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This literature review examines the effectiveness of Brain Gym as an intervention to improve children's learning concentration. Brain Gym is a series of physical movements developed to enhance brain function. Several studies in the last decade have suggested that Brain Gym activities can positively influence children's attention span and cognitive performance, particularly in educational settings. Through a review of 20 empirical studies published between 2015 and 2024, this study finds consistent evidence of improved focus and academic engagement among children who participated in regular Brain Gym exercises. The findings suggest that Brain Gym can serve as a complementary approach to conventional teaching strategies, especially for elementary-level learners. Implications for educators and future research are discussed.

The Snail Canning Industry has the potential to impact the environment if wastewater with high organic compound content is not treated first. This study aims to analyze the performance of the Snail Canning Industry Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) based on BOD, COD, and TSS parameters. The method used is descriptive, with primary data obtained through interviews and secondary data from laboratory test results. Measurements were taken at the inlet and outlet points of the WWTP, then compared with the quality standards based on the Regulation of the Minister of Environment No. 5 of 2014. The results showed that the WWTP succeeded in reducing the concentration of BOD from 201 mg/L to 6 mg/L, COD from 315 mg/L to 24 mg/L, and TSS from 25 mg/L to 6 mg/L. The reduction efficiency of each parameter was 97.01% for BOD, 92.38% for COD, and 76% for TSS. All outlet results met the established quality standards. This indicates that the wastewater treatment process at the IPAL functions effectively in reducing the levels of pollutant parameters in wastewater.

Air quality in Western Java is highly dynamic and shaped by environmental changes influenced by intense human activities. Aerosols—tiny particulate matter that affects air quality, weather, and climate—can be quantified using Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), which measures aerosol concentrations in the atmospheric column. This research uses spatial regression analysis to examine the spatial distribution of AOD from GEE’s platform (Google Earth Engine) and its relationship with rainfall and wind patterns during both the wet and dry seasons. The findings indicate that wind speed does not significantly impact AOD values, but wind direction does affect the distribution of rainfall and AOD, likely due to the monsoon system. During the wet season (December to March), high-intensity and widespread rainfall effectively cleanses the atmosphere of aerosols, leading to no significant effect on AOD (p-value > 0.05). In contrast, during the dry season, rainfall significantly influences AOD spatial patterns (p-value < 0.05). These results highlight the intricate interplay between meteorological factors and aerosol’s behavior, emphasizing the seasonal variability in their interactions.

This study aims to determine how effective the fermentation process is carried out by the microorganism Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a soluble sugar medium, and how the sugar concentration affects the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced. The fermentation process was observed using a balloon as a simple indicator to measure the gas produced. The study was conducted with an experimental approach at MI Jamiyatul Mubtadiin, using three variations of sugar concentration: 10%, 15%, and 20%. The results showed that the higher the sugar concentration, the more carbon dioxide gas was formed. This shows that S. cerevisiae is able to utilize sugar efficiently to produce gas in the fermentation process. In addition to providing scientific understanding, this study is also associated with legal, religious, and philosophical values, thus providing a broader perspective on the application of fermentation in everyday life and education.

Sustained-release tablets are pharmaceutical preparations designed to gradually release the active substance over a specific period, thereby maintaining a constant concentration of the drug in the circulatory system and enhancing therapeutic effectiveness.The development of sustained-release tablets aims to extend the duration of drug action, reduce the frequency of dose administration, and minimize fluctuations in drug levels in the plasma, which ultimately enhances patient compliance and treatment effectiveness, especially in chronic diseases.The purpose of this review is to identify various formulation methods and innovations in the production of sustained-release tablets, as well as to examine the factors that influence the success of these formulations.The method used in this study is a literature review that collects data from various scientific publications over the past five years through online platforms such as Google Scholar, using keywords related to matrix sustained-release tablets and pharmaceutical formulations.The results of the review indicate that various techniques, such as formulating polymer matrices, coating, and encapsulation, have been applied with varying degrees of success depending on the type of active ingredients and excipients used. Some formulation innovations, such as the use of natural polymer matrices and matrix modifications, have proven effective in achieving controlled, stable, and quality-standard-compliant drug release.

Putu ayu was traditional Indonesian caked with a soft texture that was a sweet and dominant colour of green. Wheat flour in Indonesian was grew used, so local materials need to be developed to reduce their dependence on wheat flour. This studied aimed to determined of soy flour and extract of katuk leaves which had high antioxidant and preferred consumer. This studied used was two factor Completetly Randomized Design (CRD) with ratio wheat flour and soybeans flour (90:10), (80:20) and (70:30) and extract concentration katuk leaves 10%, 15% and 20%. Putu ayu caked the best treatment was on ratio wheat flour and soy flour (70:30) with extract katuk leaves 15% because had high antioxidant activity 18,35%, aw moistured content 44,99%, ash content 8,35%, total fat 3,53%,8,59% protein, and 9,18% fiber. Soy flour substitutions and the addition of katuk leaves had the potential to increased the protein level of the putu ayu caked.

