rehabilitation in the juvenile criminal justice system, emphasizing the importance of recovery rather than punishment. This research utilizes the normative literature method and approaches legislation, cases, and conceptual. The decision was analyzed to determine the form of legal protection that can be given to children with drug abuse cases. The findings indicate that Law No. 11/2012 on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System emphasizes that children must receive protection from the investigation stage until the legal process takes place. However, in practice, judges still often impose prison sentences without considering aspects of social and medical rehabilitation. This research recommends that the justice system prioritize rehabilitation to ensure optimal recovery and social reintegration of children, which is in line with child protection theory and restorative justice theory. Keywords: Legal Protection, Children, Rehabilitation  

Chamomile flowers (Matricaria chamomilla) are known to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antipruritic properties that may be beneficial in the treatment of dermatitis, especially in children. Atopic and contact dermatitis are common skin conditions that often cause itching, inflammation, and discomfort. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of chamomile flowers in reducing dermatitis symptoms in children through a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases using relevant keywords. The analysis results indicate that topical application of chamomile extract significantly reduces inflammation and itching compared to a placebo and is nearly comparable to mild corticosteroids. However, further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm its effectiveness and safety.

This study aims to analyze the inconsistency of paragraphs in articles published in the November 2024 edition of Larise magazine. The approach used in this study is qualitative descriptive with data collection methods in the form of observation and recording. The results of the analysis revealed that the incongruity of the paragraphs was caused by several factors, such as the lack of transitional sentences, irregular order of details, and unnecessary repetition of words. Although some paragraphs have implemented the cohesion element correctly, some sections still struggle to connect ideas effectively, making it difficult for readers to follow the flow of the article. These findings show the importance of increasing the use of cohesion techniques to make texts more structure and easy to understand. Magazine writers and editors are advised to improve the application of cohesion elements to improve the cohesion of the text and make it easier for readers to follow the flow of thought. Thus, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the application of cohesion techniques in print media writing and highlights the need for improvement in these areas to achieve more effective communication. Keywords: cohesion; paragraph incompatibility; majalah larise

Colic abdomen is abdominal pain that comes and goes, originating from organs within the abdomen, and is usually caused by infections in those organs. The clinical symptoms of colic abdomen include abdominal cramps, distension, vomiting, and pain when the abdomen is pressed. The pain associated with colic abdomen reduces focus on the surrounding environment due to the attention being centered on the pain and decreases the quality of life due to the discomfort experienced. Therefore, proper management is crucial, particularly through pain management. To gather scientific evidence on the effectiveness of implementing dzikir therapy in reducing pain levels in patients with colic abdomen. A literature study was conducted using databases such as Google Scholar, Garuda, and PubMed with article publications from 2019 to 2025. The literature search strategy involved keywords relevant to the topic and research title, using standard Boolean operators "AND" and "OR." The keywords used included: "Non-Pharmacology Therapy" OR "Spiritually" AND "Acute Pain" OR "Colic Abdomen" AND "Emergency." The analysis resulted in 5 articles discussing the application of non-pharmacological therapy, specifically dzikir therapy, which can be performed on patients experiencing pain. These studies have demonstrated positive effects in reducing pain in patients suffering from abdominal pain.

This study aims to describe the importance of ethical and cultural leadership in education, especially in creating a conducive learning environment, which not only focuses on academic achievement, but also on the formation of students' moral character. One of the main challenges in the world of education today is the decline in polite behavior and moral ethics in the school environment, which results in rampant violations of social and religious norms. Ethical and cultural leadership is expected to provide solutions to this problem by instilling strong moral values and maintaining the sustainability of cultural values. This study uses a qualitative approach with a library research method to analyze the concept of ethical and cultural leadership. The results of the study show that ethical educational leaders must uphold the principles of justice, responsibility, and transparency in every action, while cultural leaders must be able to maintain and adapt cultural values to remain relevant to the times. These two types of leadership are expected to create a healthy organizational culture and build integrity in educational institutions, as well as motivate their followers to play an active role in achieving holistic educational goals. Education leaders are expected to be agents of change who are able to balance the preservation of cultural values and the application of innovation in education.   Keywords: This study aims to describe the importance of ethical and cultural leadership in education, especially in creating a conducive learning environment, which not only focuses on academic achievement, but also on the formation of students' moral character. One of the main challenges in the world of education today is the decline in polite behavior and moral ethics in the school environment, which results in rampant violations of social and religious norms. Ethical and cultural leadership is expected to provide solutions to this problem by instilling strong moral values and maintaining the sustainability of cultural values. This study uses a qualitative approach with a library research method to analyze the concept of ethical and cultural leadership. The results of the study show that ethical educational leaders must uphold the principles of justice, responsibility, and transparency in every action, while cultural leaders must be able to maintain and adapt cultural values to remain relevant to the times. These two types of leadership are expected to create a healthy organizational culture and build integrity in educational institutions, as well as motivate their followers to play an active role in achieving holistic educational goals. Education leaders are expected to be agents of change who are able to balance the preservation of cultural values and the application of innovation in education.    

