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This study employs the 4-D development model (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate) adapted from Thiagarajan et al. (1974) to develop a Digital Storytelling medium using Canva for the topic “Family” in Senior High School (SMA/MA). A needs analysis was conducted in the Define phase, revealing that students experienced difficulties in listening and speaking. In the Design phase, a context-based story medium with illustrations, texts, and German audio narration was created. During the Develop phase, the product was validated by two experts. A German language instructor reviewed the material and deemed it suitable for use without revisions. The material validation results showed that the medium is usable without revision, as the material was rated clear, systematic, complete, engaging, and easy to understand. The material expert’s evaluation covered five categories, resulting in a total material score of 95. A media expert evaluated the medium along with audio and video content. The media expert’s assessment included ten categories, resulting in a total media score of 95. Meanwhile, data validation indicated that the medium can be further used with minor revisions, such as enhancing visual elements to make it more dynamic and adjusting audio quality to improve listening comfort. The results of this study show that the development process of the Digital Storytelling medium using Canva for the “Family” topic in Senior High School successfully produced an engaging and communicative product that matches the characteristics of beginner German language learners. This medium contains a story on the theme “Family,” complemented by illustrations, texts, and audio content. The developed video has been uploaded to the YouTube platform to facilitate access for teachers and students.

Culture shock is a phenomenon that is experienced by someone who moves to an environment with a culture that is different from their own just as happened to Todd Anderson in the Outsourced movie. This study used a qualitative method to analyze the main character, Todd Anderson, who was sent to India from America. Todd went through five stages of culture shock based on Adler’s theory. In the contact stage, he was still integrated with his American culture. In the second stage, Todd experienced stress and frustration as his ability to relate, connect, and engage with others fell apart. He also felt alienated from the Indian locals. Todd looked for a relationship with the Americans during the third stage. In the fourth stage, Todd freed himself from previous defensiveness towards Indian culture. In the fifth stage, Todd was able to build trust and sensitivity to the Indians, and Todd accepted all the similarities and differences between Indian culture and American culture. Todd also applied all strategies based on Plummer’s theory. Todd looked for a new support group and enriched his life in India. Todd then discovered Indian social taboos that should be avoided. Finally, Todd developed an understanding of Indian culture. Overall, this study concludes that although culture shock occurs in stages, it can be overcome through embracing the local way of life, as Todd did in the film, and ceasing to reject it.  

In the digital age, information travels quickly, which has made it easier to learn new things but also made it easier for false information to spread. In Indonesia, fact-checking efforts by online news sites like Kompas, Tempo, and Liputan6 have become very important in dealing with this problem. This study examines the linguistic and discursive strategies utilized in fact-checking articles published from 2022 to 2024 to foster critical literacy among readers. Utilizing the principles of Critical Literacy and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), the study examines five fact-checking texts addressing political, health, and social matters. The results show that all the articles follow the same story structure: they start with claims, then go into detail about the investigations, present evidence, and give final judgments. At the micro level, hedges, boosters, and evidential markers are used on purpose to change how certain and credible something is. At the meso level, discourse structures and intertextual references bolster institutional authority, whereas at the macro level, fact-checking serves as an educational instrument that promotes critical and contemplative reading habits. Overall, the study shows that fact-checking serves two purposes in Indonesia: it helps people check the accuracy of information and it helps people build their resistance to false information.

This study aims to analyze the variation skills possessed by students of the Religious Arts Education program in the Microteaching course at the State Christian Institute of Theology (IAKN) Kupang in 2025. This research is descriptive qualitative, aimed at exploring and understanding the basic skills of applying variations implemented by students as prospective teachers. The analysis not only provides a general overview but also reveals the complexity of the basic skills applied in teaching practice. The results of the study show that out of seventeen students who conducted microteaching practices, 90% of them understand and master the skills of applying variations, particularly in teaching style variations such as the use of voice variation, attention focusing, and silence. This study also found that a dynamic teaching style can enhance student engagement. Furthermore, variations in the use of media and teaching materials, including those that can be seen, heard, and touched, provide a more comprehensive learning experience for students. This research is expected to contribute to the development of students' teaching skills in the future.

