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This study is grounded in the importance of understanding the dynamics of group behavior within multicultural Islamic education institutions , where spiritual values , organizational culture , and leadership interact to create a harmonious working climate . A strong organizational culture and inclusive leadership are believed to be the foundation for fostering collaboration , fairness , and mutual respect among members . The purpose of this study is to analyze how organizational culture and inclusive leadership styles shape group behavior within socially and culturally diverse Islamic education contexts . This research employs a qualitative method with a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach , reviewing relevant academic literature focused on group dynamics , work culture , and Islamic values . The findings indicate that an Islamic value - based organizational culture and inclusive leadership play a significant role in strengthening social cohesion , enhancing participation , and fostering group behavior that is both collaborative and spiritually meaningful .

This study examines the interplay between administrative ethics and bureaucratic decision-making within the governance landscape of Pulang Pisau Regency through a structured literature analysis. Anchored in the theoretical frameworks of Administrative Ethics Theory, Bureaucratic Decision-Making Theory, and Good Governance, this research synthesizes classical and contemporary scholarly works to identify the determinants, challenges, and institutional dynamics that influence ethical decision processes in local bureaucracy. The method employs a qualitative narrative literature review, involving systematic identification, screening, quality assessment, and thematic extraction of relevant academic sources published in the last two decades. Findings indicate that ethical norms, integrity, organizational culture, leadership morality, and institutional control mechanisms significantly shape the rationality, consistency, and legitimacy of bureaucratic decisions. Furthermore, the literature reveals that external pressures, conflict of interest, inadequate regulatory enforcement, and limited administrative capacity remain persistent barriers to the implementation of ethical governance in regional administrations. The study also highlights the essential role of participatory governance, digitalization, and internal accountability frameworks in strengthening ethical consistency across bureaucratic processes. These insights position administrative ethics as a crucial foundation for promoting transparency, fairness, and public trust in local government institutions. The paper concludes that strengthening administrative ethics requires integrated institutional reforms, long-term commitment, and the internalization of ethical values at both organizational and individual levels. The implications of this research extend to policy formulation, bureaucratic capacity-building, and future empirical studies on ethical governance in decentralized contexts.

This study aims to describe the experiences of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers in facing multicultural challenges at MA Al Wardah Tembung. Using a qualitative phenomenological approach, data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. The results show that PAI teachers successfully manage student diversity through empathetic, inclusive, and contextual approaches. They instill the values of tolerance, brotherhood, and religious moderation, creating a harmonious learning atmosphere. Diversity in the school becomes a potential strength that enriches the learning process and shapes students’ open-minded and respectful character.

This research responds to the contemporary educational crisis dominated by cognitive intelligence ('aql) resulting in the phenomenon of "smart but dry," by proposing Al-Ghazali's concept of "Education of Feelings" as a solution. The aim is to explore the concept, methods, and relevance of "Education of Feelings" to balance the intellectual and spiritual dimensions. This descriptive qualitative research uses library research on Al-Ghazali's works. The results show that "Education of Feelings" is a transformative effort that emphasizes the integration of knowledge through reason and intuition (dzawq), with the qalb (spiritual heart) as the center of knowledge reception. Its pedagogical core is the process of purifying the soul (Tazkiyatun Nafs) so that knowledge is beneficial (Ilm Nafi') and culminates in ma'rifah (true knowledge) and moral perfection (al-insan al-kamil). Practically, relevant methods include teacher role models (uswah hasanah) and learning based on deep reflection. This concept is relevant in the digital age because it serves as a spiritual bulwark, offering peace of mind (sakinah) and an ethical filter (dzawq) to counter individualism and information disruption. Consequently, Islamic Religious Education (PAI) education is advised to reconstruct its curriculum and evaluation to include a portfolio assessment of morals, in order to shape a cognitively intelligent and spiritually mature generation.