Based on literature research conducted over the past five years, from 2020 to 2024, this study aims to analyze the positive and negative impacts of technology use on students' cognitive development in schools. Digital technology plays a significant role in modern education, both in supporting students' critical thinking, creativity and conceptual understanding, and in introducing risks such as decreased concentration and digital dependency. The method used was a literature study that used a sample of literature covering various levels of education, from elementary school to higher education, using relevant articles and journals. The results of the analysis show that technology can accelerate the learning process and increase students' learning motivation if used appropriately and accompanied by the role of parents or teachers. However, excessive and unsupervised use can lead to cognitive, social and emotional impairment. Therefore, a balanced strategy for using technology is needed so that the benefits can be maximized and the negative impacts minimized.

Islam is a religion that places its concentration on regulating the economic order, so that the economic cycle is not only focused on one group or dominated by certain people. Islam applies strict sanctions against the hoarding of the economy that is only accessible to certain groups who have power, while the weak can only be witnesses. The economic gap that has been felt lately is a trigger for the compartmentalization of human life. Relationships between humans become foreign, do not know each other, let alone care about the problems felt by each individual. Life that feels foreign in the midst of society because of individualistic lifestyles is a trigger for crime and other bad behavior caused by economic inequality. Sayyidina Ali said that disbelief occurs due to persistent poverty. Even the crime of theft is also triggered by poverty.

Muhammad Syahrur is a contemporary Islamic figure who presents innovative products in interpreting legal verses. One of them is the concept of milkul yamin which allows sexual activities outside of marriage. The focus of the discussion of this paper is to find out how the concept of milkul yamin Muhammad Syahrur, the methodology of Syahrur's legal istinbath, the background of Syahrur's life so that he has a very liberal orientation of thought and how when this milkul yamin concept is applied to Indonesian society. This research is categorized as a literature review (Library Research). Namely research by collecting data on the concept of milkul yamin Muhammad Syahrur to then describe and analyze it simultaneously. The results of this study indicate that Muhammad Syahrur never attended an Islamic school during his life, and when he was studying for his undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral degrees, the concentration he took was civil engineering, especially in soil mechanics. On that basis, the methodology of legal istinbath used by Syahrur is the theory of limits (hadd al a'la and hadd al adna), thus giving rise to the concept of milkul yamin which allows sexual intercourse without marriage. While when applied to the lives of Indonesian society, it has many weaknesses both from the legal side and from the socio-cultural side of Indonesian society.

Propagation of rose plants through stem cuttings is a widely used method; however, its success is often influenced by the availability of adequate plant growth regulators and nutrients. The use of natural materials such as shallot extract as a source of plant growth regulators and cow manure as an organic fertilizer is expected to enhance the growth of cuttings in an environmentally friendly manner. This study aimed to determine the effect of soaking duration in shallot extract, the application of cow manure, and the interaction between both treatments on the growth of rose (Rosa hybrida L.) cuttings. The research was conducted in November 2025 in Sampe Cita Glugur Rimbun Village, Kutalimbaru District, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra, at an altitude of approximately 500 meters above sea level. The study employed a factorial Randomized Block Design with two treatment factors and three replications, resulting in 48 experimental units. The first factor was the soaking duration in shallot extract (0, 4, 8, and 12 hours), while the second factor was the dosage of cow manure (0, 50, 100, and 150 g per polybag). Observed parameters included survival percentage, time of shoot emergence, number of shoots, shoot length, number of leaves, and leaf length. The results showed that all treatments, both individually and in interaction, had no significant effect on all growth parameters. Nevertheless, plant growth increased with plant age, with a relatively high and uniform survival rate of approximately ±90%. These findings indicate that, at the treatment levels applied, shallot extract and cow manure were not effective in significantly improving the growth of rose cuttings, suggesting that further research with different concentrations or treatment combinations is needed.

