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This study aims to design, implement, and test a prototype that automates three functions, namely watering, fertilizing, and pest control based on Arduino Uno with the ability to directly monitor soil moisture and pH. This system is equipped with four main types of sensors. Soil condition monitoring involves an FC-28 soil moisture sensor and a soil pH sensor, water level measurement involves an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, and pest detection in the plant area involves a RIP sensor. All data obtained from these sensors is then processed by the Arduino Uno microcontroller to automatically activate actuators such as water pumps, liquid fertilizer pumps, buzzers, and DC motors according to soil conditions and plant needs. Prototype testing was conducted on simulated land with various scenarios of moisture, soil pH, and pest activity. The test results revealed that the system was proven to be able to significantly optimize water and fertilizer utilization, as well as reduce pest disturbances that could potentially damage plants.  In addition, this system also displays the operational status directly through an LCD screen, making it easy for users to monitor. The advantage of this system is its multi-function integration in a single device that is cost-effective and easy to operate. In the future, the functionality of this system can be improved through integration with Internet of Things (IoT) technology, enabling remote monitoring and control with greater efficiency. More broadly, this study is expected to support increased production and sustainable agricultural practices in Indonesia.

The relationship between religious doctrine and national identity remains a critical discourse in the Muslim world. The object of this research is Wasathiyatul Islam (Islamic Moderation) in Indonesia, which serves as a theological framework for balancing religious observance with social justice. However, the emergence of rigid transnational ideologies poses a significant challenge to this harmony, creating a potential disconnect between religious doctrine and local culture. To address this issue, this research aims to analyze how the values of Wasathiyatul Islam are transformed and harmonized within the dialectics of Indonesian society. The study employs a descriptive qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. Data were collected through literature reviews and social observations, then analyzed using an interactive model to interpret the "lived experience" of moderation. The results reveal that the harmonization process is manifested through four key indicators: national commitment, tolerance, anti-violence, and accommodation of local culture. A synthesis of these findings demonstrates that moderation in Indonesia is not merely a top-down state policy but an organic, bottom-up cultural practice where local wisdom serves as a vessel for religious values. In conclusion, Wasathiyatul Islam successfully functions as a unifying instrument, creating a "State of Consensus" where Indonesian Muslims practice their faith devoutly while maintaining unwavering loyalty to the nation.

Curriculum management is a strategic component of Islamic education because it plays an important role in achieving educational objectives and internalizing Islamic values within the learning process. Nevertheless, in practice, many schools continue to face managerial challenges in implementing the curriculum effectively. This study aims to evaluate curriculum management at MTs Persis 23 Cirengit based on the core functions of Islamic Educational Management, namely Planning, Organizing, Actuating, and Controlling (POAC). The research employed a qualitative approach using a case study design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, direct observation, and document analysis, and were analyzed using an interactive analysis model. The findings reveal that the POAC functions have been formally applied but have not yet operated as an integrated managerial cycle oriented toward continuous quality improvement. Curriculum planning remains largely procedural, organizing is not sufficiently participatory, implementation depends heavily on individual teacher capacity, and supervision is mostly administrative with limited follow-up actions.

This study aims to describe the lexical variations that emerge based on gender factor within the sociolinguistic context of SMP Bintang Persada Denpasar. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach using the observational method and note-taking technique by presenting a list of glosses to 20 eight-grade students, consisting of 10 male and 10 female participants. The lexical data were analyzed using the intralingual and extralingual comparison methods. The findings reveal significant lexical differences between the two speaker groups. Female student tend to use more varied, complete, and expressive lexical forms, including full words and phrasal expressions. In contrast, male students show a tendency to use shorter, more efficient lexical forms dominated by abbreviations and rough expressions. These findings highlight that gender functions as a linguistic marker shaping distinct communicative patterns among adolescents, with female students prioritizing social expression and affection, while male students emphasize practicality and efficiency in language use.

