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This article explores the comparison between money politics and cost politics in the context of the political process and its influence on democratic integrity. Money politics reflects corrupt practices in which wealth is used to manipulate election outcomes or political decisions, while cost politics includes costs related to campaigns, regulations, and citizen participation in the political process. In distinguishing these two concepts, this article highlights their role in shaping the strengths and weaknesses of democracy and the challenges in strengthening political integrity. By analyzing case studies and theoretical concepts, this article aims to present a clearer understanding of the differences between money politics and cost politics, as well as promote efforts to address corruption and increase transparency in the political process.

Student learning outcomes in learning fractions in elementary school are still low, to overcome this problem an effective model is needed. This research aims to describe the improvement in learning outcomes for multiplication and division of fractions using the PBL model in class V of SD Negeri 057761 Kwala Gebang. The research was carried out in two cycles, namely cycle I and cycle II. Each cycle consists of four stages, namely planning, implementation, observation and reflection. The subjects of this research were 7 class V students at SD Negeri 057761 Kwala Gebang. Research results: RPP observations in cycle I averaged 83.33%, increasing to 97.22% in cycle II. In the observation results from the teacher aspect of cycle I, the average was 73.21%, increasing to 96.42% in cycle II. In the observation results from the student aspect of cycle I, the average was 64.28%, increasing to 92.85% in cycle II. Meanwhile, the learning outcomes of students in cycle I obtained 54.54% completeness, increasing to 95.45% completeness in cycle II. It can be concluded that the PBL model can improve student learning outcomes in learning multiplication and division of fractions in class V of SD Negeri 057761 Kwala Gebang.

This research discusses the impact of the customary law system on the Indonesian legal system. The customary law system has deep historical roots in Indonesian society and still has a significant influence on everyday life. Through a multidisciplinary approach, this research identifies how customary legal norms that have existed for a long time still play an important role in determining national legal policy. This impact can be seen in the implementation of laws, court decisions and government regulations that reflect customary legal values. The debate regarding official recognition of customary law norms and the role of customary institutions in law enforcement is an important part of this analysis.

Gender inequality in education persists in Indonesia, as reflected in the differences in the Literacy Rate (AMH) between males and females. Therefore, this study aims to determine the influence of poverty and income distribution inequality on gender inequality in education in Indonesia, both partially and simultaneously. The study was conducted in 34 provinces in Indonesia. The data used were secondary data, including the poverty rate, the Gini ratio, and the Average Years of Schooling (RLS) in 2022. This research data was accessed online from the website of the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) at https://www.bps.go.id/id. Data analysis was performed using multiple linear regression analysis. The results indicate that income distribution inequality has a positive and significant impact on gender inequality in education in Indonesia. Meanwhile, poverty has a positive but not significant impact on gender inequality in education in Indonesia. Education and income distribution inequality simultaneously have a significant impact on gender inequality in education in Indonesia. The findings of this study have implications for policy formulation to achieve fair and equal human development.

Background: Acute Lung Oedema (ALO) is an emergency condition that requires immediate action and has fatal and more dangerous consequences which will disrupt the gas exchange process in the alveoli due to the alveoli being filled with fluid. Based on the results of the initial survey in the ICU room at Tangerang Regional Hospital, it was found that the number of ICU patients with cases of pulmonary edema or ALO in 2023 was 14 people and from June to January 2024 there were 14 people. Nursing actions as an evidence base that can be provided include sucking mucus for less than 15 seconds and emptying the ETT cuff periodically. This implementation can increase airway clearance, thereby preventing accumulation of secretions that can cause aspiration. Proving the theory through providing nursing care carried out 5x with results showing that providing mucus suction in less than 15 seconds, and emptying the ETT cuff periodically, can improve the airway clearance status as indicated by a decrease in sputum production, color and consistency. Method: This writing method uses patient intervention and observation carried out for five days, to determine the patient's condition and provide appropriate nursing care which is then documented. Results: Based on the results of the monitoring carried out, it can be concluded that there are differences in the conditions of secretion production before and after the suction intervention was carried out by deflating the ETT (Cuff) balloon for 5-15 seconds. With the results criteria, secretion production is reduced. Conclusion: for patients with thick and purulent secretions, suction by deflating the ETT balloon (Cuff) becomes more effective and secretion production decreases. Nursing actions as an evidence base that can be given include sucking mucus for less than 15 seconds and emptying the ETT cuff periodically.

