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This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition (CIRC) method in improving the reading comprehension skills of grade III elementary school students. The background of this study is the low reading comprehension skills of students who are still dominated by conventional learning methods. This study uses a library research approach with a qualitative descriptive method. Data were obtained from various scientific literature such as journals, books, research reports, and other scientific works relevant to the topic. The analysis was carried out using content analysis techniques to identify the main findings related to the application of the CIRC method. The results of the study show that the CIRC method can significantly improve students' reading comprehension skills. This method emphasizes group work, active discussion, summary preparation, and writing skills, which in an integrated manner encourage students' active involvement and strengthen their understanding of the contents of the reading. In addition to improving reading comprehension, this method also develops students' critical thinking skills, social skills, and self-confidence. However, in its implementation, challenges such as time management, group dynamics, and teacher readiness are important factors that need to be considered. In conclusion, the CIRC method is an effective and applicable learning strategy to improve reading comprehension skills in elementary schools, with the note that the implementation must be carefully designed and supported by a conducive learning environment.

The aim of this research is to develop concrete media for literacy learning in reading and writing. The research method used is research and development methodology that adapts the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). The subjects of this study are first-grade elementary school students. The research instruments used in this study include a product assessment scale by material and media experts, as well as assessment questionnaires by teachers and student responses. The results of this research are concrete media for reading and writing literacy learning. The feasibility test results according to material experts received a score of 83% with good criteria, and a score of 91% with very feasible criteria from media experts. Additionally, the developed concrete media received good ratings and positive responses from first-grade students.

Indonesia is a country that prioritizes law. This has been explained explicitly in the 1945 Constitution. Criminal law in Indonesia is one of the main guidelines in realizing justice. An act is constituted as a crime and formulated in law if the act is assessed by the legislator as an act that endangers a legal interest. By establishing a prohibition against committing an act accompanied by criminal threats/sanctions for anyone who violates it, it means that the law has provided legal protection for these legal interests. In this problem, the researcher focuses on questions and legal objectives regarding legal protection for victims in cases of sibling murder, namely as follows: 1. What are the factors that cause serious abuse based on case number 720/Pid.B/2023/PN Lbp? 2. What is the criminal responsibility for perpetrators in cases of serious abuse based on case number 720/Pid.B/2023/PN Lbp. Research is the most important part of the entire series of activities for writing a scientific work, because to answer the main research problem, the object of the problem described in the problem formulation will be answered. The research location is a place or area where the research will be carried out. The location of this research is the Lubuk Pakam Class I-A District Court located at Jalan Jendral Sudirman No. 58 Lubuk Pakam, Postal Code: 20512, Tel/Fax: (061) 7955861, North Sumatra. Serious maltreatment is an act of violence that is carried out intentionally and results in serious physical injury or even death to another individual. Cases like this not only harm physically, but also emotionally and psychologically for the victims and society in general. An appropriate and effective legal process in handling cases of serious abuse is important to uphold justice, provide protection to victims, and prevent future violence.

Literature is born from the human desire to express their existence, which is closely related to the relationship between individuals and with the reality of life. A literary work contains specific intentions and purposes set by the author. Therefore, all aspects of a literary work originate from the author, who plays a crucial role in generating creative ideas that are expressed through their writings.In line with technological advancements, literature has also undergone transformation. One of the indicators of this progress is the emergence of intersemiotic transfer or adaptation, namely the process of changing the medium through which a literary work is presented, such as from text to audiovisual or film. In this context, the researcher examines the adaptation process from novel to film as the object of study.The object of this research is the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, which was later adapted into a film by director Baz Luhrmann, released in 2013 under the same title. The novel portrays the life of the American upper class during the 1920s, an era often referred to as the Roaring Twenties.This study uses a descriptive qualitative method. Qualitative research aims to describe and analyze social phenomena and activities found in the research object. The data were collected through reading, observing, and note-taking techniques, involving both the novel and the film script. In total, the researcher collected 12 data points from the analysis of the novel and its film adaptation.