Honesty (ṣidq) is a fundamental moral value in Islam that serves as the foundation for personal integrity and social ethics. In the current era of globalization and growing materialistic culture, this value faces serious challenges as societal orientation shifts from moral virtue to economic achievement and social image. This study employs a narrative review method, analyzing recent literature on moral education, Islamic ethics, and contemporary social dynamics. The findings reveal that honesty functions not only as a personal virtue but also as a social force that strengthens public trust and national stability. However, the global wave of materialism has weakened the internalization of ṣidq, especially among younger generations. Restoring honesty as the moral identity of the nation requires synergy among character-based education, spiritual reinforcement, and public policies that promote transparency and integrity. The recontextualization of honesty through Islamic spiritual principles and Rokeach’s value theory offers a path toward moral recovery for Indonesian society amid the global challenges of the 21st century.

This study investigates the role of Enterprise Information Systems (EIS) in driving innovation within organizations. The research employs a mixed-method approach, combining survey-based structural analysis and in-depth organizational case studies to explore how different EIS capabilities influence organizational innovation. The study focuses on four key EIS capabilities: functional capabilities such as workforce management and customer value creation; technological capabilities including ERP systems and real-time analytics; dynamic capabilities, especially organizational learning; and collaborative innovation through external partnerships. The survey results reveal that EIS capabilities, particularly data analytics and integration, significantly enhance organizational agility, decision-making, and innovation outcomes. In-depth case studies provide detailed insights into how these capabilities are applied in real-world organizational settings, illustrating their impact on process and service innovation. The findings indicate that the effective integration of EIS across organizational functions, along with improved access to data, contributes to operational efficiency and innovation success. However, challenges such as integration issues, resistance to change, and lack of skilled personnel were also identified as barriers to successful EIS adoption. The study contributes to the literature by offering a comprehensive understanding of how EIS capabilities drive innovation and highlighting the importance of organizational culture and leadership in the adoption process. The research provides practical recommendations for organizations to leverage EIS for fostering innovation, such as focusing on EIS integration, overcoming organizational barriers, and ensuring leadership engagement. Finally, the study suggests future research directions, including the refinement of multi-method approaches and the need for longitudinal studies to better understand the long-term impact of EIS on innovation outcomes.

This study investigates the role of Information Technology (IT) governance in enhancing risk management performance and ensuring regulatory compliance within multinational digital enterprises. As digital transformation continues to reshape the global business landscape, organizations face increasing challenges in managing technological risks and complying with complex regulatory requirements across various jurisdictions. The study adopts a quantitative approach, using a survey methodology to collect data from senior IT and compliance managers in multinational digital enterprises. The survey focuses on how IT governance frameworks, such as COBIT 2019 and ISO 27000, are utilized to align IT strategies with business objectives, mitigate risks, and maintain regulatory compliance. The findings indicate that organizations with well-established IT governance structures are better positioned to proactively identify and mitigate risks, ensuring greater consistency in meeting regulatory requirements. These organizations demonstrate improved risk management effectiveness, especially concerning cybersecurity, data privacy, and compliance with global regulations like GDPR. In contrast, organizations with ad hoc or decentralized governance structures struggle with fragmented risk management and compliance efforts. The study further highlights the importance of integrating IT governance frameworks with internal audit functions, specifically the Chief Audit Executive (CAE), to enhance cybersecurity resilience and ensure compliance with global standards. This research contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence on the integration of IT governance, risk management, and regulatory compliance in multinational enterprises. It also highlights the need for a structured and systematic approach to IT governance to improve organizational performance in managing risks and ensuring consistent regulatory adherence. The study offers practical insights for organizations looking to optimize their IT governance structures in the face of rapid digital transformation.