Pre-menopause is a transitional phase before menopause characterized by physiological and psychological changes, including physical changes of body shape. These changes often trigger anxiety, especially when body image is perceived negatively. This study aims to determine the relationship between body image and anxiety levels in premenopausal women in Dham Ceukok Village, Ingin Jaya, Aceh Besar, 2025. This research used a quantitative method with a cross- sectional design. The population consisted of all women aged 40–50 years in Dham Ceukok Village, totaling 35 women, chosen using a total sampling technique. The instruments used were a body image questionnaire and an anxiety level questionnaire based on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS). The data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis with the Chi-square test. The study was conducted from May 5 to May 10, 2025. The results showed a significant relationship between body image and anxiety among premenopausal women in Dham Ceukok Village, with a value of 0.035 (p < 0.05). The results indicate that there is a relationship between body image and anxiety in premenopausal women in Dham Ceukok Village, Ingin Jaya, Aceh Besar District. It is recommended that health workers collaborate with the village to be more active in providing counseling or educational activities to maintain physical and mental health, especially for women in the premenopausal stage.

This study aims to analyze the influence of parenting styles on the cognitive development of early childhood children at KB AN-Nisa, South City District, Gorontalo City. The background of the study highlights that some children face difficulties in recognizing shapes, colors, and numbers, which are critical components of early cognitive development. A quantitative research approach was employed, utilizing observation and documentation techniques, involving a sample of 5 children out of a total of 35 students. The study explores how different parenting styles, including authoritarian, permissive, and democratic, impact the cognitive development of young children. The results demonstrate significant variations in cognitive abilities among children, influenced by the type of parenting they receive. Specifically, children raised in a responsive and supportive environment tend to show better cognitive development, particularly in areas such as shape and color recognition. These findings emphasize the crucial role of parenting style in providing cognitive stimulation for early childhood. They also highlight the importance of collaboration between parents and schools to optimize the cognitive development of young children, suggesting that a balanced, supportive approach to parenting can positively influence children’s learning outcomes. Therefore, this research contributes to understanding the connection between parenting and cognitive development in early childhood.

Parenting plays a crucial role in shaping a child's personality and religious values ​​from an early age. This study aims to examine the concept of parenting from an Islamic perspective, particularly according to the views of Imam Al-Ghazali, a prominent Islamic scholar and thinker. The method used was a literature review with a descriptive analytical and historical approach. The results show that Islamic parenting, according to Al-Ghazali, is based on the principles of monotheism, faith, and noble morals derived from the Quran and Sunnah. Al-Ghazali viewed children as a trust from Allah, born in a state of fitrah (purity) and as potential beings who are the hope of the community. Educating children must be done from an early age because childhood is a golden period that is very decisive in character formation. The parenting methods recommended by Al-Ghazali include: (1) the habituation method to shape character through continuous practice; (2) the role model method, where parents serve as direct role models for children; (3) the storytelling method to instill moral values; (4) the advice method with a compassionate approach; and (5) reward and punishment methods applied wisely. Al Ghazali's parenting concept emphasizes the importance of parents' role in creating a conducive environment for children's spiritual, moral, and social development, which not only impacts worldly life but also the afterlife. This research contributes to the idea of ​​the urgency of implementing Islamic teachings in educating and raising children in the digital era, which is full of various challenges.

To address the moral extremism that often occurs among adolescents, strengthening education is crucial today. Christian Religious Education plays a crucial role in instilling an understanding of character, ethics, spiritual values, and noble moral habits. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method, with thorough literature exploration and data analysis. The study of Christian Religious Education is expected to be a companion that provides understanding, appreciation, and honest living based on Christian duties and values. This task is drawn from sources such as the Holy Scriptures, the life of Jesus Christ, and the ethical values ​​contained in Christianity. In this context, Christian Religious Education aims to produce a generation that is obedient to God and grows in faith and good moral values. Therefore, Christian Religious Education has a significant, very complex, and interconnected role. Its task is not only to provide spiritual understanding, but also to shape the character and morals of the younger generation so that they can face the challenges of the times with strong and sustainable moral values.