This study analyzes the use of non-standard words in a thesis entitled "Effectiveness of Waste Management Based on Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (TPS 3R) Waste Disposal Sites at TPS Jokotole, Barurambat Timur Village, Pademawu District, Pamekasan Regency". The use of language is an essential thing in communicating, both orally and in writing to convey messages and information so that they are conveyed effectively. However, language errors are often found, especially the use of non-standard words, even by someone who has a deep understanding of Indonesian language rules. The use of standard language is very important to avoid misunderstandings, especially in the context of scientific writing such as theses. This research method uses a descriptive qualitative method with data collected then analyzed, classified, and evaluated standard and non-standard vocabulary based on KBBI. The results of this study indicate that many uses of non-standard words include errors in phonology, morphology, use of the preposition "di", punctuation, and non-standard spelling errors, as well as word wasting. These errors are mostly caused by habits, the influence of foreign languages, and a lack of understanding of standard language rules. The research findings highlight the importance of understanding the application of standard language rules in scientific writing to improve the quality of students' writing.  

This research was conducted at PT ADAM DANI LESTARI with the formulation of the problem is how the distribution strategy process of Frisian Flag products. The purpose of this study is to determine the distribution strategies of Frisian Flag products. The data used in writing this journal were collected through interviews and analyzed using qualitative description methods. The results of this study concluded that the distribution strategy process of Frisian Flag Milk products carried out by PT ADAM DANI LESTARI uses a direct distribution strategy to dominate the market and face competitors. However, in order to increase the brand and customer value, the company uses wholesalers and retailers so that products can be sold and delivered to consumers properly and maintain the availability of Frisian Flag Milk products in Medan City.  

Until today, many individuals remain unaware of the core subjects explored by reporters and journalists. Journalism, which plays a vital role as a form of social control within society, ideally should be introduced from an early age. Developing strong journalistic writing abilities is a gradual process and cannot be achieved instantly. Therefore, this journal seeks to examine the extent of journalism’s impact and assess the level of understanding that elementary school students have in this area. This topic falls within the broader scope of Social Studies and Cartography.

This study aims to explore how effective audio-visual media can improve grade 6 students’ ability to recognize punctuation in poetry. Literacy skills, especially in writing and understanding punctuation in poetry, are a big challenge for primary school students around the world. Lack of understanding of the structural elements of poetry and the role of punctuation often result in difficulties for student to convery their meaning and feelings correctly thorugh writing. The approach taken in this research was a literature study that examined various scholarly sources related to literacy, poetry teaching, and the use of audio-visual media.  The results of the analiysis show that audio-visual media can signicantly improve students’ motivation, comprehension and writing sklills. This media promotes a more interactive and relevant learning experience, so that students can understand the application not only from a technical perspective, but also as an aesthetic element that strengthens the meaning and expression in poetry. From these finfings, it is recommended to integrate audio-visual media in teching poetry as an innovative step to overcome liteacy problems and improve the quality of indonesian language education at the primary level.

The development of communication technology today has changed the behavior of individuals in interacting. Social media has become a means for individuals to express themselves and perform self-disclosure. This study aims to find out how expressive writing can increase self-disclosure in millennial Instagram social media users. The research method uses a qualitative approach by conducting in-depth interviews with participants. The results showed that expressive writing can facilitate individuals to express themselves and increase self-disclosure on Instagram social media users. Through expressive writing, individuals can express their feelings, thoughts, and experiences freely without any restrictions. This encourages deeper self-disclosure in millennial Instagram users. The implication of this study is the importance of using expressive writing to facilitate the self-disclosure process in social media users, especially millennials.

This journal was written with the aim of discussing Paul's theology of God's salvation, monergism and synergism. Reviewing Paul's theology of God's true salvation will lead people to a fundamental understanding and strengthen one's hold on being a Christian. There is an understanding that salvation is a human effort and God's work (Synerism). Basically, salvation is the work of God in freeing man from sin. For by the grace of God salvation is wrought, that is, by the sacrifice and redemption of His Only Begotten Son, Jesus Christ. So through this writing, man must hold fast that salvation is a gift from God, not a human effort. This writing method uses a qualitative method through library search, through text sources, such as academic journals, books, papers, and other related literature available in the library.

This study aimed to measure the effectiveness of using AI Gemini in improving the writing ability of chronological essays among second-semester students of the English Education Department at Universitas Bhinneka PGRI. A quantitative approach with a pre-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design was applied. The instruments used were writing tests administered before and after the treatment. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 through descriptive statistics, normality testing, and hypothesis testing. The results indicated a significant improvement in the post-test scores, with a significance value (2-tailed) of 0.000 (<0.05). The mean pre-test score of 66.50 increased to 85.00 in the post-test. These findings demonstrate that the use of AI Gemini is effective in supporting students to improve their writing skills, particularly in grammar accuracy, sentence structure, vocabulary, and text coherence. This study also emphasizes the importance of applying AI tools in a balanced way to foster critical thinking and independent writing skills.

