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This study aims to analyze the representation of the five stages of grief in the film 172 Days through a literary psychology analysis. This film is of particular interest because it is an Indonesian box office hit based on a true story that portrays both emotional and religious experiences of loss. The study employs a qualitative descriptive approach, with the objects of analysis being visual scenes and the dialogue of the character Zira that represent the experience of grief. Data were collected through systematic observation of the film and a review of relevant literature on grief theory. Data analysis was conducted using content analysis techniques, classifying scenes based on the stages of grief according to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross: denial, bargaining, anger, depression, and acceptance. The results indicate that the film represents the five stages of grief progressively through the main character’s emotional journey. The denial stage is evident through the denial of the illness’s condition; bargaining through prayer as a form of spiritual negotiation; anger through emotional outbursts following the loss; depression through deep sorrow and attachment to memories; and acceptance through embracing the loss and finding new meaning in life. These findings indicate that the film functions not only as a medium of entertainment but also as a psychological representation of the grieving process that is universal and reflective for the audience.

The Megengan tradition is a Javanese ritual performed before the month of Ramadan as a form of spiritual preparation, strengthening social solidarity, and maintaining relationships with ancestors. However, the development of modernization, urbanization, educational advancement, and changes in mindset have caused this tradition to experience a significant shift in meaning. This study aims to describe the changes in function, meaning, and position of Megengan in modern society using Max Weber's modernization theory as an analytical framework. The research method used is a literature study from various journals, cultural documents, and previous research related to the Megengan tradition in various regions of Java. The results show that Megengan has undergone a transformation from a sacred ritual full of cosmological symbols to a more functional and efficient socio-cultural activity. The process of rationalization in modern society has caused the spiritual and symbolic meaning of ritual foods such as apem, ketan, and ingkung to be reduced, while the form of ritual implementation has become more formal and centered on religious institutions. The change in ritual authority from elders to modern religious figures is one indication of the shift from traditional authority to rational-formal authority as explained by Weber.  Despite the simplification of its meaning, Megengan remains a living tradition that serves to strengthen cultural identity, social harmony, and intergenerational relationships. This research confirms that the shift in Megengan does not indicate a weakening of Javanese tradition, but rather a form of cultural adaptation in response to the dynamics of modernity.

Religious learning in secondary schools is not only implemented through intracurricular activities but is also strengthened by applicative extracurricular programs. One form of actualizing religious learning is kultum khitobiyah activities within the Islamic Spiritual Organization (Rohani Islam/Rohis). This study aims to describe the actualization of religious learning through Rohis kultum khitobiyah activities in developing students’ public speaking skills and spirituality at SMA Negeri 2 Tuban. This research employed a qualitative approach using field research methods. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, while data analysis was conducted through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results indicate that kultum khitobiyah activities effectively actualize religious learning through students’ active involvement in religious preaching practices. These activities contribute positively to the development of public speaking skills, particularly in terms of courage, self-confidence, and the ability to deliver ideas systematically. Furthermore, kultum khitobiyah activities also play a significant role in strengthening students’ spirituality, as reflected in increased religious awareness, internalization of Islamic values, and the manifestation of religious attitudes in daily life. Therefore, kultum khitobiyah activities within the Rohis extracurricular program have a strategic role in reinforcing religious learning by integrating communication skill development with students’ spiritual formation.

The development of digital culture has significantly changed the communication, relationships, and spirituality of the younger generation, requiring the Church to reconsider its catechetical methods in the context of social media. This article aims to analyze digital catechesis as a space where faith can develop for the younger generation, by examining the theological foundations, the dynamics of digital culture, and the challenges and models for its development. This study adopts a literature review method by conducting a systematic review of Church Magisterial documents, theological works, and academic research related to the religiosity of the younger generation in the digital environment. The research findings indicate that social media can become a place of faith encounter if catechesis focuses not only on the delivery of religious content but also offers a relational experience that is dialogical, participatory, and community-oriented. However, there are serious challenges such as the risk of superficiality, spiritual consumption, the dominance of algorithms, the commodification of religious content, and the issue of doctrinal authority in the digital space. Therefore, the development of digital catechesis must be based on Christocentrism, fidelity to Church teaching, and a combination of online guidance and concrete sacramental life. With an approach that takes context and reflection into account, digital catechesis has the potential to be a significant and transformative tool of evangelization for young people in the evolving culture of social media.