The purpose of this study is to describe the poetry writing ability of grade VIII MTs students of Sorong City. The low ability to write poetry is caused by learning to write poetry that has not been carried out properly so that grade VIII students have difficulty when asked to write poetry.Therefore, the necessary learning strategies and instructional media fun and appropriate. To overcome these problems ARCS Metode and media images of events contained in the newspaper in teaching poetry writing class VIII MTs Sorong  Affairs. The research was conducted in two cycles. Each cycle consists of planning, action, observation and reflection. The results of this study indicate the existence of a process of learning, improvement, and change behavior in a positive direction.

The aims of this research are: 1) to determine the application of the problem based learning model in addition and subtraction counting material in class 2 at SDN Kaloy, 2) to determine the increase in the ability to understand addition and subtraction in class 2 students at SDN Kaloy. This research method uses Arikunto's Classroom based action research PTK model. The subjects of this research were 20 grade 2 students at SDN Kaloy, Tamiang Hulu District. There were 2 cycles of action in this research (Cycle I and Cycle II). The data collection techniques used are planning, implementation, observation, reflection and documentation. The results of the research show that: 1) The application of the problem based learning model to the ability to calculate addition and subtraction was carried out in 2 cycles with different results. In Cycle I, the results of observing teacher activities were 87.5 (very good) and the results of observing student activities were 82.8 (good). Meanwhile, in Cycle II there was an increase, the results of observing teacher activities were 92 (very good) and the results of observing student activities were 89 (very good). 2) Improvement in the ability to calculate addition and subtraction of class 2 students at SDN Kaloy in Cycle I, the class average was 79 (fair) which had not yet reached the minimum performance indicator of 80. In Cycle II there was an increase in the class average, namely 86 (very good). The percentage of student learning completeness increased from Cycle I 64% to 84% in Cycle II with an increase of 20%.

Character education has become an increasingly relevant and important issue in the 21st century. Social change, technology, and globalization have affected social values and fabrics, underscoring the urgency of character education to address increasingly complex challenges. This article outlines the complexity and importance of character education development in the context of current educational curricula. This article aims to analyze the role and importance of character education in facing the challenges of the 21st century. We discuss the social and technological changes affecting character education and explore the challenges and opportunities associated with integrating character education into the educational curriculum. This research uses in-depth literature review methods and analyses of the relevant scientific literature. We searched and analyzed a variety of studies related to character education, social change, technology, and globalization. Data and findings from these sources were used to support the arguments and analyses of this study. The results of this study reveal key findings that provide important insights into character education in the 21st century. First, character education plays an increasingly important role in shaping the quality of individuals in the 21st century. Character education not only improves moral values, but also shapes an individual's ability to think critically, make wise decisions, and contribute positively to an increasingly complex society. Furthermore, social, technological, and globalization changes have affected the order of individual values, posing challenges in integrating character education that reflects universal and local values. The main challenge in developing character education is to integrate the existing educational curriculum. This requires the development of new learning methods and adjustments to existing curriculum structures. In addition, the roles of teachers and educators in this process are very important, requiring adequate training and support.

Effective assistance involves various certification bodies and related stakeholders. The training was held to increase wet cake entrepreneurs' understanding of halal certification requirements, the implementation process, and the long-term benefits. The sustainability of wet cake entrepreneurs in the food sector is reflected in their ability to meet the demands of consumers who are increasingly aware of the halalness of their products. In the context of globalization, halal certification is not only an obligation, but also the key to access to international markets. This article provides insight into how implementing halal certification through mentoring and training can open up new opportunities for MSMEs to compete and survive in global competition. By strengthening this pillar of sustainability, MSMEs in the food sector can play a more active role in supporting local economic growth and improving the image of the Indonesian food industry in the eyes of the world.

