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This study explores the urgency of enacting a specific Electronic Waste Management Law in Indonesia as a legal foundation to support the achievement of net zero emissions. Using a normative juridical approach, the research analyzes existing legal shortcomings, the application of the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) principle, and comparative insights from international e-waste regulatory frameworks. The findings indicate that current environmental regulations, such as Law No. 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management and Government Regulation No. 101 of 2014 on Hazardous Waste Management, do not explicitly regulate electronic waste. As a result, e-waste management remains fragmented and largely handled by the informal sector without adequate supervision or accountability mechanisms. Therefore, the establishment of a comprehensive E-Waste Law is crucial to enhance Indonesia’s legal structure, substantive norms, and legal culture in supporting a sustainable circular economy. Through the implementation of EPR and shared responsibility among producers, consumers, and government institutions, the law can function as a strategic tool to minimize electronic waste generation, improve recycling efficiency, and reduce carbon emissions. Such legal innovation would reinforce Indonesia’s environmental governance and accelerate progress toward its national goal of achieving net zero emissions by 2060.

Civic Education (PKn) has a strategic role as the main means in internalizing the values of Pancasila to students. Through PKn, the process of forming the character and personality of citizens can be carried out systematically, sustainably, and contextually, based on the values of divinity, humanity, unity, democracy, and justice. The internalization of these values is not only through mastery of concepts, but also through habituation of attitudes and behaviors in daily life. An interactive, reflective, and social project-based approach to learning allows learners to actively develop moral awareness, social responsibility, and a sense of nationalism. PKn functions as a character education instrument that not only forms civic knowledge, but also builds a strong national identity and a tolerant spirit. In the context of globalization and the challenges of the digital era, civil society is an important foundation in equipping the young generation to be able to be critical, adaptive, and still uphold national values. Therefore, PKn is not just a formal subject, but a strategic vehicle in forming a generation with Pancasila character who is ready to contribute positively to the life of society, nation, and state. This research emphasizes the urgency of PKn revitalization as a transformative and contextual value education.

This study examines the role of social and cultural structures as mechanisms in reconstructing and maintaining the religious practices of Hindu Kaharingan amidst the challenges of modernization. As a local belief system of the Dayak community in Central Kalimantan, Hindu Kaharingan functions not only spiritually but also as a guardian of cultural identity. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a phenomenological study design. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and document studies to understand the meanings and experiences of the practitioners. The findings reveal that major rituals, such as Tiwah, serve a dual purpose: spiritually, to guide the souls of ancestors, and socially, as a community adhesive that reinforces solidarity through mutual cooperation (handep). Through the lens of Functionalism Theory and Religious Systems Theory, this study reveals that religious ceremonies act as a vital medium for cultural transmission. The active involvement of the younger generation in these rites serves as a non-formal educational mechanism for passing down values, philosophies, and ancestral knowledge within an oral tradition system. Thus, the socio-cultural role of the community functions as an adaptive and resistive strategy that ensures the continuity of the spiritual identity and cultural resilience of Hindu Kaharingan in the contemporary era.

This study examines the influence of credit interest rates and third-party funds on the credit distribution of PT BPR BKK Banjarharjo, Brebes Regency, using a quantitative approach based on secondary data from monthly financial reports between 2020 and 2024, amounting to 60 observations. The results show that, partially, credit interest rates exert a negative and significant effect on credit distribution, while third-party funds demonstrate a positive and significant impact. Simultaneous testing further confirms that both variables collectively have a significant influence on credit distribution. These findings emphasize the importance of banking institutions in carrying out their intermediation function effectively, where the ability to maintain competitive credit interest rates and strengthen public fund mobilization becomes a strategic necessity to improve credit growth and financial stability. Moreover, the study highlights the role of micro-banking as a foundation for regional economic development, particularly in rural areas where local banks serve as drivers of community empowerment and sustainable economic activity. By reinforcing prudent management of interest rates and optimizing fund collection, banks can ensure not only improved financial performance but also the expansion of credit access for micro, small, and medium enterprises. The outcomes of this research are expected to provide practical contributions to policymakers in the banking sector, enrich scientific literature in financial management, and serve as a relevant reference for subsequent studies focusing on credit distribution, financial intermediation, and the development of microfinance institutions.