This study aims to analyze the communication process within the Suluk tradition in Kubu Gadang, West Payakumbuh, using Dell Hymes’ Dell Hymes Ethnography of Communication approach. This research employed a qualitative method with an ethnographic approach through observation and in-depth interviews involving five informants and one triangulator, consisting of mursyid, khalifah, and salik. The findings reveal that communication in the Suluk tradition is systematically regulated to maintain participants’ spiritual concentration during the worship process. Communication occurs through verbal forms, such as dzikir, tawajuh, and spiritual instructions delivered by the mursyid, as well as non-verbal symbols, including the use of khalwat isolation tents, tasbih, and stones as counting tools. In addition, strict norms such as limiting speech, eye contact, and social interaction function as important non-verbal communication elements. These communication patterns collectively support the spiritual objectives of Suluk, particularly in strengthening self-discipline, inner focus, and closeness to Allah.

Etos kerja dan kewirausahaan ialah aspek penting dalam membangun kesejahteraan individu dan masyarakat, namun dalam praktiknya belum sepenuhnya berlandaskan nilai-nilai keislaman. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam mengenai konsep kerja dan kewirausahaan yang bersumber dari ajaran Islam. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji konsep etos kerja dan kewirausahaan berdasarkan tafsir al-Qur’an dan hadits Nabi sebagai landasan moral dan spiritual dalam aktivitas ekonomi. Studi ini memakai metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kepustakaan melalui penelaahan berbagai literatur berupa buku tafsir, kitab hadits, serta artikel jurnal ilmiah yang relevan dengan tema penelitian. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif dan tematik untuk menemukan nilai-nilai utama yang terkandung dalam ajaran Islam terkait aktivitas kerja dan usaha. Hasil kajian memperlihatkan bahwa Islam menekankan nilai kerja keras, kejujuran, tanggung jawab, kemandirian, disiplin, serta orientasi keberkahan sebagai prinsip utama dalam bekerja dan berwirausaha. Kesimpulannya, etos kerja dan kewirausahaan dalam perspektif Islam tidak hanya berorientasi pada pencapaian materi, melainkan juga pada pembentukan akhlak mulia sekaligus kepatuhan kepada Allah sebagai tujuan utama kehidupan.

This study analyzes the ethics of Christian Religious Education teachers based on James 3:1, which emphasizes the great responsibility carried by those who teach in the context of educational ministry. The research aims to examine the relevance of biblical principles regarding the role and duties of teachers with the implementation of the professional code of ethics for Christian Religious Education teachers in Indonesia. Teachers are not only responsible for delivering academic knowledge but also serve as moral and spiritual role models whose words, attitudes, and actions significantly influence students’ faith development. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method through literature analysis, including the interpretation of James 3:1, ethical guidelines, and theological-pedagogical studies. The findings show that James 3:1 provides a strong warning for teachers to be cautious, responsible, and accountable in their teaching practices, as their judgment before God is greater. In conclusion, the ethics of Christian Religious Education teachers reflect their faith commitment in carrying out their responsibilities with integrity.

This study examines the role of understanding Christian theology in improving the quality of Christian Religious Education (CRE) learning. The focus of the study is how theological foundations can shape students’ character, morals, and spiritual development, as well as how teachers’ instructional strategies can support the achievement of these learning outcomes optimally and sustainably. The method used is a qualitative literature review, analyzing various relevant books and journal articles related to CRE, teaching approaches, and the integration of faith values into the educational curriculum. The findings indicate that mastery of Christian theology serves as an essential foundation in learning, as it enables students to understand their faith deeply while also internalizing Christian principles in their daily lives. In addition, interactive, contextual, and participatory learning methods have been shown to increase student engagement and motivation in the learning process. The role of the teacher as a moral and spiritual role model is also a key factor in strengthening the internalization of these values. Thus, an understanding of Christian theology not only supports cognitive aspects but also contributes to shaping students’ character and ethical behavior, making CRE learning transformational and holistic.