Student organizations in schools play an important role as social institutions that support character building and the development of students’ social and leadership skills. However, in practice, many students still perceive school organizations merely as formal or administrative activities, resulting in low participation and limited understanding of their educational value. This condition highlights the need for socialization activities that emphasize meaningful organizational learning. This community service activity aims to strengthen students’ understanding of the role of school organizations as social learning spaces. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed involving 30 eleventh-grade students at SMK Muhammadiyah 04 Boyolali. Data were collected through observation, discussion notes, and students’ responses during interactive sessions.The activity was conducted through teacher coordination, material preparation, material presentation, and discussion and question-and-answer sessions. The results indicate an improvement in students’ understanding of the functions and benefits of student organizations as social institutions. Students showed increased awareness of the importance of cooperation, discipline, responsibility, and communication, as well as greater motivation to actively participate in school organizations. These findings suggest that participatory and dialogical socialization is effective in promoting meaningful organizational learning and supporting students’ character development.

The Financial Services Authority (OJK) is responsible for overseeing Indonesia's capital market, and this paper outlines its functions and powers. In order to promote financial system stability, safeguard the public interest, and boost the financial services industry's competitiveness, the OJK was founded to develop an integrated regulatory and supervisory structure. The OJK's responsibilities encompass policy formulation, business license issuance, oversight, inspection, law enforcement, and administrative penalties for infractions. Even though Indonesia's capital market has grown quickly, it still faces substantial obstacles like illicit investment and large losses from scandals and market manipulation, which emphasize the need for robust and independent oversight.

The use of Information Systems and Information Technology (IS/IT) is a crucial factor in improving the efficiency and accuracy of retail sector operations. PT XYZ, a retail-level staple goods provider, has implemented IS/IT to support sales recording, inventory management, security, and operational reporting. This study aims to assess the effectiveness, efficiency, security, and compliance of the information system used. The audit was conducted through observation, interviews, document review, and system testing, referring to the COBIT framework and the ISO/IEC 27001 standard. The audit results indicated that the system supported core operational functions, but weaknesses remained, including insufficient system documentation, limited access controls, and suboptimal data security and backup mechanisms. Furthermore, reliance on manual procedures has the potential to lead to errors and slow down service delivery. Therefore, system improvements, strengthening security controls, developing standard operating procedures, and enhancing the competency of human resources and IT infrastructure are needed. This audit is expected to support improved service quality and secure, effective, and sustainable IT governance at PT XYZ.

This study analyzes Tretan Muslim's Mutant series as a digital cultural text containing social criticism through the approach of Karl Marx's literary sociology. Amidst the limited academic studies on digital humor as a medium of social representation, this study investigates how class relations, social conformity, and symbolic domination are represented through the humorous interactions of the characters. Using qualitative methods with content analysis, data were obtained from in-depth observations of several key scenes and supported by literature on Marxism, social criticism, and digital culture. The results show that humor in Mutant works through three main layers: (1) class representation, (2) critique of conformity culture, and (3) commodification of identity. Thus, this study confirms that Mutant functions not only as entertainment, but also as a medium of social criticism that reveals the mechanisms of domination and resistance in contemporary society. These findings contribute to the expansion of the study of literary sociology in the context of digital culture and open up new reading spaces for humor as a means of social reflection.

Banda Aceh City has high vulnerability to tsunamis due to its coastal location directly facing the sea and being situated in an active tectonic zone. This study evaluates the spatial distribution of tsunami risk and assesses coastal conditions as disaster mitigation efforts using a mixed-method approach that combines quantitative analysis based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and qualitative analysis through field surveys and expert assessments. Three beaches were selected as study locations: Ulee Lheue Beach, Syiah Kuala Beach, and Alue Naga Beach, with risk assessment calculated using the formula Risk = (H × V) / C according to the BNPB framework and overlay techniques in GIS to create risk distribution maps. Coastal condition evaluation focused on coastal vegetation and protective coastal structures assessed using an ordinal scale of 1–5. Results show that Ulee Lheue Beach has the highest mitigation capacity with a score of 64.5% (good category), Syiah Kuala Beach reaches 57.5% (fairly good), while Alue Naga Beach has the lowest score of 28.3% (poor). Correlation analysis yielded a coefficient of r = 0.97, indicating a very strong positive relationship between coastal vegetation and protective coastal structures. Therefore, the study recommends strengthening mitigation strategies through improved protective infrastructure and optimization of coastal vegetation functions, particularly in high-risk areas, to reduce tsunami impacts in the future.