As a country with different religious backgrounds, this diversity is one of the important advantages in building social harmony and diversity. The value of religious tolerance is also reflected in government policies that prioritize the protection of religious freedom and prohibit discrimination based on religious belief. The importance of religious tolerance in Indonesian society is also reflected in the efforts of the government, non-governmental organizations, and religious communities to encourage interfaith dialogue, strengthen comprehensive religious education, and support interfaith social activities. Through this initiative, Indonesians can raise awareness of the importance of religious tolerance and build a solid foundation for inter-religious harmony. This can be seen from the people in the Cipta Menanggal Block 65 Surabaya environment and the people of Balun Village, Turi, Lamongan. Although the two communities have differences, they have similarities in tolerance, both tribal tolerance and religious tolerance. In addition, celebrations and commemorations of religious days and have similarities in accepting mixed marriages among the younger generation. There is still mutual respect as human beings, as well as religious people

Education has a major role in the process of forming the character, ethics and morals of Gen-Z or the current generation. The subject that reflects several Islamic values is Fiqh. Students' understanding or interest in Fiqh subjects is still not optimal. So it is necessary to apply effective learning methods to increase student understanding. The demonstration method is one approach that is very suitable for achieving this goal. Because, students have the opportunity to see firsthand how the concepts in Fiqh can be applied in worship as well as everyday life . The process begins with a planning stage carried out with the teacher to identify various fiqh concepts that are confusing and often difficult for students to understand. Then there is a live demonstration where students actively participate in learning through observation and asking questions. Then the data was collected through interviews and observations of students, and qualitative analysis was carried out. Implementation will be greatly supported by the presence of materials or tools such as printed Fiqh of Worship books, visual presentation tools, animated videos and other multimedia support, while the instruments are still guided by interviews and observations . The demonstration method makes an important contribution to the development of students in critical thinking and solving problems, developing ethics and understanding related to worship in Fiqh. By formulating solutions, the ability to analyze problems, and also make ethical decisions. The right step in improving the development of the quality of Islamic religious education in the field of Fiqh in the context of worship is to use the demonstration method, because in this method, students will easily understand several concepts of worship in Fiqh by being more involved in learning and better.

To improve the quality of the student learning process by increasing the quality of teachers' professional abilities, all teachers must go through a learning process that makes it possible to find and solve learning problems in their respective classes based on the principles of Classroom Action Research (PTK). Classroom Action Research is carried out with the aim of improving or enhancing student learning activities and achievements. PTK is an activity carried out to find out problems that arise in the classroom when the teacher is interacting with students in carrying out the teaching and learning process. PTK is research carried out by class teachers through self-reflection with the aim of improving teacher performance, so that the quality of learning increases (Mills, Geoffrey E, 2000, Schmuch, A. Richard, 1997) which can be seen in the percentage of students' success in completing the exercises systematically. verbally and in writing. In the learning process, learning means an activity carried out by the teacher and students together. The essence of the learning is the process of giving and receiving and ends with an evaluation which is deliberately carried out by the teacher to find out how far the students' level of understanding is

Community service is a tangible manifestation of a spirit of caring for others. In the context of special needs education, the State Special School in Banjarbaru City faces several challenges, especially in the assessment process of special needs children. Limitations in human resources in terms of teaching staff and technology, as well as conventional assessment methods, are the main obstacles. The solution came in the form of the Special Needs Children Assessment Application called APBAKUS in 2018. Community service through training and socialization of APBAKUS usage in 2019 encouraged the application's utilization. The results of the community service were highly positive, evident in increased efficiency in assessment timing, more coordinated data management, and the improved capabilities of teachers in overcoming obstacles. The APBAKUS application played a crucial role in enhancing the quality of educational services at the State Special School in Banjarbaru City, enabling teachers to provide better services tailored to the needs of special needs children. Thus, community service reflects the spirit of assisting and improving the quality of education for children who require special attention within the community.

The purpose of this research is to find out; the level of ability to learn English with the discussion method at SMAN 12 Pekanbaru, especially in class XI. The use of the discussion method in learning English affects the seriousness and activeness of students. This study uses a quantitative approach with the method of discussion. The subjects in this study were students of class XI.1 at SMAN 12 Pekanbaru in the academic year 2023/2024 consisting of 35 students consisting of 14 male students and 22 female students. The data collection technique was carried out by direct observation during the implementation of the class XI.B teaching process which took place in several meetings. And by conducting observations with English teachers about learning through the use of discussion methods and observations to students. This research consists of pre-stage, stage I and stage II. Each implementation passes through four stages, namely preparation, observation, and reflection. The use of small group discussions is carried out through controlled discussions. In its application, the researcher found that the small group discussion strategy was good for use in the learning process

This article examines how Christian religious education curriculum can be a means to develop students' faith. This study uses a phenomenological approach to explore students' and teachers' experiences in the learning process. Findings suggest that spirituality-based approaches, such as prayer, meditation, and biblical reflection, are effective in fostering deep faith. This article recommends a curriculum model that is more integrated with spiritual practices.