This study is entitled Community-Based Non-Formal Education Model of PERMAI Guidance Center for Indonesian Immigrant Children in Penang, Malaysia. This center is an educational facility for Indonesian immigrant children in Malaysia who do not have official citizenship documents. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. The purpose of this study is to determine the education model used by the PERMAI Guidance Center as a community-based non-formal education institution for Indonesian immigrant children in Malaysia. The theory used in this study is the concept of Community-Based Non-Formal Education (PBK). The results of the study show that the educational curriculum used by the PERMAI Guidance Center is the Equivalency Education Curriculum (Packages A, B, and C). This curriculum is a non-formal education system equivalent to formal education (Package A is equivalent to elementary school, Package B is equivalent to junior high school, and Package C is equivalent to high school) recognized by the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia. The adoption of this curriculum is the main pillar for providing legitimacy and recognition of the education received by immigrant children at the PERMAI Guidance Center. Meanwhile, the education model used reflects the theory of transnationalism. This is manifested in two key aspects, namely the preservation of identity and the curriculum of the country of origin, as well as functional needs in the host country.

This study aims to determine the effect of applying the Jigsaw cooperative learning model on students’ literacy skills in the Indonesian language subject for sixth-grade students at SDN 76 Tarowang. The research employed a Quasi-Experimental Design with a Pretest–Posttest Design. The sample consisted of 17 students who participated in the learning process using the Jigsaw model. Data were collected through literacy skill tests administered before and after the treatment.The results showed that the average pretest score of 28.47 increased to 56.41 in the posttest, indicating an improvement of 27.94 points. The Shapiro–Wilk normality test confirmed that the data were normally distributed (pretest Sig. = 0.513; posttest Sig. = 0.336). Furthermore, the Paired Sample t-test revealed a t-value of 7.180 with a significance level (Sig. 2-tailed) = 0.000 (< 0.05), indicating a significant difference between pretest and posttest scores. These findings demonstrate that the implementation of the Jigsaw cooperative learning model has a significant positive effect on students’ literacy skills. This model effectively engages students in reading comprehension, summarizing information, and communicating ideas collaboratively.

In the digital era, YouTube has become a powerful platform for sharing knowledge, shaping perspectives, and encouraging critical engagement. This study explores how multimodal elements—verbal, visual, and audio—construct meaning in the educational video “Kalau Kamu Mau Punya Critical Thinking, Jangan Skip Obrolan Ini!” from the Suara Berkelas channel. Using a qualitative case study approach, the research interprets how these modes work together to support critical thinking. Data were collected through video observation, transcription, and documentation of multimodal features, then analyzed thematically using Kress and van Leeuwen’s multimodal framework and Facione’s critical thinking model. The findings show that the verbal mode structures logical arguments and rhetorical appeals, the visual mode emphasizes meaning through gestures, expressions, and text overlays, while the audio mode builds emotional engagement through tone, pauses, and background music. Together, these modes create a coherent and persuasive discourse that not only informs but also invites viewers to reflect critically. The study contributes theoretically to the understanding of multimodality in digital education and practically provides insights for educators and content creators to design more interactive, reflective, and engaging educational content.

The Independent Curriculum is the latest education policy designed to provide students with learning freedom with a focus on developing competencies that are more flexible and student-centered. This study explains the implementation of the Independent Curriculum at SMP Negeri Satu Atap 1 Dolat Rayat, a rural school with various resource limitations. The research method used is qualitative research with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews with teachers, field observations, and school documentation. The results of the study based on the results of in-depth interviews with teachers, found the main challenges such as the low basic literacy skills of students, the limited facilities of learning support infrastructure, the low active participation of students, and the diversity of student backgrounds that affect the implementation of learning. In addition, limited support from parents and education policies are also obstacles. To optimize implementation, teachers implement strategies to strengthen literacy, continuous training, use contextual media, and build cross-stakeholder collaboration. This study confirms that the success of the Independent Curriculum in rural schools requires an adaptive contextual approach and synergy of all related parties.