This study explores the lesson planning practices of an English lecturer at Universitas Hafsawaty who teaches English for healthcare students. The findings indicate that the lecturer adopts a contextual and profession-oriented approach, aligning language instruction with medical content and professional communication needs. The lesson plans incorporate materials from health journals, clinical simulations, and academic writing tasks, aiming to enhance both linguistic proficiency and professional relevance. Instructional strategies such as scaffolded learning and multimodal media use are applied to accommodate students’ diverse English proficiency levels. The discussion highlights the integration of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) and Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) frameworks, emphasizing experiential learning and interdisciplinary collaboration. Overall, the study underscores the importance of context-driven lesson planning and the need for institutional support in developing English instruction tailored to professional domains.

This study aims to examine the implementation of innovative learning strategies in improving the literacy skills of first-grade elementary school students in the subject of Indonesian language. Early literacy serves as a crucial foundation for students’ academic development; however, many lower-grade students have not yet reached the minimum standards in reading and writing. To address this challenge, innovative learning strategies such as shared reading, storytelling, the use of visual and digital media, as well as contextual and simple project-based approaches were employed. This research utilized a Classroom Action Research (CAR) method over two cycles, involving 20 first-grade students. Data were collected through observation, interviews, documentation, and literacy skill assessments. The findings showed a significant improvement in students’ reading, writing, listening, and speaking abilities. The learning process became more enjoyable, participatory, and suited to the cognitive developmental stage of young children. In addition, students' motivation and confidence in using language also increased. The teacher’s role as a facilitator and instructional designer was essential in ensuring the success of these strategies. Therefore, innovative learning strategies have proven effective in enhancing the literacy skills of first-grade students and are recommended for broader implementation.

The ability of students’ writing skills in class VIII is related to the use of spelling (letters). Capitalization) and word selection (meaning) in writing slogan text compositions for students are still lacking. This study aims to analyze errors in the use of Indonesian in writing slogan text compositions for class VIII students at UPTD SMP Negeri 1 Gunungsitoli. This study is a qualitative descriptive study. The data for this study are student worksheets in writing slogan text compositions. The data sources in this study were class VIII-F students at UPTD SMP Negeri 1 Gunungsitoli and one of the Indonesian language teachers. The research instruments were tables of Indonesian language errors in writing slogan text compositions and interviews. Data collection techniques were observation, interviews and written tests. The data analysis technique in this study was reduction. Data, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Based on the results of the research that has been conducted, the errors in Indonesian language in writing slogan text compositions found 161 errors in the use of Indonesian language in writing slogan text compositions of class VIII-F students including: (1) the use of spelling (capital letters) as many as 31 errors, starting from errors in the placement of capital letters (capital) and placement or use of lower case letters in writing student slogan texts, (2) word selection as many as 72 errors

Literature is born from the human desire to express their existence, which is closely related to the relationship between individuals and with the reality of life. A literary work contains specific intentions and purposes set by the author. Therefore, all aspects of a literary work originate from the author, who plays a crucial role in generating creative ideas that are expressed through their writings.In line with technological advancements, literature has also undergone transformation. One of the indicators of this progress is the emergence of intersemiotic transfer or adaptation, namely the process of changing the medium through which a literary work is presented, such as from text to audiovisual or film. In this context, the researcher examines the adaptation process from novel to film as the object of study.The object of this research is the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, which was later adapted into a film by director Baz Luhrmann, released in 2013 under the same title. The novel portrays the life of the American upper class during the 1920s, an era often referred to as the Roaring Twenties.This study uses a descriptive qualitative method. Qualitative research aims to describe and analyze social phenomena and activities found in the research object. The data were collected through reading, observing, and note-taking techniques, involving both the novel and the film script. In total, the researcher collected 12 data points from the analysis of the novel and its film adaptation.

Mathematics learning in Elementary School is very important to form logical, systematic, and critical thinking skills. Mathematics learning is closely related to numeracy literacy. At the elementary school level, especially grade 1, literacy and numeracy problems are increasingly visible when students are faced with mathematical story problems. In grade 1 of SDN 1 Pedawang, the results of daily tests and end-of-semester tests show that students' ability to solve story problems is still low. This study aims to analyze the difficulties of grade 1 students at SDN 1 Pedawang in understanding mathematical story problems due to low literacy and numeracy skills. This study uses a qualitative descriptive research type. The population of grade 1 students at SDN 1 Pedawang is 14 students, consisting of 9 female students and 5 male students. The subjects used were 2 students to be analyzed using purposive sampling techniques because they showed striking difficulties in understanding story problems based on observation results and low test scores. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques using the Miles and Huberman model which includes data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study showed that students had difficulty in understanding mathematical story problems on five indicators according to Newman's theory, namely reading, understanding, transformation, process skills, and writing answers. The conclusion of this study shows that low literacy and numeracy of students are the main factors in the difficulty of understanding mathematical story problems.

