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This study explores strategies to address students' difficulties in understanding and solving mathematical word problems involving long division in elementary schools. These difficulties can stem from internal factors, such as a lack of conceptual understanding, low motivation, and inaccuracy in solving problems, as well as external factors, such as ineffective teaching methods and minimal use of instructional media. Using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method, this research examines previous studies that discuss the causes of learning difficulties and possible solutions. The findings indicate that a contextual approach based on Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) and the use of concrete teaching aids can significantly enhance students' comprehension of long division. This approach helps students connect learning with real-life experiences and visualize mathematical concepts more clearly. Therefore, innovative instructional strategies are essential to improve elementary school students' understanding and numerical skills.

This study aims to analyze the application of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) learning model in improving students' cognitive learning outcomes in science learning, especially in the material on the structure and function of plant tissues. The research was conducted at SMP Negeri 4 Satap Wori, with the research subjects in the form of 21 grade VIII students who had heterogeneous learning abilities. This study uses a class action research (PTK) approach in two cycles. In the first cycle, student learning outcomes showed that only 38.1% of students had completed, while 61.9% had not reached the Minimum Completeness Criteria (KKM). Based on the reflection of the first cycle, improvements were made in the second cycle by increasing student involvement, providing more motivation, and forming heterogeneous learning groups. The results in the second cycle showed a significant increase, with 85.7% of students achieving learning completeness in accordance with the KKM. The increase in learning completeness from the first cycle to the second cycle was 47.6%. This study concludes that the PBL model effectively improves students' critical thinking skills, creativity, and motivation and can help students solve problems independently and in groups. Therefore, applying the PBL model is recommended to continue to be used in learning that involves real-world problem-solving.

This research aims to determine, the effect of applying the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model on students’ learning outcomes for Economics subjects in class XI of SMA Negeri 6 Gorontalo Utara. This quantitative research uses a Quasi-Experimental Design research (Pseudo experiment), with a sample size of 30 students. The results showed that there is an effect of applying the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model, proven to significantly improve the learning outcomes of grade XI students in economic subjects at SMA Negeri Gorontalo Utara, as shown by the Sig. (2-tailed) of 0.000, which is smaller than the significance level of 0.05. The Problem Based Learning (PBL) model allows students to be more active, critical, and independent in understanding concepts by linking theory with real problems.

This study examines the effect of applying the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) learning model on students' high-level thinking skills on ecosystem materials at SMA Negeri 1 Tondano. This study uses an experimental method with a quasi-experimental design involving two groups of students: the experimental class (X.2) taught using the PBL model, and the control class (X.4) taught using conventional learning methods. The number of students in each class is 30 people. Data is collected through pretest and posttest to measure students' high-level thinking abilities. The analysis showed that the experimental class's average posttest score was 83.67, while the control class was 79.50. The independent t-test showed that the t-count value (2.073) was greater than the t-table (1.671) with a significance value of 0.043, which was smaller than 0.05, indicating a significant difference between the two groups. Based on these results, it can be concluded that applying the PBL model has a positive and significant effect on improving students' high-level thinking skills. These findings are consistent with previous research showing that the PBL model effectively improves students' critical and analytical thinking skills. Therefore, applying PBL can be an effective alternative to improve the quality of learning, especially in developing students' high-level thinking skills.

In the midst of the digital era filled with various information, the ability to sort and understand accurate information is very necessary so that students can better understand Islamic teachings. The service of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning assistance by improving students' critical thinking skills aims to explore effective learning methods in PAI subjects in order to improve the critical thinking skills of grade XI students at SMK Hayatul Islam. This study applies the assistance method, which includes the stages of observation and coordination, implementation, and evaluation and reflection. Based on the results of the service, it shows that the use of discussion-based methods, problem solving, and analysis of religious texts helps hone students' critical thinking skills. They become more active in conveying ideas and are able to connect religious concepts with everyday life. However, there are several obstacles found, such as students' difficulty in constructing logical arguments and time constraints in the learning process. Therefore, more intensive assistance from teachers and the application of more varied methods are needed so that PAI learning is more effective in developing students' critical thinking patterns.

This study aims to explore the optimization of pedagogical competence of Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers in the application of problem-based learning (PBM) methods at SMP Negeri 4 Pagaran, North Tapanuli Regency. Teachers' pedagogical competence has a crucial role in designing and implementing effective learning processes, especially in the context of implementing PBM methods that aim to improve students' critical thinking and problem-solving skills. This study uses a qualitative research method with a library approach from book and journal theories to explore information on how PAK teachers implement their pedagogical competence in PBM. The results of the study indicate that PAK teachers at SMP Negeri 4 Pagaran have optimized their pedagogical competence in adapting the PBM method by focusing on the characteristics of student development which is carried out with a more personal approach. This study concludes that increasing training and development of pedagogical competence for PAK teachers through the application of PBM methods is very effective in improving the quality of learning at SMP Negeri 4 Pagaran.