Plant growth regulators are organic or synthetic compounds that function to regulate and stimulate plant growth, both in the vegetative and generative phases. The administration of plant growth regulators (PGRs) is an effort to provide hormones to plants for optimal growth. The purpose of this study was to determine the growth and yield of expired corn (Zea mays L.) plants after the administration of various plant growth regulators. The research using a randomized block design consisted of 10 treatments where treatment A = new seeds + Aquades, B = new seeds + 500 cc / L ZPT bean sprout extract, C = new seeds + 500cc / L ZPT young coconut water, D = new seeds + 0.2 cc / L Auxin, E = new seeds + 0.2 cc / L Gibberellin, F = expired seeds + Aquades, G = expired seeds + 500 cc / L ZPT bean sprout extract, H = expired seeds + 500 cc / L young coconut water, I = expired seeds + 0.2 cc / L Auxin, J = expired seeds + 0.2 cc / l Gibberellin. Each treatment was repeated 3 times, until 30 experimental units were obtained. Based on the results of the study, the highest plants were found in treatment I = expired seeds + 0.2 cc / L auxin at plant age 6 MST with an average of 257,667. The observation of the highest number of leaves was found in treatment I = expired seeds + 0.2 cc / L auxin at plant age 6 MST with an average of 14,530 strands, the best stem diameter was in treatment F = expired seeds + Aquades, at plant age 5 MST with an average stem diameter of 28,733, observations on the weight of the cob with husk and the best weight of the cob without husk were found in treatment F = expired seeds + Aquades with an average of 287,200 grams, and 251,533 grams, observations on the length of the best cob in treatment F = expired seeds + Aquades with an average length of 19,900 cm.

Hipodontia adalah kondisi medis yang dapat mempengaruhi gigi desidui dan/atau gigi permanen, dan sering kali menimbulkan berbagai tantangan yang memerlukan perencanaan multidisiplin. Kondisi ini dapat berdampak negatif pada aspek estetika, bicara, fungsi oklusal, serta kesejahteraan psikologis pasien. Salah satu bentuk perawatan yang umum diberikan untuk pasien dengan hipodontia adalah penggunaan gigi tiruan cekat (GTC). Tujuan laporan kasus ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana perawatan gigi tiruan cekat dapat diterapkan pada pasien dengan hipodontia. Metode yang digunakan dalam laporan kasus ini adalah memberikan perawatan dengan GTC pada pasien hipodontia, kemudian dievaluasi hasilnya setelah diberikan perawatan. Dalam merawat hipodontia, penggunaan gigi tiruan cekat sangat bergantung pada sejumlah faktor, antara lain ukuran, bentuk, dan warna gigi yang hilang, lokasi hipodontia, serta profil wajah pasien. Selain itu, aspek estetika seperti garis senyum, perbedaan panjang lengkung gigi, ukuran gigi, ketebalan tulang rahang, dan ekspektasi estetika pasien juga turut mempengaruhi keputusan perawatan yang dilakukan. Dengan pendekatan yang tepat, perawatan hipodontia dapat memperbaiki fungsi oklusal dan estetika, memberikan hasil yang optimal untuk pasien.

Hospitals, as healthcare institutions, bear the responsibility of delivering safe, high-quality, and patient-centered services. Hospital accreditation serves as a crucial mechanism to ensure service quality and legal protection for patients, particularly in medical dispute cases. This study aims to analyze the impact of accreditation on patient legal protection, both preventively and repressively. The research employs a normative legal method with statutory and conceptual approaches, utilizing primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Data were analyzed through document studies covering Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, government regulations, presidential regulations, and technical regulations from the Ministry of Health regarding accreditation standards and procedures. The findings indicate that accreditation functions as a continuous evaluation mechanism to ensure medical services comply with safety standards and clinical governance, strengthens patients’ rights to information, informed consent, and quality care, and reduces the risk of medical disputes. However, implementation challenges exist, including limited resources, compliance performed as formalities, and inconsistent supervision. Therefore, accreditation is not merely an administrative symbol but a strategic legal instrument that enhances patient safety culture and hospital accountability, ensuring that healthcare delivery meets professional, ethical, and legal standards.