Writing proficiency in Arabic is a complex productive skill that requires mastery of vocabulary, sentence structure, and appropriate language use within context. In foreign language learning institutions such as the Jalaluddin Ar-Rumi Dormitory, the writing process is often influenced by external factors, including the Arabic-speaking environment and social interaction among students. This study aims to analyze the extent to which these two factors affect students' Arabic writing skills. A quantitative approach with a correlational survey design was used. The sample consisted of 40 purposively selected students. Data were collected through a closed-ended questionnaire to measure the Arabic-speaking environment and social interaction, as well as a writing test to assess writing ability. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results showed that both the Arabic-speaking environment and social interaction had a positive and significant effect on writing skills, with the Arabic-speaking environment having a more dominant influence. These findings highlight the importance of creating a learning atmosphere that actively and interactively supports the use of Arabic. The implications of this study point to the need for strengthening language immersion strategies and structured social interaction programs as integral components in developing Arabic writing proficiency in language institutions.

This study explores senior high school students’ experiences and perceptions of using Wordwall, a gamified learning platform, in writing descriptive texts in an Indonesian EFL classroom. Many learners face challenges such as limited vocabulary, low motivation, and writing anxiety. To understand how students experience the use of Wordwall, a qualitative descriptive design with a phenomenological approach was employed. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, classroom observations, and analysis of student writing samples. Thematic analysis revealed that Wordwall helped students improve vocabulary, boost motivation, and reduce anxiety by offering engaging, interactive tasks like quizzes and instant feedback. Students described their learning process as more enjoyable and confidence-building. Despite minor technical issues, most participants found Wordwall beneficial in supporting their writing development. These findings highlight the value of gamified tools in enhancing student engagement and confidence in EFL writing classes. The study provides practical insights for educators seeking to integrate meaningful digital tools into language instruction.

The writing of this thesis is motivated by the low creativity found in students, educators have not used a variety of learning models in learning Natural and Social Sciences. The purpose of this research is to increase the creativity of students in Natural and Social Sciences subjects using the project-based learning model for classV. This research is a class action research of two cycles, each cycle consists of two meetings. Each cycle consists of four stages, namely planning, implementation, observation and reflection. The subjects of this research were Class V students of State Elementary School 192/1 Kampung Baru. This research was conducted in the second semester of the 2024/2025 school year. At State Elementary School 192/1 Kampung Baru. The results of the research data analysis show that using the project-based learning model can increase student learning motivation in Natural and Social Sciences subjects in class V of State Elementary School 192/1 Kampung Baru. Details of the results of observations of students using the project-based learning model have increased from cycle I to cycle II with an average value of 66.66% in the less creative category and increased to 93.33% in the Creative category. It is concluded that using the Project-based Learning Model can increase student creativity in Natural and Social Sciences subjects in class V of State Elementary School 192/1 Kampung Baru.

The structure of poetry is the elements that build poetry. In poetry, there are two elements, namely physical elements and inner elements. The researcher chose the poems “Kenangan 1”, “Kenangan 2”, “Aku Rindu 1”, and “Aku Rindu 2” as the object of the poem to be analyzed. This research is to describe how the physical elements and inner elements contained in the poems “Kenangan 1”, “Kenangan 2”, “Aku Rindu 1”, and “Aku Rindu 2”. The purpose of this study is to describe how the physical elements and inner elements in the poems “Kenangan 1”, “Kenangan 2”, “Aku Rindu 1”, and “Aku Rindu 2”. The research method in this study is a structural approach that dissects the physical structure including diction, imagery, concrete words, language style, and typography, as well as the inner structure which includes theme, flavor, tone, and mandate. The data analysis technique in this research is literature study. The results show that the four poems have a strong connection in exploring the temporal and emotional dimensions. The physical elements in the four poems show the maturity of writing techniques in processing diction and imagery that can evoke emotional resonance in the reader. The inner structure of the four poems reveals the complexity of human feelings in dealing with the past and longing. This research concludes that the physical and inner elements harmoniously build poems that are not only aesthetic but also full of meaning about the human condition in the dimension of time and feelings.