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Business digitalization has become an integral part of the modern economic development in Indonesia, providing significant convenience for business actors while presenting legal risks that require clear legal protection and certainty. This research uses normative legal methods with legislative and conceptual approaches, and utilizes primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources. The results of the study show that legal protection for business actors in digital-based business agreements is regulated in various regulations, including Article 1320 and Article 1338 of the Civil Code, the Consumer Protection Law, the Law on the Prohibition of Monopoly Practices, the Law on Information and Electronic Transactions and their amendments, Government Regulations on the Implementation of Electronic Systems and Transactions, the Personal Data Protection Law, and the Trade Minister Regulation on Trade Through an electronic system. However, existing regulations still face challenges in the form of overlapping rules and have not fully answered new problems such as automated contracts, the use of artificial intelligence, and the dynamics of digital platforms. Therefore, adaptive regulatory reforms, strengthening the principle of fairness in digital contracts, increasing supervision of platform operators, and legal and digital literacy for business actors are needed. These efforts are expected to be able to protect business actors, especially MSMEs, from harmful standard clauses and ensure the timely and effective resolution of digital business disputes.

Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) is a crucial aspect in manufacturing industries due to the high risk of workplace accidents caused by heavy machinery, chemical substances, and intensive production activities. Companies usually provide Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) as safety guidelines; however, SOPs are often delivered in long textual formats that are less engaging, making workers reluctant to read or difficult to understand quickly. This study aims to design an infographic-based SOP media as an effective visual communication tool to improve workers’ understanding of safety procedures. The research applies a qualitative method with a design approach through workplace observation, interviews with HSE personnel, literature review, and design validation using questionnaires. The results produce infographic media in the form of posters and signage presenting PPE usage procedures, hazard warnings, and evacuation steps using safety color codes, icons, and readable typography. The conclusion indicates that infographic SOP media is more effective than text-based SOP because it improves readability, comprehension, and workers’ memory of safety procedures.

This study aims to examine the influence of local wisdom as a living law on personal data protection behavior, as well as assess the role of Islamic law ethics and digital literacy in the context of intimate digital crime in Indonesia. The background of this research is based on the increasing cases of misuse of personal data in the digital space that have not been fully responded to effectively through formal legal approaches. The method used a quantitative approach with a correlational explanatory design. Data were obtained through the distribution of a questionnaire based on the Likert scale to 150 respondents who were selected purposively, then analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and simple linear regression. The results showed that local wisdom of alwasliyahan had a positive and significant influence on personal data protection behavior (β = 0.42; p < 0.05). Islamic legal ethics serve as a mediating variable that strengthens the relationship, while digital literacy provides a positive influence at a moderate level. These findings show that the internalization religious and cultural values plays an important role in shaping individual awareness and behavior in protecting personal data in the digital era. The conclusion of this study emphasizes that local wisdom can function effectively as a living law in supporting the protection of personal data. This research makes theoretical contribution the development of the study of Islamic law and the sociology of law, as well as practical implications for policy formulation that integrates formal regulations, cultural values, and digital literacy.

This research aims to analyze criminal acts that may be qualified as perpetrators of the crime of obstruction of justice from the perspective of the criminal law applicable in Indonesia, as well as to analyze the application of the law against perpetrators of obstruction of justice in Indonesia. The type of research used in this thesis is doctrinal research. The doctrinal approach has a normative character; therefore, its object of study consists of a set of legal norms (black letter law) at the level of application (professional constituency), or, at certain levels of analysis, this approach extends to the examination of legal theory. Based on the results of the research, the author finds that the provisions governing acts that may be qualified as the crime of obstruction of justice in Indonesia encompass all forms of interference, from the beginning to the end, with the entire ongoing legal and judicial process. A perpetrator of obstruction of justice is aware that a person has committed a crime or is undergoing a legal process and then deliberately commits acts that may hinder or obstruct law enforcement officials in conducting examinations of the criminal offender, with the purpose that the processes of investigation, prosecution, or examination before the court are impeded, cannot be carried out, or ultimately fail to be carried out. The forms of legal enforcement against perpetrators of acts obstructing the judicial process (obstruction of justice) in Indonesia include, among others, intentionally damaging, concealing, or destroying evidence before or after the commencement of the investigation process.