Dysregulation of the immune system is associated with many medical conditions, including: Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer. Most popular model today. In biomedical research, rodents, despite the many advantages they offer, there are also many drawbacks to its use. Recently, another in vivo model, the chicken Embryos and their chorioallantoic membranes are resurfaced for a variety of uses. This model includes cost-effectiveness, time-efficiency, Easier to use. This review describes how to use chicken embryos. As a model for immune-based research because it gradually develops the embryonic immune system, Systems functionally similar to humans. This study examined mainly intended to describbe the immune system of birds, highlighting the differences and similarities with the human immune system A system containing a repertoire of lymphoid tissue, immune cells, and other important functions. A literature search was carried out systematically through the PubMed, NCBI, Google Scholar databases using keywords, namely, “Chicken embryo model, Perspective, Novel and relevant models Immunity, based research”. Based on these keywords, 21350 articles were obtained and 50 articles that meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected. Those helped to describe general in-ovo immune ontogeny. Future studies are suggested to better tailor the use of chicken embryo models for testing carrying out specific experimental hypotheses or preclinical studies.

Canine dwarfism is a growth disorder resulting from physiological dysfunction within the endocrine system, primarily due to growth hormone (GH) deficiency commonly caused by abnormal pituitary development. GH and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) play essential roles in regulating the growth of bones, muscles, skin, and internal organs through the hypothalamic–pituitary–liver axis. Under normal conditions, the hypothalamus controls GH secretion, which subsequently stimulates the liver to produce IGF-1 as the main mediator of growth. Genetic abnormalities such as LHX3 mutations can impair somatotroph cell differentiation and reduce GH production, ultimately leading to decreased IGF-1 levels. The deficiency of these hormones disrupts chondrocyte proliferation in the epiphyseal plates, decreases muscle protein synthesis, and negatively affects the development of tissues such as skin, hair, and reproductive organs. This study was conducted using a literature review method by searching scientific databases and selecting relevant publications addressing the physiological, clinical, and pathophysiological aspects of canine dwarfism. Literature analysis indicates that GH deficiency leads to clinical manifestations such as stunted body size, thin and easily shedding hair, dry and infection-prone skin, reduced muscle mass, metabolic disturbances, and delayed reproductive maturation. Diagnosis is established through clinical evaluation, IGF-1 measurement as an indicator of GH activity, and radiographic assessment of epiphyseal plate development. Overall, a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between physiological abnormalities and clinical signs is crucial for early detection and appropriate management of dwarfism, providing a strong scientific foundation for understanding the hormonal mechanisms disrupted in this condition.

This study investigates the role of fintech and digital finance as intermediary variables in the influence of sharia financial literacy on increasing sharia financial inclusion in Aceh Province. This study examined 308 respondents spread across various regions of Aceh Province and analyzed using SEM AMOS and a purposive sampling technique. After conducting various tests, this study demonstrated that sharia financial literacy, fintech, digital finance, and sharia financial inclusion have been well-functioning. Sharia financial literacy has been proven to enhance fintech, digital finance, and sharia financial inclusion in Aceh. Correspondingly, fintech and digital finance also have a positive and significant impact on sharia financial inclusion. Furthermore, fintech and digital finance have also been shown to partially mediate the relationship between sharia financial literacy and sharia financial inclusion

The limits of authority among the company’s organs in corporate management are expressly regulated under the UUPT, which assigns managerial and representative functions to the Board of Directors, supervisory and advisory functions to the Board of Commissioners, and control functions to the General Meeting of Shareholders. In practice, these authorities are often not implemented effectively, resulting in various violations. Such violations do not always arise from ultra vires acts but may also stem from negligence in exercising the granted authority. Improper management, administrative omissions, and passive supervision contribute to the risk of loss upon revocation of a mining business license. The absence of a valid license removes the company’s legal basis for operating and triggers potential liability for he organs that were negligent. This research employs a normative juridical approach with a descriptive-analytical specification. Data were obtained from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials through literature review and case study of Decision No. 3/Pdt.G/2023/PN.Mgg. Directors must distinguish between beheer and beschikking actions when determining the scope of corporate management. Meanwhile, the Board of Commissioners is obligated to conduct supervision and provide advice proactively, whether requested or not, as a manifestation of good faith.