This study compares Grammarly and Paraphraser.io in supporting students’ academic writing and rewriting skills based on Flower and Hayes’s (1981) cognitive process theory, which includes the stages of planning, translating, and reviewing. Using a descriptive qualitative method supported by quantitative data, the research involved 32 English Education students who had used both tools in academic writing. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed descriptively to identify students’ perceptions of grammatical accuracy, rewriting ability, feedback quality, and overall writing improvement. The results of this study indicate that 54.4% of students use Grammarly and 45.6% use Paraphraser.io, showing that Grammarly is the slightly more dominant and trusted tool for improving grammatical accuracy and clarity, while Paraphraser.io functions as a complementary platform for paraphrasing and generating new sentence structures; together, both tools contribute effectively though through distinct roles to enhancing students’ academic writing performance. The comparative analysis revealed that Grammarly was most effective in enhancing analytical skills during the planning and reviewing stages, improving grammar, coherence, and clarity. In contrast, Paraphraser.io was most beneficial for generative skills in the translating stage, directly enhancing originality and sentence variation. Most respondents rated their writing improvement highly, confirming the positive impact of both tools on academic performance. In conclusion, the findings confirm that Grammarly and Paraphraser.io serve distinct, yet complementary roles: the former ensures linguistic precision, while the latter supports structural creativity, ultimately helping students produce highly accurate and original academic texts.

The formation of spiritual maturity within Christian families is often misunderstood as a result of chronological age or the length of one’s Christian experience. This literature study emphasizes that spiritual maturity is not determined by age, but by a continuous process of faith formation through biblical knowledge, spiritual practices, lifestyle modeling, and character transformation. Using library research methods, this study analyzes primary and secondary literature related to the role of families, stages of faith development, and the collaborative role of the church in spiritual formation. The findings reveal that the family serves as the central foundation of faith formation, requiring the active involvement of parents in Bible reading, prayer, ethical guidance, and moral example. Furthermore, spiritual maturity is influenced by developmental stages that do not necessarily correspond to biological age. The church functions as a collaborative partner that supports family spiritual growth through teaching, ministry involvement, and pastoral guidance. This study concludes that spiritual maturity is reflected in character and actions rather than ritual participation alone, and it recommends strengthening family-based faith education and cooperation with the church as a foundation for authentic spiritual growth.

This article discusses the role of Christian Religious Education (PAK) in shaping inclusive attitudes of students in the midst of diverse Indonesian society. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, this study examines how PAK can teach the values ​​of love, justice, and respect for differences, and their impact on students' character. The results of the study indicate that PAK not only functions as a transmitter of the doctrine of faith, but also as a means to promote tolerance and interfaith dialogue. Teachers play an important role as facilitators who create a safe and supportive learning environment, and integrate multicultural values ​​into the curriculum. Although PAK faces challenges in the learning approach, collaboration between the church, school, and family can strengthen the impact of religious education. Thus, PAK has great potential in shaping a tolerant generation committed to social justice in a pluralistic society.

This study aims to map the direction of criminal punishment policy formulated in criminal law provisions, test claims of humanizing punishment through sanction design and the principle of individualization, and describe forms of repression that operate through normative flexibility, law enforcement discretion, and morally nuanced criminalization. The research method used is normative legal research, utilizing both a legislative and conceptual approach to analyze the norms, principles, and objectives of punishment. The results show that Article 51 articulates the objectives of punishment, including the rehabilitation of offenders, community protection, and the restoration of social balance. However, this provision functions primarily as normative legitimacy for a flexible sanction architecture. The existence of alternative punishments and oversight mechanisms refines the form of punishment while expanding state intervention into the social life of offenders. Furthermore, the regulation of conditional sentences and adjustments to the implementation of sanctions increase the discretion of law enforcement officials. Repression does not disappear, but rather shifts through regulations on morality, public order, recognition of living law, and the threat of symbolic punishment, shifting the relationship between the state and individuals toward ongoing administrative control.