The digital era presents various opportunities as well as challenges in the world of education, particularly in the formation of student character. The development of technology, social media, and the unlimited flow of information influence the way students think, act, and behave. This condition demands the role and responsibilities of Christian Religious Education (PAK) Teachers that are increasingly complex and strategic. This study aims to describe the responsibilities of PAK Teachers in the formation of student character in the digital era. The research method used is a qualitative method with a literature study approach. Data were collected through a review of scientific journals, academic books, and theoretical sources relevant to the research topic. The results of the study indicate that PAK Teachers are not only responsible for conveying Christian faith material, but also guiding students in internalizing and practicing Christian values such as love, honesty, responsibility, self-control, and empathy, both in real life and digitally. PAK Teachers act as educators, role models, guides, and spiritual counselors who integrate character education into the learning process. In addition, PAK Teachers are required to have adequate pedagogical, professional, personality, and social competencies, as well as the ability to utilize technology wisely. Collaboration with parents and schools is a crucial aspect in sustainably shaping students' character. Thus, Christian Religious Education teachers act as agents of transformation in shaping a generation with Christian character ready to face the challenges of the digital era.

The church has a strategic role not only in spiritual development, but also in the social and economic empowerment of the congregation. One relevant approach to address the challenges of congregational welfare is Theopreneurship, namely entrepreneurship based on Christian faith values. This study aims to determine how the form of pastor's mentoring as Theopreneur in improving the welfare of the congregation at HKI Resort Pulo Siborna, Panei District. The approach used is descriptive qualitative with data collection methods through interviews, observation, and documentation. The results of the study show that the pastor plays an active role as a facilitator, motivator, and spiritual guide in assisting the congregation in developing businesses based on faith values. The socio-economic development (PSE) program, which covers agriculture and animal husbandry, has successfully fostered an entrepreneurial spirit, togetherness, and the economic independence of the congregation. The pastor's mentoring as a Theopreneur has proven to be able to provide holistic services that emphasize not only the spiritual aspect but also the economic empowerment of the congregation. Thus, the pastor's mentoring as Theopreneurship has a positive contribution in improving the welfare of the congregation holistically, encompassing spiritual, social, and economic aspects. Therefore, Theopreneurship can be a model of contextual and sustainable church service in realizing the welfare of the congregation as a whole.

Local governments manage substantial public resources under conditions of decentralization, fiscal complexity, and heightened accountability demands, making them particularly vulnerable to financial mismanagement and fraud. In this context, risk-based internal oversight has increasingly been promoted as a governance-oriented alternative to traditional compliance-based supervision. This literature review article examines how risk-based internal oversight is conceptualized, operationalized, and linked to fraud prevention and control in the management of local government finance. The study addresses a central problem in the existing literature: the fragmentation of analytical perspectives across risk-based internal auditing, fraud risk management, internal control systems, public financial management, and public accountability, which has limited a comprehensive understanding of how internal oversight contributes to safeguarding public funds. The primary objective of this article is to synthesize and integrate these strands of literature to clarify the role of risk-based internal oversight as a systemic governance mechanism for fraud prevention and control at the subnational level. Methodologically, the study employs an integrative literature review approach, drawing on peer-reviewed journal articles and authoritative institutional publications indexed in major academic databases over the past decade. A structured search, screening, and thematic synthesis process was applied to identify patterns, convergences, and divergences across conceptual, empirical, and policy-oriented studies. The findings indicate a clear shift from compliance-oriented inspection toward risk-based internal oversight that prioritizes high-risk financial processes—particularly procurement, grants, and asset management—where fraud risks are most pronounced. The synthesis further shows that effective fraud prevention depends on the alignment of risk-based oversight with fraud risk management practices, robust internal control systems (including SPIP).

The global environmental crisis requires a development approach that not only focuses on economic aspects but also on ecological sustainability and humanity's moral responsibility toward nature. The perspective of ecotheology views the environment as a trust that must be preserved through spiritual awareness and social practices. This community service aims to internalize the values of ecotheology to strengthen ecological culture and support sustainable village development. The method used is a participatory approach based on community empowerment through three stages: preparation, implementation, and follow-up. The core activities include educating ecotheology values, fish seed distribution, tree planting, and strengthening waste bank management. The results show an increase in ecological awareness among the community, marked by a change in their view of environmental responsibility, the development of eco-friendly habits, and strengthened social solidarity. The integration of spiritual values in ecological practices has proven effective in building a collective culture that supports village sustainability. This program demonstrates that a value-based approach and direct experience can drive a sustainable transformation of ecological behavior.