Rice production remains a strategic component in supporting local food security, yet its performance is strongly influenced by the heterogeneity of farmers' characteristics. This study aims to describe the characteristics of rice farmers in Tonra District and analyze their implications for the formulation of agricultural extension programs. Using a descriptive quantitative approach with 100 respondents selected proportionally from eleven villages, the research examines key variables including land size, seed use, fertilizer application, age, education level, and farming experience. The findings reveal clear variations in productivity among farmers, where higher production is generally associated with larger landholding, optimal input use, productive age groups, higher educational attainment, and moderate farming experience. These patterns highlight how farmers' demographic and agronomic characteristics shape their management capacity and adoption of recommended practices. The study emphasizes that extension programs must be designed based on farmers’ actual profiles to enhance relevance and effectiveness. Tailored strategies—such as visual communication for low-education groups, mechanization support for senior farmers, and input-use optimization training—are necessary to improve productivity outcomes. The results provide an important basis for developing more targeted, responsive, and sustainable agricultural extension programming at the district level.

Sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) is one of the local fruit commodities with high potential as a source of functional natural ingredients. This study aims to identify the morphological characteristics and profile the phytochemical content of local Sumenep sugar apple fruit as a basis for the development of its bioactivity. Morphological observations were carried out in the Sumenep area, including fruit shape, size, stem circumference, leaf characteristics, and flower parts. Phytochemical analysis was conducted using qualitative tests for tannins and saponins, while tests for flavonoids and alkaloids are planned for the next stage. Observation results showed that local Sumenep sugar apple fruits have morphological variations in the form of ovoid, round, and oblong shapes, influenced by genetic factors and environmental conditions.  Phytochemical tests showed the presence of tannins, indicated by a color change to dark green when using FeCl₃ reagent, as well as the presence of saponins, demonstrated by the formation of stable foam during the shaking test. These findings reinforce the potential of local Sumenep soursop fruit as a candidate source of functional natural compounds, particularly in relation to antioxidant, antimicrobial activities, and other pharmacological benefits. Further studies are needed to analyze other phytochemical contents and evaluate bioactive activities more comprehensively.  

This study examines Christian ethics in responding to the moral crisis of young people in the digital era. The development of social media, algorithmic culture, and the attention economy has shaped how young people construct identity, manage desire, build relationships, and make moral decisions. The central issue explored in this study is not merely digital misconduct, such as hoaxes, cyberbullying, pornography, self-display culture, and social media addiction, but the fracture of Christian self-awareness that separates faith from everyday digital practices. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method through library research and theological-ethical analysis. The data were analyzed through thematic reduction, categorization of digital moral issues, and interpretation based on Christian ethical principles. The findings show that the digital moral crisis must be understood as a problem of identity, desire formation, and character development. Therefore, this study constructs a model of digital Christian ethics consisting of digital moral literacy, digital character discipline, digital discipleship community, and digital witness. The implication is that families, churches, and Christian educational institutions must develop systematic, contextual, and transformative digital ethics formation.

This article examines Moses’ leadership narrative from his divine appointment to the post-succession phase through the lenses of servant, transformational, and situational leadership. Using a qualitative narrative approach and thematic analysis, the study explores selected texts in Exodus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy to identify leadership patterns that are theologically grounded and practically relevant for churches in Indonesia. The findings show that Moses’ leadership integrates service and empowerment, vision and transformation, as well as contextual adaptation and succession preparation. Moses’ delegation in Exodus 18 reflects servant leadership that distributes responsibility and forms accountable structures. His call in Exodus 3 represents transformational leadership that shapes collective identity and mobilizes hope. His response to conflict and his public commissioning of Joshua demonstrate situational leadership and responsible succession. The article argues that Moses’ leadership offers a theological-practical model for Indonesian churches seeking leadership that is participatory, visionary, adaptive, and regenerative. This model is especially relevant amid plural social contexts, intergenerational transitions, organizational complexity, and the need for ecclesial accountability.