The rampant corruption that continues to be demonstrated by public officials makes it seem as if the law has run out of ways to overcome it. And corruption is a type of crime that is only committed by people who have high intellectual capacity and ability. They continue to try how to avoid corruption crimes, so one of the methods they use is the pattern of giving gifts which is actually intended as a form of bribery. This study analyzes the concept of bribery and gratification and the parameters that differentiate between the two as regulated in several Articles of the Corruption Eradication Law. This involves the application of normative legal research supported by court decisions to clarify the differences. The results of this study indicate that bribery requires a meeting of minds between the bribe giver and the bribe recipient which is not found in the decision . The reporting mechanism and reversal of the burden of proof do not apply to bribery while the sting operation does not apply to gratification because it cannot meet the provisions of Article 1 number 19 of the Criminal Procedure Code. Criminal sanctions are also imposed on both the giver and the recipient of the bribe, while the act of the giver of gratification is not a criminal act. Keywords: reversal of burden of proof, caught red-handed, reporting mechanism .

Based on Article 351 (Paragraph 1) of the Criminal Code on ordinary persecution where in this article persecution is divided into three parts, namely ordinary, mild and severe persecution as in the case that I took to make this thesis with case number 2/Pid.B/2019/PN. In this case, the panel of judges sentenced the perpetrator of persecution to 10 months imprisonment, while the sentence that should have been imposed on the perpetrator of ordinary persecution was 2 years and 8 months by considering various kinds of evidence and factors of persecution, This study aims to analyze cases of persecution that refer to Article 351 of the Criminal Code (KUHP) in Indonesia.  In this analysis, we identify the elements necessary to determine whether an act can be classified as maltreatment under Article 351 of the Criminal Code.  This research involves a case study and analysis of the Depok district court decision, as well as referring to applicable laws and regulations.  The results of this analysis may provide a better understanding of the application of Article 351 of the Criminal Code in cases of maltreatment and its implications for the criminal justice system in Indonesia.   Keywords: Maltreatment under Article 351 of the Penal Code

This research aims to identify and synthesize previous research related to optimizing Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in improving students' critical thinking skills in mathematics learning through a systematic literature review. Data was collected from relevant scientific articles published in the last 10 years using certain keywords through databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. The results of the literature review show that the application of PBL consistently plays a role in improving students' critical thinking abilities, especially when supported by strategies such as the use of relevant contextual problems, structured feedback, and directed teacher guidance. These findings confirm the constructivist theory which states that meaningful learning occurs when students are actively involved in authentic problem solving. However, there are variations in results across educational levels and countries, indicating the importance of contextual adaptation in the implementation of PBL. In addition, the lack of comprehensive practical guidance and long-term evaluation instruments is a major obstacle. The conclusions of this research emphasize the need to develop clearer PBL implementation guidelines and more accurate evaluation instruments to measure its impact on students' critical thinking abilities, as well as the potential of PBL in improving the quality of mathematics learning that encourages critical thinking skills as an important competency in 21st century education.

The research conducted on this occasion was used by researchers to determine the influence of several variables which include: (1) understanding of accounting, (2) use of information technology, (3) HR competency on the quality of financial reports which in this research is moderated using implementation of the Minister of Cooperatives Regulation. This research has been supported by population data, namely all cooperatives in the Gianyar Regency area with data reaching 1,285 units. In carrying out the sampling process, this research used a purposive sampling technique, so that sample data was successfully obtained with a total of 171 cooperatives. The researchers have chosen a data collection technique using the process of distributing questionnaires. The data successfully obtained by the researchers will continue to be processed with the support of the SEM PLS version 4.0 application. The results of this research succeeded in providing proof that understanding accounting and also the use of information technology produces a positive and significant influence on the quality of financial reports, while the HR competency variable does not produce a significant influence on the quality of cooperative financial reports. Keywords: report quality, accounting, technology, competence