Bedda Lotong is a traditional scrub from the Bugis tribe of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The name ‘Bedda Lotong’ literally means ‘black powder’ in Bugis language, referring to the distinctive black colour of this scrub which comes from its main ingredient, white glutinous rice that is roasted until burnt. The purpose of this study was to determine the number of colonies of moulds (thread moulds) and yeasts (one-celled fungi) in Bedda Lotong with the addition of Eucheuma cottoni seaweed. In addition, this study also aimed to determine the level of panellists' liking through organoleptic tests. The research design used was a factorial Completely Randomised Design (CRD) with 3 levels of treatment with 3 replications. The treatment of adding Eucheuma cottoni seaweed as a microbial growth inhibitor. Data processing was done with analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and continued with Duncan test using SPSS V.23 software. Based on the results of the study, it was obtained that the effect of the addition of Eucheuma cottoni seaweed did not significantly affect the ALT/TPC test (>0.05) (0.087) and had a significant effect (<0.05) (0.003) on the Bedda Lotong pH test and in the treatment of A1 (5%) and B1 (10%) seaweed concentrations gave organoleptic test scores from panellists, namely a score of 4 (like).

This study aims to analyze the structure and shifts in the economy of the livestock subsector in South Lampung Regency to identify base and prospective commodities, concentrated and distinctive commodities, fast-growing and highly competitive commodities, and those with the highest economic shifts, collectively referred to as leading commodities. The data used are secondary data from the Central Bureau of Statistics and the Department of Livestock and Animal Health of South Lampung Regency. The commodities analyzed include 12 types of livestock distributed across 17 sub-districts, with a total of 204 observation units. The analytical methods used include Location Quotient (LQ) and Dynamic Location Quotient (DLQ) to identify base and prospective commodities; Localization Index (LI) and Specialization Index (SI) to assess commodity concentration and distinctiveness; and Shift Share Analysis (SSA) to measure growth, competitiveness, and net shifts. Quadrant classification at each stage was performed using the Klassen Typology. The results indicate that 61 observation units of commodity-subdistricts are classified as base and prospective commodities, and 10 of these also meet the criteria for concentration, distinctiveness, rapid growth, and high competitiveness. The commodity with the highest net shift value is broiler chickens in Tanjung Sari Sub-district, making it a leading commodity in South Lampung’s livestock subsector.

Fungal infection is an infectious disease that has a fairly high prevalence in tropical countries. Fungi that cause infections include Candida albicans and Malassezia furfur. Sungkai plants (Peronema canescens) can be used as antifungals because they contain secondary metabolite compunds, such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The pupose of this study was to determine the antifungal activities of 96% ethanol extract of sungkai leaves against Candida albicans and Malassezia furfur. The antifungal activity test of the extract used the disc diffusion method with test solution concentrations of 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, and 50% with ketoconazole as positive control and sterile aquadest as a negative control. The best inhibition results were obtained at a concentration of 50% with an average inhibition zone of 9.8mm (moderate category) against Candida albicans and an average inhibition zone of 6.88mm (moderate category) against Malassezia furfur. This shows that ethanol extract of sungkai leaves has antifungal activities.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of solid organic fertilizer made from dry leaves, cow manure, EM4, and molasses on the growth of pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.). The experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments: control (no fertilizer), and fertilizer applications at concentrations of 15%, 30%, and 35%, each replicated three times. Observed parameters included plant height, number of leaves, and fresh weight. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a 5% significance level. The results showed that the application of solid organic fertilizer significantly affected the growth of pakcoy. The 30% concentration yielded the best results, with an average plant height of 18.3 cm, 10 leaves per plant, and a fresh weight of 22.5 grams. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that applying 30% solid organic fertilizer effectively enhances pakcoy growth and supports sustainable organic farming practices.

Compensation is an effort to reduce the pollution load from other sectors to replace the wastewater load that will be discharged by businesses and/or activities due to river water quality being exceeded. Currently, most large rivers in Indonesia have exceeded the water quality standards set by the government. The one of the hospitals in Jember plans to discharge wastewater into the Bedadung River. However, the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) quality standard for the Bedadung River has been exceeded. Therefore, alternative compensation activities are needed to reduce the BOD levels of the Bedadung River. Bathing, Washing, and Toilet (MCK) facilities with biofilter septic tanks were chosen. This technology is considered to be able to effectively reduce the BOD concentration of domestic waste before being discharged into the environment. This study aims to calculate the potential for reducing the BOD pollutant load in Bedadung River water if compensation is carried out through the construction of MCK with a biofilter septic tank system, so that it is expected to provide a significant contribution to improving river water quality while supporting the sustainability of hospital activities.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of varying honey concentrations on the antioxidant activity, chemical properties, and organoleptic quality of a probiotic kombucha beverage prepared from Clitoria ternatea L. The research was motivated by increasing exposure to free radicals due to environmental pollution and the demand for alternative natural antioxidants. Kombucha was produced with honey concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30% (w/v), and analyses were performed using the DPPH assay for antioxidant activity, measurements of pH, total acidity, and total phenolic content for chemical properties, as well as sensory evaluations by trained panelists. The results showed that kombucha with 10% honey exhibited the lowest IC₅₀ value, indicating the highest antioxidant activity, while higher concentrations increased the total phenolic content without significantly enhancing the effective antioxidant potential. These findings suggest that excessive honey addition does not necessarily improve the functional benefits of the product, indicating the need for further formulation optimization to develop a high-quality, marketable probiotic beverage.