This research investigates the effectiveness of container cargo information management systems at Indonesian ports, examining the critical roles of competency training, shore-based personnel capabilities, and technology adoption in determining system performance and operational outcomes. Container terminals increasingly rely on sophisticated information systems including Terminal Operating Systems (TOS), Port Community Systems (PCS), and Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) for coordinating complex cargo operations, yet system effectiveness depends not solely on technology sophistication but critically on personnel competency, training adequacy, and human-technology integration. Through qualitative analysis involving terminal operators, port information system managers, shore-based operational personnel, training coordinators, and technology providers, this study examines how the interplay between human capabilities and technological capabilities determines information system effectiveness. Results demonstrate that comprehensive competency training programs can improve system utilization effectiveness by 45-65%, reduce operational errors by 50-70%, and enhance productivity by 25-40% through better human-technology integration. Key challenges include inadequate training investment, high personnel turnover, technology complexity exceeding user capabilities, and organizational resistance to systematic training programs. Findings reveal that container terminal information system effectiveness depends fundamentally on sociotechnical system optimization addressing both technological infrastructure and human capability development through sustained competency building programs. This research contributes to port operations literature by providing evidence-based frameworks for human factors integration in port technology implementation.

This study examines the export barriers encountered by emerging small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia, with a focus on export documentation challenges, tariff constraints, and the adaptive marketing strategies employed to sustain international market engagement. Employing a qualitative case study approach, this research investigates PT Albarka International Group, a nascent export-import company established in 2021 and headquartered in Malang, East Java, which specializes in the export of natural commodities including Bakhur-related materials (opercula shells, damar resin, agarwood), spices, and other Indonesian products to Middle East markets including Yemen, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Libya, Sudan, and Djibouti. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with key company personnel and supplemented by document analysis. Findings reveal three primary export barriers: (1) high shipping tariffs relative to regional competitors, frequently triggering order cancellations by importers; (2) complex and time-intensive export documentation requirements, particularly for regulated natural resource products subject to CITES compliance, fish quarantine certification (Health Certificate), and customs declaration (PEB); and (3) internal organizational constraints stemming from overlapping job roles. In response, PT Albarka has adopted adaptive strategies including Full Container Load (FCL) consolidation to reduce per-unit shipping costs, advance payment systems (TT in advance) to mitigate importer default risk, and collaborative consultation with customs and quarantine authorities. The study contributes to the SME internationalization literature by demonstrating how resource-constrained emerging exporters navigate institutional and logistical complexities in developing economy contexts, offering practical insights for SME practitioners and export policy stakeholders.

For criminal justice systems, the growing number of young people involved in drug-related crimes is a serious problem, especially when it comes to striking a balance between law enforcement and child protection and rehabilitation. By contrasting viewpoints from Islamic law and Indonesian positive law, this study investigates the use of restorative justice in the processing of adolescent drug cases in Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency, Jambi. The study used a qualitative socio-legal methodology that integrates normative legal analysis with empirical field data gathered via observations, interviews, and document analysis involving law enforcement personnel, rehabilitation facilities, families, and community people. The results show that diversionary measures required by Law No. 11 of 2012 regulating the Juvenile Criminal Justice System are the main means by which restorative justice is applied in juvenile drug cases. In order to guarantee that children are not subjected to punitive detention but rather have options for recovery and social reintegration, these systems prioritize mediation, rehabilitation, and community involvement. From the standpoint of Islamic law, restorative justice is consistent with fundamental tenets like tawbah (repentance), islah (reconciliation), and the protection of human welfare, all of which place an emphasis on moral reform and the preservation of children's dignity. These ideas support the adoption of restorative measures in the resolution of adolescent drug offenses in Tanjung Jabung Barat, a sociocultural setting where Malay-Islamic beliefs have a significant impact on community life. The report does, however, also point out a number of difficulties, such as the lack of rehabilitation facilities, the societal stigma associated with juvenile offenders, and the inconsistent use of diversion by law enforcement. The study comes to the conclusion that a framework for handling juvenile drug cases that prioritizes the rehabilitation and future well-being of children is both culturally sensitive and legally sound when restorative justice ideas are integrated with Islamic legal values and Indonesian statutory law.

Terrorism is a serious threat to the security and unity of the Indonesian nation. Events such as the suicide bombing at the Medan Police Headquarters in 2019 show that acts of terror are increasingly complex and require swift and appropriate handling. For this reason, the government passed Law Number 5 of 2018 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism as a legal basis that strengthens the authority of the apparatus, including the Gegana Detachment of the Indonesian National Police Mobile Brigade Corps (Brimob), in carrying out counter-terrorism operations. This study aims to determine and analyze how the implementation of Law No. 5 of 2018 is carried out by the Gegana Detachment in the North Sumatra Regional Police area, identify obstacles faced in operations, and formulate strategies to increase the effectiveness of the implementation of the law. The results of the study show that the implementation of this law has been implemented through preventive, preemptive, and repressive approaches, such as sterilization of places of worship, social activities "Love Sunday", security patrols, and anti-terror training simulations. However, implementation in the field still faces various obstacles, including limited modern equipment, lack of cross-agency coordination, and low public participation. Therefore, personnel capacity building, infrastructure modernization, and strengthening inter-agency synergy are needed to achieve more effective counterterrorism efforts in North Sumatra.