This study aims to examine the development of Islamic educational institutions in Indonesia from the classical to the modern era, as well as the factors influencing their transformation and strategies for strengthening them to remain relevant to contemporary needs without abandoning Islamic values. The research method used is a literature review (library research) by analyzing books, scientific journals, and official documents related to Islamic education, both nationally and internationally, published within the last five years. The findings indicate that Islamic education evolved from informal learning through majelis taklim, surau, and langgar, to the establishment of pesantren, madrasahs, and modern Islamic higher education institutions that integrate religious and general knowledge. The transformation of these institutions is influenced by local cultural factors, international scholarly networks, political pressures and colonialism, reformist figures, globalization, economic demands, social mobility, and national education policies. In the era of globalization and the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Islamic educational institutions face challenges such as technological access disparities, limited teacher competence in digital pedagogy, curriculum integration, and the risk of educational commodification. Strengthening strategies include developing integrative curricula, professionalizing teachers, utilizing digital technology, promoting media literacy based on Islamic values, developing entrepreneurship, revitalizing traditional knowledge, and enhancing alumni networks and visionary leadership. This study emphasizes that the synergy among pesantren, madrasahs, and Islamic higher education institutions forms a national Islamic education ecosystem that is adaptive, rooted in spiritual values, and capable of producing Muslim generations who are morally upright, knowledgeable, and globally competitive.

This study aims to identify and analyze customary and criminal sanctions imposed on individuals who violate Hinting Pali during the Tiwah ceremony, as well as the legal and customary consequences for those engaged in gambling within the ritual process. The research employs an empirical approach with a qualitative descriptive method through interviews, observations, and document analysis. The focus of this study is the implementation of Dayak Ngaju customary law in addressing violations that occur during the Tiwah ceremony. The findings reveal that Dayak Ngaju customary law plays a crucial role in maintaining social and spiritual harmony by enforcing moral, social, and symbolic sanctions. Furthermore, there is a point of convergence between customary law and national criminal law in promoting justice and social order. This study is expected to contribute academically to the development of customary law in Indonesia and serve as a valuable reference for communities, scholars, and policymakers in preserving cultural values and ensuring fair law enforcement within the framework of local wisdom.

This study explores the shift from traditional to modernist educational paradigms in Islamic boarding schools (pesantren), which have been in existence since before Indonesia’s independence. The shift involves adapting learning methods while retaining traditionalist approaches, ensuring that they meet modern needs without eliminating their core values. The study uses a qualitative-phenomenological approach to examine three main areas: (1) the strategy of educational values and spiritual practices employed by pesantren leaders, with an emphasis on the TAQWA method, which aims to improve student understanding quickly; (2) the integration of Qur'an literacy, religious traditions, and environmental empowerment in the educational process; and (3) the impact of this model on student character development. Qur'an literacy in this context extends beyond reading and memorizing verses, focusing on understanding and actualizing its values in daily life. Religious practices such as book study, worship routines, and etiquette coaching promote moral development. Environmental activities, such as agriculture and natural resource management, encourage independence and ecological awareness. This holistic approach can serve as a model for character education, blending spiritual, social, and environmental aspects, while strengthening pesantren's role in fostering moral and ecological awareness.

This study examines the identity and role of the Catholic Church as civitas Dei through an analysis of Augustine of Hippo’s political philosophy and its relevance to the pastoral response of the Konferensi Waligereja Indonesia (KWI) toward Indonesia’s socio-political dynamics in 2025. The research departs from the problem of how the Church should position itself amid political polarization, violent demonstrations, and violations of human dignity that marked the national context. It aims to (1) explain Augustine’s concept of civitas Dei and civitas terrena, (2) formulate the Church’s identity as a moral-spiritual community oriented toward God, and (3) analyze the relevance of this framework for the Church’s prophetic and pastoral engagement in Indonesia. This study employs a qualitative method with a literature review approach, drawing from Augustine’s De Civitate Dei, Church documents, and the official pastoral statement of KWI, complemented by relevant theological and socio-political sources. The findings show that Augustine’s distinction between the two cities is not merely institutional but based on the orientation of love: love of God that generates justice and service, versus self-love that leads to domination and injustice. Within this framework, the Church in Indonesia actualizes civitas Dei through solidarity with victims, ethical criticism of power, and active participation in promoting peace and the common good. KWI’s pastoral statement embodies this prophetic stance by advocating nonviolence, human dignity, and social justice. In conclusion, Augustine’s political theology remains normatively relevant for guiding the Church’s mission as a transformative moral force in contemporary public life.