Nanomaterials have a variety of uniqueness and attractiveness, it is considered necessary to carry out literature study, beside the laboratory investigation, among others, on the nanoparticle structure and energy gap of ZnO nanoparticles doped with aluminum (Al) resulting from synthesis using various methods. In this study, the structure of the nanoparticles was divided into three types, namely crystal structure, crystallite size, and morphology. The crystal structure of the Al doped ZnO nanoparticles is hexagonal wurtzite. It is found, that, a decrease in crystallite size occurs as the doping of Al into ZnO increases to its solubility limit. A similar pattern also occurs in particle size. The high concentration of Al doping results in agglomeration. The morphology of Al doped ZnO nanoparticles in some references of this study are rod, spherical, and irregular spheres. The energy gap value of Al doped ZnO nanoparticles increases with the increasing concentration of Al doping in ZnO. So, it can be said, that Al as a doping material has an influence on the structure and optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles.    

Pressure vessels are critical components in the energy industry, used to store and process high-pressure fluids. The structural reliability of these vessels plays a pivotal role in ensuring operational safety and system efficiency. This study aims to analyze the design and reliability of pressure vessels using both numerical and experimental approaches to optimize performance and enhance safety factors. The numerical method was conducted through Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using ANSYS software to evaluate stress distribution, stress concentration, and potential failure modes under various operational load scenarios. Meanwhile, the experimental method involved hydrostatic pressure testing, strain measurements using strain gauges, and displacement analysis to validate the numerical simulation results. Data were collected from simulations and laboratory experiments, then analyzed quantitatively by comparing key parameters such as stress distribution, deformation patterns, and safety factors against industry standards. The results indicate that combining numerical and experimental approaches improves the accuracy of pressure vessel behavior predictions, enables more efficient design optimization, and enhances structural reliability. In conclusion, the methods applied in this study can serve as a reference for developing safer, more efficient pressure vessel designs that comply with industrial standards, thereby supporting improved safety and operational efficiency in the energy sector.

This study aims to determine the effect of planting distance and concentration of liquid organic fertilizer on the growth and production of shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.). This study used a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with two treatment factors: planting distance and concentration of liquid organic fertilizer. The treatment factors are as follows: Factor I: Planting Distance (J) consists of 3 treatment levels: J1 = 15 cm x 15 cm; J2 = 20 cm x 20 cm, and J3 = 25 cm x 25 cm. Factor II: Concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (V) consists of 4 treatment levels, namely: V1 = 2 ml / 240 ml of water; V2 = 4 ml / 240 ml of water; V3 = 6 ml / 240 ml of water and V4 = 8 ml / 240 ml of water. Data analysis was done using variance analysis and Duncan’s test. The results showed that planting distance significantly affected the number of leaves, bulb diameter per sample, and fresh bulb weight per sample but had no significant effect on flowering age. POC concentration significantly affected flowering age, tuber diameter per sample, and fresh tuber weight per sample but did not significantly affect plant height and number of leaves. The interaction between planting distance and POC concentration did not significantly affect all observed parameters.

One of the negative impacts of the mining process is acid mine drainage which is formed from the oxidation of minerals containing iron sulfur, such as pyrite (FeS2) and pyrothite (FeS) by oxidizers such as water and oxygen. To handle or control acid mine drainage, one way is to use activated carbon or often referred to as activated charcoal, which is a type of carbon that has a very large surface area. Charcoal is a porous solid that contains 85% to 95% carbon, produced from materials containing carbon by heating at high temperatures without oxygen (pyrolysis). Activated carbon made from palm shells is an adsorbent that can be used to treat coal mine acid water, so that the water meets standards for flowing into the environment. This study used concentration variants of 4 grams, 6 grams, 8 grams and contact times of 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 150 minutes. The results of this study show that the concentration of palm oil shell activated carbon adsorbent influences the reduction of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) metal levels as well as the pH conditions in acid mine drainage water. The higher the concentration and the longer the contact time, the more heavy metals are adsorbed, the contact time is the highest. The optimal concentration in this study was 150 minutes and the optimal concentration was 8 grams with physical activation.