This article explores the role of Catholic religious education teachers in forming a faith-based learning community in schools. Using an educational ethnography approach, this study found that teachers play roles as faith facilitators and agents of social transformation. Through reflective methods and collaborative learning, students are encouraged to live out evangelical values ​​in their daily lives. This article also offers practical strategies for teachers to integrate Catholic values ​​into cross-disciplinary curricula.

In our life, to choose what is good and to act rightly always required human freedom. Human freedom must be created peace and justice in order to open mind and heard for the common good for all.  All people of God are witness for social justice teaching support for beautiful and meaningful life such as appreciation for the human person dignity’s, awareness of equality, equal participation, and human solidarity. This research use a qualitative method through a literature study in order to acquire data and discover the problem more profoundly. Researchers believe that the successful process of internalizing ethics aims to make life, not just a life that lasts from time to time, but a life that is organized regularly and ultimately reaches the aim of life. This research will answer the “question” is virtue ethics necessary or only an accessory for human beings’ life.  Then, researchers will go further to describe the important values or practices of virtue ethics in daily life. Finally, this research proposes the practical implication based on the critical reflection and suggestion. This implication is an indication for every person to believe that the process of internalizing Ethics is an important way of life.

Teaching and learning styles are behaviors or actions that teachers and students show during learning. Behavioral teaching reflects teachers' beliefs and values in translating science. Student behavior provides insight into how to perceive, interact, and respond to the environment in which learning occurs. The purpose of the research was to find out how the Teacher's Communication Style in Increasing the Learning Motivation of Class I Students of UPTD SPFSD Negeri 165 Asanae Marioritengnga Village, Soppeng.The research method used is a quantitative research method with a descriptive approach with in-depth interview data collection techniques, observation and documentation. Meanwhile, the data analysis technique used is the Miles and Huberman version which includes: data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawn. The results of the study show that teachers in communicating with their students apply various communication styles, including teachers providing initial direction, but providing space for students to take initiative, explore, and determine the course of learning. This style encourages students to develop independence and problem-solving. In accordance with the concept of independent learning where learning no longer focuses on the teacher but learning focuses on students, Becoming a reliable communicator in the classroom, Asking questions briefly and clearly, Applying the discussion learning method in the classroom, Applying the debate learning method in the classroom, Applying presentation learning..

This study was a classroom action research (CAR) on improving students’ vocabulary achievement through short story to Junior High School. This research was conducted within two cycles in which each cycle consisted of three meetings. Either first cycle or second cycle consisted of planning, action, observation/evaluation, and reflection. The subject of this study was 8th Grade students’ at SMP Negeri 4 Kendari. A number of the students in the class were 32 students. Then, the instruments were used in this study include observation sheet of teacher’s and students’ activity, vocabulary test. The improvement could be seen in the result of students’ achievement after conducting this study was 90.62% proved that it achieved classical achievement. Moreover, percentage of teacher’s and student’s activity also achieved 800% in the second cycle. In other words, the students’ vocabulary at Grade 8th of SMP Negeri 4 Kendari improved through short story.

This article discusses the phenomenon of language use by young people in the contemporary era. Through qualitative research combining pragmatic and sociolinguistic theories, we explore various aspects of the language used by young people today. The language used by young people today is a reflection of cultural changes and social trends that affect the way they communicate.In this article, we outline the variety and creativity found in youth language, including the use of slang words, popular terms. Our analysis includes the social context that drives the development of this language, as well as its impact on youth understanding and identity. In addition, the article discusses the potential positive and negative impacts of the evolution of youth language on interpersonal communication and how this language reflects changing values in society. In an effort to understand and appreciate the dynamics of youth language, we invite readers to reflect on the importance of language adaptation in keeping up with the times.