Islamic Religious Education (PAI) plays a crucial role in shaping students’ character and religious values, including moderate attitudes in practicing religion. This study aims to analyze the implementation of Project Based Learning (PBL) in PAI as a means to strengthen moderate character and integrate religious moderation values through student collaborative projects. The research employs a literature review approach, collecting data from various scientific literature, journals, books, theses, and dissertations relevant to the topic. Data analysis is conducted using content analysis and narrative synthesis, applying both deductive and inductive reasoning. The findings indicate that PBL allows students to actively engage in contextual real-life projects, making the understanding of Islamic teachings more applicable and reflective. PBL also promotes the internalization of religious moderation values through collaboration and discussion among students, while reinforcing moderate character by developing social skills, empathy, and inclusive attitudes. Despite challenges such as limited resources and teacher readiness, appropriate implementation strategies can optimize the effectiveness of PBL in PAI. Therefore, PBL functions not only as a learning method but also as a transformative pedagogical strategy that shapes a generation of Muslim students who are knowledgeable, tolerant, and moderate.

This study examines the influence of financial factors on the capital structure of basic chemical manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2019 to 2023. The sample selection method used is purposive sampling, with specific criteria resulting in a sample of 51 companies and a total of 255 data points. After data processing, 80 outliers were identified, reducing the final sample to 175 company data points. This research adopts a quantitative approach, utilizing multiple linear regression analysis with SPSS version 25. The findings reveal that profitability, asset structure, company size, and business risk have a significant impact on capital structure. In contrast, sales growth and dividend policy do not show a significant contribution to capital structure. Based on these findings, it is recommended that companies in the basic chemical manufacturing sector focus on improving profitability, optimizing asset structure, and managing business risks effectively to strengthen their capital structure. Additionally, company size should be considered when making financing decisions. Since sales growth and dividend policy were not significant factors, firms might prioritize internal financial management and risk control over aggressive sales expansion or dividend adjustments when aiming to optimize their capital structure. Future research could explore other potential factors or use alternative methodologies to deepen understanding in this area.

This study aims to describe the characteristics of SMK Al-Azami students in emulating the morals of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) as part of character development based on Islamic values within vocational education. The background of this research lies in the urgency of character education that not only emphasizes academic competence and technical skills but also focuses on moral formation and professional ethics. This research employed a qualitative approach using a library research method by analyzing relevant classical and modern Islamic literature, supported by documentation of school activities. The results reveal that the moral values of the Prophet Muhammad have been well internalized in students’ daily behavior, which includes four core dimensions: Shidq (honesty), Amanah (trustworthiness), Istiqamah (discipline), and Rahmah (compassion). The value of Shidq is reflected in students’ honesty during vocational practice and in reporting work results; Amanah is demonstrated through responsibility for tools and group tasks; Istiqamah appears in punctuality, consistency, and work discipline; and Rahmah is shown through respectful, empathetic, and cooperative social interactions. The findings indicate that Islamic character education effectively shapes students with integrity, discipline, and social awareness, serving as a model for moral development in vocational schools. Furthermore, this research highlights the importance of strengthening teacher exemplarity, religious habituation, and curriculum integration of Islamic moral values in vocational learning to ensure sustainable character development.

In the context of modern education, performance assessment is a crucial instrument for measuring the effectiveness of the learning process. Unlike test-based assessments that generally focus on cognitive aspects, performance assessment highlights students' abilities in applying the knowledge, skills, and attitudes they have learned in various real situations. This is very relevant to the multidimensional characteristics of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning, including cognitive (knowledge), affective (attitudes and values), and psychomotor (practice of worship and skills) aspects. This study aims to: 1) To determine the concept and implementation of performance assessment in the context of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning. 2) To identify the types of performance assessments that are relevant and can be applied effectively in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning. 3) To examine the effectiveness of implementing performance assessments in improving understanding, practice, and character building. This study uses a qualitative approach with the model used being library research. The results of the study indicate that performance assessment in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning is a form of authentic evaluation that is very important to be applied in the learning process. Unlike traditional assessments, which emphasize cognitive aspects, performance assessments provide balanced attention to cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects. These assessments assess not only what students know, but also who they become. Therefore, it is crucial for teachers and educational institutions to optimally integrate performance assessments to shape a generation that is not only intellectually intelligent but also spiritually and socially mature.