This study examines the construction of reality and violations of broadcasting ethics in the Xpose Uncensored Trans7 program in 2025 which displays a negative image of pesantren and kiai. Using a descriptive qualitative approach with the framing analysis of Pan and Kosicki's model, this study reveals the existence of tendentious narrative and visual manipulation, thus giving the impression of harassment of religious symbols. The broadcasts are considered to violate the principles of balance and social responsibility as stipulated in the Broadcasting Code of Conduct and Broadcast Program Standards (P3SPS). The public reaction that emerged through the hashtag #BoikotTRANS7 reflects the increasing public awareness of the importance of ethics in broadcasting practices. This phenomenon shows that the media not only functions as a conveyor of information, but also has a moral responsibility in shaping public opinion in a fair and balanced manner. This study emphasizes the urgency of increasing media literacy and ethical sensitivity in the production of broadcast content, especially those related to the representation of religious groups. Thus, the results of this study are expected to be a reference for broadcasting institutions, media regulators, and the public in encouraging more ethical and responsible broadcasting practices in the digital era.

Christian Religious Education (PAK) plays a strategic role in instilling foundational faith and moral values in children from an early age. Through the VAK learning style ( Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic). In the context of modern education, PAK functions not only as a medium for delivering biblical teachings but also as a framework for character formation that aligns with children’s developmental needs. This study aims to analyze the role of PAK as a means of shaping faith and moral values, as well as to describe how PAK learning practices strengthen children’s spiritual growth through modeling, habituation, and learning interactions relevant to their daily lives. This qualitative research employs a descriptive approach, with data collected through literature studies, limited observations, and reflections on field experiences. The findings indicate that contextually designed PAK learning significantly influences children’s ways of thinking, behaving, and acting. The integration of school, family, and church further reinforces the impact of PAK as a spiritual foundation and moral guide in everyday life. This study emphasizes that PAK is not merely the transmission of religious content but a process of value internalization that directs children toward a life of faith, strong character, and responsibility.

The development of digital technology and social media provides both opportunities and challenges for the preservation of traditional arts such as Wayang Golek from West Java, which is rich in cultural, moral, and Islamic preaching values. Wayang Golek has long served as a medium for da'wah, conveying religious teachings creatively through artistic performances. However, changes in the preferences of younger generations who favor instant digital content put this traditional art at risk of being forgotten. This study uses a qualitative method with a literature study approach to examine the role of social media in revitalizing Wayang Golek as a medium for cultural preservation and Islamic da'wah. The research results show that social media such as YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok play an important role in expanding access and public interest, especially among young people, through interactive and engaging educational content. However, limitations in technological proficiency and lack of support are major obstacles. Social media. It not only functions as a tool for communication and entertainment but also serves as a means of documentation and cultural education that can build virtual communities and a strong cultural identity. This study recommends strengthening digital training for artists, cross-sector collaboration, and creative content innovation to maintain the relevance and sustainability of Wayang Golek in the modern era. Adapting digital technology is an important strategy to align the preservation of traditional arts with the development of the times without losing the essence of cultural values and the messages contained within.

This study aims to analyze the role of catechesis in preparing couples for marriage in the Catholic Church comprehensively, encompassing theological, spiritual, mental, and emotional dimensions. The background of this study is based on the phenomenon that some couples still enter into marriage without adequate faith preparation, thus implicating a low understanding of the meaning of the sacrament of marriage as a holy and inseparable life partnership. The research method used is a quantitative approach with a Likert-scale questionnaire as the data collection technique. The research instrument was compiled based on three main indicators, namely understanding the teachings of the sacrament, family function, and church life. Data were analyzed descriptively to measure respondents' perceptions of the effectiveness of catechesis in preparing for Catholic marriage. The results showed that the role of catechesis obtained a high average score of 37.34, with 83.87% of respondents in the strongly agree category. This indicates that catechesis plays a significant role in shaping the spiritual and psychological readiness of prospective couples. The implications of this research confirm that catechesis does not only function as a process of teaching faith, but also as an integral pastoral tool in building Catholic families based on love, loyalty, and Christian responsibility, and contributes to strengthening the faith of the church community. .

This study is motivated by the challenge of economic independence for Islamic boarding schools amid the transformation of their role in the modern era. Islamic boarding schools no longer function solely as traditional Islamic educational institutions, but have also developed as centers for economic and social empowerment of the community. However, dependence on uncertain external funding sources has prompted the need to develop a sustainable economic ecosystem for Islamic boarding schools in order to strengthen the independence of these institutions. This study aims to explore the development of Islamic boarding school financing management based on economic independence. This study uses a qualitative approach, with an exploratory sequential mixed methods design. The research method uses Research and Development (R&D) with the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation (ADDIE) development model. The results of the study found that: 1) Financial management in two Islamic boarding schools has been carried out systematically through planning, funding diversification, governance, and continuous evaluation with a contextual approach. 2) The development of financial management has shifted from an administrative function to an economic independence strategy based on the integration of modern governance and Islamic boarding school values.