The flash flood disaster that hit Indonesia, including the devastating disaster in three Sumatran provinces in November-December 2025 which resulted in more than 900 casualties and trillions of rupiah in losses, shows a strong correlation between environmental damage caused by corporate activities and increased disaster risk. The purpose of this study is to analyze corporate criminal liability for environmental damage resulting in flash flood disasters based on the Environmental Management Law (UU PPLH), examine the mechanism for proving corporate criminal liability, and evaluate the application of criminal sanctions against corporations that commit environmental damage resulting in flash flood disasters. The research method used is normative legal research with a descriptive analytical statute approach. Data collection techniques are carried out through library research and interviews with sources at the North Sumatra Provincial Environmental Service. The data obtained were analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study indicate that: First, corporate criminal liability for environmental damage resulting in flash floods has been comprehensively regulated in Articles 116 to 120 of the Environmental Management and Management Law, which recognizes corporations as subjects of criminal law and regulates the criteria for corporate crimes (committed by, for, or on behalf of a business entity), the responsible party (the business entity and/or the person giving the order/leader of the activity), a one-third aggravation of the sentence, and corporate representation in court, as reinforced by Supreme Court Regulation Number 13 of 2016. The conclusion of this study is that the Environmental Management and Management Law has provided a comprehensive legal framework for corporate criminal liability for environmental damage resulting in flash floods. However, the effectiveness of law enforcement still needs to be improved through accelerating the judicial process, strengthening the capacity of law enforcement, improving inter-agency coordination, and strengthening the decision execution mechanism.

Terrorism is a serious threat to the security and unity of the Indonesian nation. Events such as the suicide bombing at the Medan Police Headquarters in 2019 show that acts of terror are increasingly complex and require swift and appropriate handling. For this reason, the government passed Law Number 5 of 2018 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism as a legal basis that strengthens the authority of the apparatus, including the Gegana Detachment of the Indonesian National Police Mobile Brigade Corps (Brimob), in carrying out counter-terrorism operations. This study aims to determine and analyze how the implementation of Law No. 5 of 2018 is carried out by the Gegana Detachment in the North Sumatra Regional Police area, identify obstacles faced in operations, and formulate strategies to increase the effectiveness of the implementation of the law. The results of the study show that the implementation of this law has been implemented through preventive, preemptive, and repressive approaches, such as sterilization of places of worship, social activities "Love Sunday", security patrols, and anti-terror training simulations. However, implementation in the field still faces various obstacles, including limited modern equipment, lack of cross-agency coordination, and low public participation. Therefore, personnel capacity building, infrastructure modernization, and strengthening inter-agency synergy are needed to achieve more effective counterterrorism efforts in North Sumatra.

This study examines the impact of personality and work engagement on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB), with work motivation serving as a mediating variable, among inpatient nurses at South Jakarta Type B Hospital. OCB is crucial for enhancing organizational performance and service quality, especially in healthcare settings, where nurses' extra-role behaviors significantly contribute to patient care. The research utilized a quantitative approach with a survey design, involving 143 nurses from infection and critical inpatient wards. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The results indicate that personality positively influences both work motivation and OCB. Work engagement also positively impacts work motivation and OCB. Additionally, work motivation significantly affects OCB and partially mediates the relationship between personality, work engagement, and OCB. These findings suggest that fostering nurses' work engagement and motivation, supported by positive personality traits, can enhance OCB, leading to better organizational performance and improved healthcare service quality.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based learning media and its implications for student learning motivation in Islamic Religious Education (PAI). This study uses a systematic literature review approach by examining various reputable scientific articles discussing the integration of AI in education and the dynamics of learning motivation in the context of PAI. The results of the study indicate that the use of AI through adaptive learning systems, educational chatbots, gamification, and learning analytics can increase the effectiveness, personalization, and interactivity of learning. This implementation has a positive impact on cognitive motivation through increased conceptual understanding, affective motivation through active participation and emotional engagement, and spiritual motivation through strengthening reflection and internalization of Islamic values. However, ethical challenges, the risk of depersonalization of the teacher's role, and inequality in digital access are crucial issues that require policy attention and human-centered pedagogical design. Theoretically, this study offers an integrative conceptual framework that combines technological innovation with Islamic educational epistemology. Practically, the results of this study provide recommendations for teachers, schools, and policymakers to develop AI-based PAI learning models that are adaptive, ethical, and oriented towards character building.