This study aims to find the Analysis of Moral Values ​​in the Novel Surat Kecil Untuk Karya Agnes Davonar. This study discusses the Analysis of Moral Values ​​in the Novel Surat Kecil Untuk Karya Agnes Davonar. This research is a qualitative study. While data collection is done by reading and recording methods. From the results of the study, it can be seen that literature is the best written or printed work made by humans, creatures given reason. Humans are present to provide understanding related to what is conveyed through the medium of language. But sometimes just to understand, it needs to be studied specifically. understand the literature from a different perspective, namely moral. therefore the purpose of the following literary researchers is Moral Values ​​in the Novel Surat Kecil Untuk Karya Agnes Davonar. The research method used by researchers is descriptive qualitative. This study describes the object being studied by developing morals. Researchers act as the main instrument with the help of data. The data intended by this study is the moral data contained in the novel Surat Kecil Untuk Tuhan. And then used as a data source in the following research, namely the novel "Small Letters to God" by Agnes Davonar, published by Falcon Publishing in 2016. The thickness of the pages is 215. The results of this study show that the moral values ​​of the novel "Small Letters to God" written by Agnes Davonar include: moral values ​​in the novel "Small Letters to God" written by Agnes Davonar, namely human moral values ​​with God, moral values ​​with oneself, moral values ​​with other humans.

The Independent Curriculum is the latest education policy designed to provide students with learning freedom with a focus on developing competencies that are more flexible and student-centered. This study explains the implementation of the Independent Curriculum at SMP Negeri Satu Atap 1 Dolat Rayat, a rural school with various resource limitations. The research method used is qualitative research with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews with teachers, field observations, and school documentation. The results of the study based on the results of in-depth interviews with teachers, found the main challenges such as the low basic literacy skills of students, the limited facilities of learning support infrastructure, the low active participation of students, and the diversity of student backgrounds that affect the implementation of learning. In addition, limited support from parents and education policies are also obstacles. To optimize implementation, teachers implement strategies to strengthen literacy, continuous training, use contextual media, and build cross-stakeholder collaboration. This study confirms that the success of the Independent Curriculum in rural schools requires an adaptive contextual approach and synergy of all related parties.

This study aims to find the Analysis of Moral Values ​​in the Novel Surat Kecil Untuk Karya Agnes Davonar. This study discusses the Analysis of Moral Values ​​in the Novel Surat Kecil Untuk Karya Agnes Davonar. This research is a qualitative study. While data collection is done by reading and recording methods. From the results of the study, it can be seen that literature is the best written or printed work made by humans, creatures given reason. Humans are present to provide understanding related to what is conveyed through the medium of language. But sometimes just to understand, it needs to be studied specifically. understand the literature from a different perspective, namely moral. therefore the purpose of the following literary researchers is Moral Values ​​in the Novel Surat Kecil Untuk Karya Agnes Davonar. The research method used by researchers is descriptive qualitative. This study describes the object being studied by developing morals. Researchers act as the main instrument with the help of data. The data intended by this study is the moral data contained in the novel Surat Kecil Untuk Tuhan. And then used as a data source in the following research, namely the novel "Small Letters to God" by Agnes Davonar, published by Falcon Publishing in 2016. The thickness of the pages is 215. The results of this study show that the moral values ​​of the novel "Small Letters to God" written by Agnes Davonar include: moral values ​​in the novel "Small Letters to God" written by Agnes Davonar, namely human moral values ​​with God, moral values ​​with oneself, moral values ​​with other humans.

This study explores the use of Leech's politeness maxims and the cost-benefit principle in LinkedIn comments about job postings, aiming to understand how job seekers maintain politeness when pursuing job opportunities in a professional digital environment. The research objects used were comments in 5 job postings. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, the comments on the LinkedIn platform were analysis and classified based on the 6 maxims proposed by Leech: Tact Maxim, Generosity maxim, Approbation Maxim, Modesty Maxim, Agreement Maxim and Sympathy Maxim. The findings showed that out of a total of 31 data found, the Tact Maxim (32%) was the most common, followed by Approbation Maxim (16%), Generosity maxim (13%), Modesty Maxim (13%), Agreement Maxim (3,2%) and Sympathy Maxim (3,2%). Further cost-benefit analysis revealed that most of the comments showed a lack of politeness, focusing only on personal benefits without providing benefits to the interlocutor.