Mental health is an essential aspect of human life that is deeply connected to one’s spiritual and faith condition. In the Islamic creed (ʿaqīdah) perspective, mental well-being is not merely defined by emotional stability or positive thinking but by one’s ability to maintain faith, surrender to Allah, and face life’s trials with patience and gratitude. Islam teaches that the source of inner peace (ṭuma’ninah) lies in closeness to Allah through remembrance (dhikr), prayer, and belief in divine destiny (qadha and qadar). Hence, a strong foundation of faith is crucial in maintaining a balanced psychological state for Muslims. In addition to patience and gratitude, the concept of ikhtiar (effort) also plays a vital role in overcoming anxiety. A Muslim is taught to make sincere efforts while trusting in Allah’s will, thereby achieving harmony between physical endeavor and spiritual strength. By internalizing the values of patience, gratitude, and effort, individuals can develop strong mental resilience, manage stress wisely, and find meaningful purpose in life’s challenges. This study highlights the significant role of Islamic teachings in fostering holistic mental health rooted in spiritual tranquility.

This study aims to analyze the strategies of tahfidz teachers in improving students’ Qur’anic memorization quality through a literature review approach. Memorization quality is not merely measured by the quantity of verses memorized, but also includes accuracy of recitation, fluency, consistency in muroja’ah (revision), and long-term memory retention. This research employed a literature review method by examining national and international journal articles as well as relevant academic books published between 2020 and 2025. Data were analyzed using content analysis techniques to identify themes, patterns, and research gaps related to teachers’ strategies in tahfidz learning. The findings reveal that effective tahfidz teaching strategies can be classified into four main aspects: (1) structured and consistent implementation of repetition (tikrar), (2) reinforcement of muroja’ah and periodic evaluation, (3) motivational strategies and character development, and (4) innovative learning approaches integrating collaboration and educational technology. The tikrar method is proven effective in strengthening memorization retention when supported by systematic program planning. Furthermore, intrinsic motivation, a conducive learning environment, and varied instructional methods significantly contribute to maintaining students’ memorization stability. In conclusion, improving the quality of Qur’anic memorization depends not only on repetition frequency but also on the integration of pedagogical strategies, affective-spiritual approaches, and instructional innovation. This study provides a conceptual contribution to the development of more comprehensive and sustainable tahfidz learning strategies.

This study examines the sacred meaning of the agricultural cycle in the life of the indigenous community of the Detunggali Communal Land through an ethnographic approach. Agricultural rituals accompanying all stages of farming from land clearing, seed preparation and planting, crop maintenance, to harvesting are understood as cultural practices that integrate spiritual, social, and ecological dimensions. The study aims to explore how these agrarian rites function in shaping relationships between humans, nature, and ancestors, while sustaining the collective identity of the Detunggali community. A qualitative descriptive method was employed, with data collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation involving customary elders and community members. The findings reveal that farming activities in Detunggali are not merely economic endeavors but are deeply embedded in sacred values expressed through symbols, prayers, and customary rules. Agrarian rituals play a crucial role in maintaining cosmic balance, strengthening social cohesion, and fostering ecological awareness rooted in local cosmology. The study highlights that indigenous agricultural traditions remain a vital source of cultural and spiritual values, offering important insights for cultural preservation and locally grounded approaches to sustainable development.

This study examines the experience of access to health services and resilience strategies in adolescents with unplanned pregnancies in Makassar, Indonesia. Access to quality reproductive health services is important for adolescents' well-being, but they often face systemic barriers that affect access to health services and outcomes. The study used an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) approach on seventeen adolescent girls aged 15–19 years who had an unplanned pregnancy between June–November 2023. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews, recorded, verbatim transcribed, and analyzed by a six-stage science process. Two main themes were found: Navigating Closed Doors: Systematic Barriers to Care and Finding Light in Darkness: Resilience and Agency. Participants faced a variety of layered barriers, including a lack of information about health services and rights, geographical and economic constraints, age-based discrimination, parental notification obligations, fear of legal consequences especially related to abortion, family control over decisions, and limitations in adolescent-friendly services. Nonetheless, adolescents show resilience through seeking strategic help, resistance to pressure, spiritual and religious coping, peer support, gradual acceptance of maternal identity, educational sustainability, and positive meaningfulness of difficult experiences. These findings point to the need for a transformation of the health system that not only improves attitudes of health workers, but also addresses structural barriers such as confidentiality, age discrimination, and service availability, while strengthening agency and adolescent coping strategies.