Innovative service programs are still unable to ensure that all administrative rights related to civil registration are properly fulfilled, especially for vulnerable groups such as people with mental disorders and persons with disabilities. This study aims to examine the role of the Sidoarjo District Population and Civil Registration Office in fulfilling the administrative rights of the community, identify factors that facilitate and hinder this process, and evaluate how inclusive public service policies are implemented. This study uses a qualitative approach to understand how inclusive public services are implemented. The study shows that there are obstacles in procedures and administration, particularly in the initial online application process, and that there are no clear SOP documents regulating services for persons with disabilities. In addition, the manner of imposing official sanctions in the implementation of the Peduli Dilan Program is not yet clear. Nevertheless, the Population and Civil Registration Office of Sidoarjo Regency has made efforts to provide inclusive services and focus on fulfilling rights. This study shows that the role of the Population and Civil Registration Office of Sidoarjo Regency is already functioning, but it still needs to be strengthened in terms of resources, data collection systems, and service coverage expansion so that the administrative rights of vulnerable groups can be fulfilled more evenly and sustainably.

The rapid development of digital technology in the 21st century has brought significant changes to various aspects of life, including education. One of the emerging innovations in the educational field is the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a tool to support the learning process. The integration of AI in history education offers new opportunities to create more interactive, adaptive, and contextual learning experiences through access to various digital historical sources. This study aims to analyze the integration of Artificial Intelligence in history learning and its implications for improving students’ digital historical literacy. This research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method through a literature study by reviewing various scientific articles related to the use of AI in education and digital literacy in history learning. The findings indicate that the use of Artificial Intelligence can assist students in accessing, analyzing, and understanding various digital historical sources more broadly through interactive media such as online archives, historical simulations, and technology-based learning platforms. In addition, the integration of AI can increase student engagement in the learning process, encourage critical thinking skills, and support more personalized learning based on students’ needs and abilities. However, the implementation of this technology must be accompanied by the strengthening of digital historical literacy as well as the application of academic integrity, ethical principles, and responsible use of technology. Therefore, the proper integration of Artificial Intelligence can serve as an innovative strategy to enhance the quality of history education in the digital era.

This study aims to explore employees’ work experiences related to work-life balance and compensation in shaping employee performance at CV. Sepanjang Masa (Masa Kreatif), a social media agency located in Makassar. A qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical field design was employed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, passive participant observation, and documentation involving 11 informants from both management and creative teams. Data analysis followed processes of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing, with trustworthiness ensured through triangulation techniques. The findings reveal that employees’ work-life balance experiences are dynamic and heterogeneous. Work flexibility provides opportunities for personal time management; however, rapid response demands and intensive content production blur the boundaries between work and personal life. A supportive, communicative, and collaborative work environment acts as a protective factor that mitigates work pressure and fosters creativity. Compensation is perceived not only as financial remuneration but also as a symbol of recognition, professional development opportunities, and organizational appreciation, although gaps remain between employee expectations and organizational capacity. Integratively, work-life balance, work environment, and compensation constitute interconnected work experiences influencing employee engagement and performance within the digital creative industry.

Indonesia represents one of the world's most complex and dynamic linguistic ecosystems, harboring over 700 regional languages alongside the national language (Bahasa Indonesia) and Indonesian Sign Language (BISINDO). This synthesis study provides comprehensive analysis of the Indonesian linguistic landscape, integrating findings from five complementary large-scale investigations conducted 2020–2024: code-switching patterns in digital communication; typological uniqueness of Indonesia's tenseless temporal system; linguistic complexity of BISINDO and barriers to deaf inclusion; sociolinguistic stratification through first-person pronoun variation; and critical endangerment of regional languages. The synthesis employed integrative methodology encompassing 3,550 total participants, 20,000+ linguistic tokens, 18 months of ethnographic fieldwork, and analysis of 150 languages and 25 revitalization programs. Synthesis reveals five interconnected dynamics: (1) centripetal standardization through education, urbanization, and media; (2) centrifugal diversification through identity construction and social stratification; (3) typological persistence maintaining Indonesian distinctiveness despite contact; (4) parallel endangerment affecting regional languages and BISINDO; and (5) ideology-driven change linking language choice to modernity and prestige. These dynamics produce dynamic tension between homogenization and diversification. Indonesia's linguistic future depends on whether policies can balance national unity through Indonesian and linguistic diversity through regional language and BISINDO protection. 