This study aims to determine the contribution of the variables of Self-Motivation, Learning Discipline, and Parental Support both partially and simultaneously to student learning achievement in the Automotive Engineering expertise program at SMK Negeri 2 Pengasih. This type of research is included in quantitative correlational research with multiple regression analysis techniques. The entire population was sampled with a total of 104 grade XII students. Data collection used a closed questionnaire and student final exam results documents. The research instrument that has passed the validity and reliability test, then continued with the classical assumption test to ensure that the regression model meets the eligibility requirements. The results showed that the three independent variables contributed significantly to student automotive learning achievement with a value of F = 26.718. Simultaneously with a significance value of 0.000 (p <0.001) and an Adjusted R Square value of 0.428 which means the model is able to explain 42.8% of the variation in learning achievement. Partially, the Self-Motivation variable significantly (p<0.05) provides the largest contribution to student learning achievement with a t-value of 2.120 followed by Learning Discipline with a t-value of 1.992 and Parental Support with a t-value of 2.021. The magnitude of the real contribution of each variable, namely: Self-Motivation of 12.15%, Learning Discipline of 10.49%, and Parental Support of 10.24%. These results emphasize the importance of strengthening students' intrinsic motivation, habituating learning discipline, and active parental involvement to improve learning outcomes in vocational education.

This research explores the dual impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the academic writing experiences of English Literature students learning English as a Foreign Language (EFL). AI tools like ChatGPT, Grammarly, and QuillBot are commonly used for grammar correction and sentence construction. These tools are integrated into students' writing processes, providing valuable assistance in refining their written work. However, their psychological effects, particularly in terms of emotional and ethical implications, have not been sufficiently explored in previous research. This study employed a qualitative phenomenological approach, utilizing Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), to examine the experiences of ten final-year EFL students who actively use AI tools for academic writing. Through semi-structured interviews, the research identified three major themes: reduced technical stress, heightened dependency on AI tools, and ethical concerns about authorship. The findings suggest that while AI tools act as cognitive scaffolds, aiding students by improving fluency and reducing the burden of technical writing tasks, they also introduce psychological challenges. These challenges include increased dependency on the tools and concerns about the authenticity of their work, raising questions about academic integrity and self-efficacy. This study sheds light on the complex relationship between AI as an assistive technology and its potential to cause writing anxiety and dependency. By emphasizing both the positive and negative psychological impacts of AI, the study contributes to the growing body of literature on AI in education. It calls for the development of pedagogical frameworks that balance AI literacy, emotional resilience, and ethical considerations to ensure responsible and effective use of AI in academic contexts.

This research was carried out with the primary objective of developing a standardized anthropometric testing model to significantly improve the performance of divers in Pasuruan Regency. This developed model serves as an essential predictive and evaluative tool in the context of athlete training and selection. The study employed a descriptive quantitative method, involving a total of 17 active divers, comprising 10 male athletes and 7 female athletes. Data collection was conducted through a series of basic anthropometric measurements relevant to diving sports, including body height, body weight, arm span, and leg length. Comprehensive statistical analysis revealed a significant and positive relationship between the various measured anthropometric variables and key diver performance parameters. The main findings of the research clearly indicate that the developed anthropometric testing model has a strong and significant correlation with the enhancement of the divers' strength, speed, and endurance. In other words, this model is capable of providing accurate insights into the potential and actual performance status of the divers. The practical implications of this study are highly significant, as it enriches knowledge and technological innovation in the field of diving sports training. Furthermore, the model offers concrete support for coaches in more objective athlete selection, the design of more personalized and structured training programs, and indirectly contributes to the improvement of a diver's quality and self-confidence. Therefore, this anthropometric testing model is recommended for widespread use as a strategic tool in all stages of selection, training, and long-term development of diving athletes.