Islamic Religious Education (PAI) plays a crucial role in shaping students’ character and religious values, including moderate attitudes in practicing religion. This study aims to analyze the implementation of Project Based Learning (PBL) in PAI as a means to strengthen moderate character and integrate religious moderation values through student collaborative projects. The research employs a literature review approach, collecting data from various scientific literature, journals, books, theses, and dissertations relevant to the topic. Data analysis is conducted using content analysis and narrative synthesis, applying both deductive and inductive reasoning. The findings indicate that PBL allows students to actively engage in contextual real-life projects, making the understanding of Islamic teachings more applicable and reflective. PBL also promotes the internalization of religious moderation values through collaboration and discussion among students, while reinforcing moderate character by developing social skills, empathy, and inclusive attitudes. Despite challenges such as limited resources and teacher readiness, appropriate implementation strategies can optimize the effectiveness of PBL in PAI. Therefore, PBL functions not only as a learning method but also as a transformative pedagogical strategy that shapes a generation of Muslim students who are knowledgeable, tolerant, and moderate.

This study aims to examine the role of human resource managers in strategic decision-making regarding employee training and development programs. The research method used is a literature study that analyzes various relevant theories and previous research findings. The results indicate that the role of HR managers has shifted from administrative functions to strategic business partners who are responsible not only for implementing training programs but also for long-term planning based on competency needs analysis. Factors such as leadership support, organizational culture, resource availability, and technological advancement significantly influence the quality of strategic HR decisions. Well-aligned and data-driven decisions enhance training effectiveness, employee motivation, and organizational productivity. This study highlights the importance of analytical capability, adaptive leadership, and digital technology utilization for HR managers to develop relevant and competitive training policies. The findings are expected to serve as a reference for organizations in formulating more targeted human resource development strategies that positively impact overall organizational performance.  

In Islam, the family is a spiritual institution that plays a central role in shaping human psychological and moral balance. However, modernization, individualism, and value disorientation have led to rising psychological crises and disharmony in Muslim households. This issue requires a scientific approach that goes beyond legal-normative perspectives toward an integrative psychological understanding. This study aims to analyze the concept of Sakinah, Mawaddah, and Rahmah from a psychological perspective to formulate a contextual and applicable model of family well-being. The research employs a qualitative library research method by synthesizing Islamic sources (Qur’an, Hadith, and classical scholarship) with contemporary psychological theories of emotional well-being and spiritual intelligence. The findings reveal that Sakinah represents spiritual-emotional equilibrium, Mawaddah functions as an ethical and transcendental affective energy, and Rahmah embodies compassionate empathy that nurtures healing and forgiveness. Together, these values constitute the Islamic Family Well-Being Model, an integrative paradigm that situates spirituality as emotional regulation, love as affective force, and compassion as moral regulator. This model asserts that genuine harmony in Muslim families can only be achieved through psycho-spiritual balance grounded in divine values.

This study examines the changes in the authority of the Professional Disciplinary Council (Majelis Disiplin Profesi, MDP) under Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health and their implications for legal certainty for medical and health professionals. Although these changes are intended to improve the professional disciplinary system, they have resulted in the centralization of authority under the Ministry of Health, including the appointment of members, institutional formation, and the process of judicial review of MDP decisions. Furthermore, MDP recommendations can now serve as a basis for criminal investigations against medical and health personnel, which contradicts the original function of the MDP as an institution for enforcing ethics and professional discipline based on due process of ethics. This research employs a normative juridical method with a descriptive-analytical and case study approach, supported by expert interviews in health law. Theoretical frameworks used include the Theory of Legal Certainty, the Theory of Human Rights, and the Theory of Legal Protection. Findings indicate that the centralization of authority under the Ministry of Health has created a power imbalance in professional oversight. This has negative implications for legal protection, increasing the risk of conflict of interest, abuse of authority, and weakening legal certainty for medical and health professionals. Therefore, it is necessary to revise Law No. 17 of 2023 and Government Regulation No. 28 of 2024 to restore the independence of the MDP and ensure a proportional redistribution of authority within the health professional oversight system.