This study aims to analyze the role of public relations as a key pillar in building reputation and enhancing the credibility of nature-based tourism in Jombang. The research focuses on the communication strategies employed by public relations officers in delivering information, managing public interactions, and utilizing digital media as the primary tool for strengthening destination image. The research method used is a case study with a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with six informants, including public relations staff, tourism managers, representatives from the tourism department, local community members, and visitors.The findings show that public relations plays a vital role in reputation building through four main dimensions: message consistency, communication transparency, collaboration with communities and stakeholders, and the optimization of digital media. Field findings reveal that consistent use of social media strengthens tourists’ trust, while local community involvement adds authenticity to the destination’s image. Moreover, public relations also functions as a crisis communication manager by providing fast and accurate information during operational disruptions. In conclusion, the reputation of nature tourism in Jombang is not solely determined by natural beauty but also by the quality of communication managed by public relations. The optimization of digital and collaborative communication has become a key strategy to maintain the credibility and attractiveness of the destination amid increasingly competitive tourism dynamics.

This study examines Pamungkas’s song “To the Bone” through the lens of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), focusing on the ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions as proposed by M.A.K. Halliday. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this research explores how the lyrics represent emotional depth, longing, and devotion through linguistic choices. The ideational metafunction reveals the representation of personal experiences and emotional states, as seen in the recurring mental processes that express desire and affection. The interpersonal metafunction highlights the close emotional relationship between the singer and the listener, employing personal pronouns, modality, and mood to convey sincerity, vulnerability, and affection. Meanwhile, the textual metafunction ensures cohesion and coherence through repetition, thematic structure, and parallelism, which emphasize the constancy of emotion and strengthen the lyrical unity. By uncovering these linguistic processes, this study demonstrates how “To the Bone” serves as a powerful medium of emotional expression, illustrating how language in music functions not only as art but also as a reflection of human intimacy and emotional truth.

This research aims to develop an E-Catalog Information System for the Library of SMPK St. Yohanes Wewewa Barat as a digital platform that provides students and teachers with fast, accurate, and efficient access to book collection information. The system is designed to replace the previous manual book search process, which often caused delays and reduced the effectiveness of library services. The development of this system applies The Model-View-Controller (MVC) method structures the system by dividing it into three distinct parts: the model, the view, and the controller, each with its own specific function resulting in a structured architecture that is easier to manage, maintain, and improve. This method was chosen because it supports modular development and provides flexibility for future system enhancements. The results of this study show that the developed e-catalog system functions properly and performs well according to the intended design. All main features, including book searching, book detail display, and book data management, operate optimally without significant issues. Moreover, the system helps improve the efficiency of library services and enhances the user experience in accessing digital book information.

This article examines in depth the concept of protecting human dignity through the regulation of gaze and physical contact among mahram according to the Shafi‘i School of Islamic law. From an Islamic perspective, the preservation of dignity (ḥifẓ al-‘irḍ) occupies a highly fundamental position as part of the objectives of Islamic law, particularly in regulating social relations and family interactions. Although mahram relationships legally allow closer interaction, Islam continues to establish ethical boundaries to safeguard purity and moral values. This study is a normative legal research employing conceptual and normative-fiqh approaches, relying on primary sources such as the Qur’an, the Prophetic traditions (hadith), and classical as well as contemporary Shafi‘i jurisprudential literature. The findings indicate that the Shafi‘i School does not regard mahram relations as a sphere of absolute and unrestricted freedom, but instead provides clear regulations concerning gaze and physical contact. Visual interaction is permitted in a limited manner, restricted to certain parts of the body and subject to the condition that it does not provoke desire or potential moral temptation (fitnah). Meanwhile, physical contact is regulated more strictly and, in principle, is only permitted in situations of legitimate shar‘i necessity, such as medical treatment or emergency circumstances. Therefore, the regulation of gaze and physical contact among mahram in the Shafi‘i School functions as an instrument for protecting human dignity, preserving the sanctity of family relationships, and preventing behavioral deviations from an early stage.