This study examines the stages of the mangain tradition in marriages between the Toba Batak and Karo ethnic groups in Pintu Angin Village and examines the importance of clans (marga) within the Toba Batak ethnic group. This study employed a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collection techniques including interviews, observation, and documentation. The results of this study demonstrate that the mangain tradition must be applied to marriages between the Toba Batak and Karo ethnic groups. For the Toba Batak community, clans are a vital identity, and interethnic marriages clearly hold a place within the Toba Batak traditional institution, the Dalihan Na Tolu structure. However, the mangain tradition also serves as a gateway for people outside the Toba Batak ethnic group to join the Toba Batak community. Furthermore, the Pintu Angin Village community supports this tradition as a cultural heritage that must be upheld. The mangain process is also seen as maintaining the dignity of Toba Batak customs and demonstrating mutual respect between ethnic groups.

The study titled “Judges’ Speech Acts in Handling Criminal Cases at the Gorontalo District Court” aims to describe the forms, functions, and meanings of speech acts used by judges in leading court sessions. The introduction emphasizes the importance of language in judicial processes to establish effective, fair, and authoritative communication among judges, defendants, prosecutors, and legal counsels. This study employs a descriptive qualitative method with a pragmatic approach. Data were collected through direct observation, documentation, and transcription of court proceedings. The analysis is based on Austin and Searle’s speech act theory, which includes locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. The results show that judges use various types of speech acts, such as directive, declarative, representative, and expressive acts. Illocutionary acts, particularly commands, questions, and assertions, are the most dominant. Their functions are not only to direct the course of the trial but also to maintain order, emphasize legal aspects, and clarify understanding among the parties involved. In conclusion, judges’ speech acts serve as strategic communicative tools with pragmatic power that influence the course of the trial and determine the effectiveness and fairness of the judicial process.

This research is entitled "Syair Ghayati Karya Karya Ibrahim Tuqan (Study of 'Arudh Science)" which aims to analyze the ghayati poetry by the Palestinian poet Ibrahim Tuqan using the science of 'arudh. The main focus of this research is to identify the patterns or bahr syi'riyyah used in the poetry and examine the various changes that appear in it. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method because the object of study is a literary text that is analyzed in depth, then the results are presented in the form of a narrative description. The data sources for this research were obtained through literature studies by reviewing books, journals, and other relevant documents. Based on the results of the analysis, Ibrahim Tuqan's ghayati poetry uses the raml majzu' pattern as the basic structure of the poetry. In addition, changes were also found in the form of zihaf khabn and zihaf 'illah which occurred in several parts of the verse, although there was no 'illah found in the entire poetry. Thus, this research shows how the application of the science of 'arudh can reveal the beauty and dynamics in classical Arabic literary works.

This research is entitled "Syair Ghayati Karya Karya Ibrahim Tuqan (Study of 'Arudh Science)" which aims to analyze the ghayati poetry by the Palestinian poet Ibrahim Tuqan using the science of 'arudh. The main focus of this research is to identify the patterns or bahr syi'riyyah used in the poetry and examine the various changes that appear in it. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method because the object of study is a literary text that is analyzed in depth, then the results are presented in the form of a narrative description. The data sources for this research were obtained through literature studies by reviewing books, journals, and other relevant documents. Based on the results of the analysis, Ibrahim Tuqan's ghayati poetry uses the raml majzu' pattern as the basic structure of the poetry. In addition, changes were also found in the form of zihaf khabn and zihaf 'illah which occurred in several parts of the verse, although there was no 'illah found in the entire poetry. Thus, this research shows how the application of the science of 'arudh can reveal the beauty and dynamics in classical Arabic literary works.

This research was motivated by the lack of teaching materials that align with the characteristics and needs of students. One of the main issues identified is the use of learning modules that are not yet adapted to local culture and fail to provide meaningful learning experiences. To address this problem, the researcher developed a culturally based module inspired by Minangkabau songket. This study employed a Research and Development (R&D) design following the development stages proposed by Sugiyono. The results show that the developed module achieved a validity level of 82.58% (categorized as very valid), a practicality level of 87.6% (very practical), and an effectiveness level of 83.3% (very effective). Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the ethnomathematics-based module on Minangkabau songket for Phase F of the Health Department at SMAN 1 Lareh Sago Halaban in the 2023/2024 academic year meets the criteria of being valid, practical, and effective. Therefore, it is considered suitable for use as a culturally contextual teaching material that integrates local values into the learning process.