From the perspective of criminal liability theory, criminal policy, and Islamic law, sexual gratification is a form of corruption. According to positive criminal law, a person can only be held liable when three essential elements are fulfilled: an unlawful act, culpability (dolus or culpa), and the capacity for responsibility. However, in the context of public office, sexual gratification constitutes an unlawful act because it involves the acceptance of non-fina. Since the acceptance of sexual services within a power relationship usually indicates awareness of reciprocal policy gains, purpose (dolus) is frequently dominating. From the perspective of criminal policy, the restriction of sexual gratification reflects the growth of corruption as a white collar crime—a term coined by Edwin H. Sutherland—where abuse of power encompasses intangible rewards in addition to monetary transfers. According to Islamic law, sexual enjoyment constitutes two violations: it may be considered risywah (bribery) because of its transactional motive, and it may also be considered jarimah zina if it takes place outside of a legally recognized marriage. Such behaviors compromise the protection of property, ancestry, and religion through the framework of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah developed by Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi in Al-Muwafaqat. The study comes to the conclusion that in order to guarantee accountability, protect public integrity, and promote social welfare, it is imperative to develop legal interpretation and evidential procedures.

This study investigates the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing language learning, with a focus on five key applications: automatic text analysis, personalized learning, adaptive feedback, language error detection, and automatic translation. The study addresses the challenge of integrating AI effectively in educational contexts while balancing technological potential with pedagogical guidance. The objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of how AI tools contribute to more adaptive, efficient, and engaging language learning experiences. A systematic literature review method was employed, selecting and critically analyzing studies published between 2020 and 2025 that examined AI-assisted language learning strategies. The findings indicate that automatic text analysis supports comprehension monitoring and guided learning, while personalized learning adapts content to individual learner needs, enhancing motivation and retention. Adaptive feedback delivers immediate, targeted guidance that fosters accuracy and self-regulated learning, and language error detection tools enable learners to identify and correct grammatical and lexical mistakes, promoting metalinguistic awareness. Automatic translation broadens access to authentic texts and cross-cultural materials, supporting comprehension and independent learning. Synthesizing these findings highlights the transformative potential of AI to improve learning outcomes while also revealing challenges such as tool reliability, ethical considerations, and the need for teacher oversight. The study concludes that AI, when thoughtfully integrated, complements instruction, enhances learner engagement, and supports differentiated and data-driven teaching strategies, providing valuable insights for language educators and guiding future research on AI-enabled language learning.

The IV infusion process will cause pain that can be disturbing for children. Pain is a form of uncomfortable sensation that is felt personally by each individual. In addition, there will be changes in vital signs such as increased pulse, blood pressure, and respiration so that it will be an unpleasant experience for children. Non-pharmacological therapy as an intervention to reduce pain perception in children and increase comfort during medical procedures. One form of non-pharmacological technique is audio visual distraction using a smart book. Smart books are fun and interactive play therapy that can support cognitive, fine motor, and sensory aspects in children and to divert children's attention from pain by displaying more pleasant and interesting images and musical sounds so that it can reduce the pain scale after IV installation. The design used in the preparation of this Final Scientific Paper for Nurses is a case study with an intervention in the form of audio visual distraction using a smart book for ± 10 minutes. The number of respondents was 3 people, the intervention was carried out on September 14, October 7, and November 24, 2025, located in the Theresia Charitas Hospital Palembang room. After the smart book audio visual distraction therapy, there was a decrease in the pain scale for 3 respondents, namely in An. A from a pain scale of 7 to a pain scale of 4, An. G from a pain scale of 10 to a pain scale of 4, and An. R from a pain scale of 7 to a pain scale of 4. The application of EBP smart book audio visual distraction therapy can be used to reduce the pain scale in preschoolers after IV installation.

This study aims to analyze the fundamental role of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers in shaping the noble character of students using a qualitative approach through literature review techniques. Data were collected from various scientific sources published between 2020 and 2026 and analyzed using content analysis methods, which included stages of reduction, categorization, and conceptual synthesis. The main focus of this study is to examine how PAI teachers integrate the values of tawhid and worship into the daily behavior of students, so that religious education does not merely remain at the cognitive level but manifests in noble character. The findings indicate that PAI teachers play a strategic role as murabbi, mu’allim, and muaddib, whose success is determined by the integration of pedagogical, professional, social, personality, and spiritual competencies. Amid the dynamic challenges of the digital era, teachers are required to revitalize their roles not only as educators but also as moral exemplars (uswatun hasanah) and agents of character transformation. The synergy between teachers' competencies and consistent exemplification is the key to safeguarding the students' morality and fostering a resilient personality in the school environment.