This study aims to analyze the relationship between the intensity of playing the online game Mobile Legends and the consumptive behavior of university students at Universitas PGRI Ronggolawe Tuban. The research was motivated by the growing phenomenon of digital consumption among students, particularly through virtual item purchases via microtransactions. A quantitative correlational approach was employed, using purposive sampling involving 40 active student players of Mobile Legends. Research instruments consisted of Likert-scale questionnaires measuring two main variables: gaming intensity (frequency and duration) and consumptive behavior (impulsive buying, wastefulness, and non-rational consumption). Data were analyzed using Spearman’s rho correlation test, revealing a positive and significant relationship between gaming intensity and consumptive behavior (r = 0.558; p < 0.05). These findings indicate that higher gaming intensity increases students’ tendency toward hedonic and symbolic digital consumption. The study highlights that students’ consumptive behavior in the digital era is shaped not only by economic factors but also by social influence, self-control, and emotional gratification. The research implies the need for enhanced digital financial literacy and self-regulation awareness among students to mitigate excessive consumptive behavior.

Logic is an important foundation in mathematics learning because it shapes critical and systematic thinking skills. Introducing the concept of proof early on plays a strategic role in developing reasoning skills, identifying patterns, and providing simple arguments. This article aims to examine the role of logic in mathematics learning by emphasizing the importance of introducing the concept of proof from the outset. The methods used are a literature review of various relevant studies and descriptive analysis based on learning practices in early childhood education. The results of the study show that play, exploration, and concrete experience-based learning activities can improve children's ability to understand cause-and-effect relationships, make predictions, and convey logical reasons. In addition, social interaction and dialogue in the learning process have been proven to strengthen simple reasoning skills. In conclusion, the integration of logic and reasoning from an early age not only supports the development of mathematical abilities, but also builds the foundation for critical and analytical thinking needed for further education.

Early childhood education (ECE) demands imaginative and inventive approaches to guarantee that children are actively involved and undergo significant learning in line with their developmental phases. The swift advancement of technology has made interactive video a valuable tool for enhancing ECE learning, especially when integrated with local cultural material. This research examines the use of the interactive video Wajanus (Warung Jajanan Nusantara) in Class B of Mutiara Hati Kindergarten Ponorogo, aimed at familiarizing children with Indonesian traditional snacks while also enhancing their cognitive, social, linguistic, and cultural values. A qualitative descriptive method was utilized, involving participatory observation, semi-structured interviews with parents and teachers, along with documentation via photos, videos, and field notes. Data analysis adhered to the model proposed by Miles and Huberman, encompassing data reduction, data presentation, and thematic conclusion formulation. The results indicate that utilizing Wajanus improved children's involvement in cognitive, emotional, and motor skills while promoting greater learning motivation. Children recognized numbers, shapes, and new vocabulary more efficiently, and they exhibited a positive attitude toward the local cultural heritage presented in the video. However, challenges were noted, including differing degrees of child involvement, the demand for extensive teacher assistance, and inadequate educational resources. In summary, interactive videos grounded in local culture like Wajanus are successful in enhancing early childhood education quality while also reinforcing children’s character education and cultural identity, and they possess significant potential for duplication in other ECE institutions throughout Indonesia

Children as perpetrators of criminal acts are certainly obliged to be responsible for their actions that have caused harm to others. However, in being responsible for their actions in the Special Correctional Institution for Children, they also need to receive moral guidance to shape their character so that they can behave well during their sentence and when they return to society after serving their sentence. This way, they can socialize well, having gained an understanding of good character formation during their sentence, ensuring they will not commit crimes again. Therefore, the implementation of social rehabilitation to form a quality character for child criminals through community service activities is very important to be carried out. These activities will help restore their social abilities, enabling them to adapt once again and play a positive role in community life. By doing so, they can contribute to society and avoid reoffending, leading to their successful reintegration into the community.