This study explores the development of integrated language skills assessment instruments for Korean as a foreign language (KFL) learners in higher education, addressing the need for tools that reflect real-world communicative demands. Grounded in theoretical frameworks such as Bachman and Palmer's Communicative Language Ability model[1] and Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory[2], the research employed a mixed-methods approach, including needs analysis[6], corpus studies, and pilot testing. The research process involved three primary phases: First, a comprehensive needs analysis was conducted among KFL instructors and students to identify assessment gaps and priorities. Second, authentic Korean language materials were collected to create a corpus that informed the development of contextualized assessment tasks. Finally, the instruments underwent rigorous pilot testing with 127 KFL students across three Indonesian universities.The developed assessment instruments integrate reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills through task-based scenarios that mirror authentic Korean language use contexts. These include collaborative problem-solving activities, multimedia-based comprehension tasks, and culturally situated role-plays. Statistical analysis demonstrated high inter-rater reliability (r=0.87) and construct validity when compared with established Korean proficiency measures.Results demonstrated the instruments' reliability, validity, and cultural relevance, fostering holistic skill development and promoting positive washback on teaching and learning practices. Implementation of these instruments led to significant improvements in students' integrated language performance and motivation. The study contributes to the field of Korean language assessment by providing empirically validated tools that bridge classroom learning with real-world language application in higher education contexts.

Project-Based Learning (PjBL) model is an approach that focuses on the active involvement of students in the learning process through real projects. This study aims to optimize the implementation of the PjBL model in improving the skills of Vocational High School (SMK) students, both in terms of technical skills (hard skills) and non-technical skills (soft skills). The research method used is a qualitative approach with case studies in several vocational schools. Data were collected through observation, interviews with teachers and students, and analysis of learning documents. The results of the study indicate that optimal implementation of PjBL can improve students' understanding of concepts, problem-solving skills, and collaboration and communication skills. In addition, challenges in implementing PjBL include limited facilities, teacher readiness, and the need for industry support in project development. Therefore, synergy between schools, industry, and government is needed to increase the effectiveness of PjBL in equipping students with skills relevant to the world of work.  

The study aims to develop and evaluate STEM PBL-based science learning media to enhance students' critical thinking and creativity. The objectives include describing, producing, and assessing the feasibility, validity, practicality, and effectiveness of these media for grade VII students. This Research and Development (R&D) study follows the 4D model: define, design, develop, and disseminate. The developed media take the form of a digital Flipbook accessible via smartphones and PCs. A limited trial involved 22 students and one educator, while a field test included 51 students from SMPN 1 Binongko, Wakatobi Regency, divided into experimental and control groups. Data were collected through tests, interviews, questionnaires, and validation sheets. Feasibility, validity, and practicality were analyzed descriptively, while effectiveness was evaluated using the N-Gain, MANOVA, and Cohen's effect size tests. The results indicate that the STEM PBL-based Flipbook presents real-life problems, their causes, and solutions, encouraging critical thinking and creativity. It meets validity and feasibility criteria as assessed by expert lecturers. Educators and students also rated it as highly practical for learning. Finally, the Flipbook was found to be effective in improving students' critical thinking and creativity, with a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05.

This study aims to analyse the effect of applying the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model based on the Marind Tribe's life principles on the development of students' compassion. The approach used was quantitative with a quasi-experiment design using Nonequivalent (Pretest and Posttest) Control Group Design. The research subjects consisted of 120 students at SD YPPK St Tarsisius Biankuk, SD YPPK St Fransiskus Xaverius I, and SD YPPK Sta. Theresia Buti Merauke, which were divided into experimental and control classes. Data analysis was conducted using the Independent Sample t-test with the help of SPSS IBM 23. The results showed that the application of the PBL model significantly improved students' compassion attitudes, with a calculated t value (50.842) > t table (1.981) and p-value (0.000) < 0.05, indicating a significant difference between the experimental and control classes.

This study aims to identify the problems of learning methods of Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) in grade IV students of SDN 060866. The results showed that conventional teacher-centered learning methods were still dominant, causing low student interest and learning outcomes. Most students have not reached the Minimum Completion Criteria (KKM) with a percentage of completeness of only 25%. Teachers face obstacles such as lack of student interest, a less conducive learning environment, and limitations in applying innovative learning methods. To overcome this, teachers plan to implement project-based learning methods that are more interactive and relevant to students' daily lives. This study concludes that more varied and student-centered learning strategies are needed to improve students' motivation and learning outcomes.

This study aims to develop Nearpod learning media with a valid, practical, and effective Problem-Based Learning model for the subject of Science, especially on the material of changing the form of energy for fourth grade students of Elementary School. This research is motivated by problems found through initial observations and interviews. The method used is research and development (R&D) with the ADDIE model, which consists of five stages: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The subjects of this study involved class teachers and fourth grade students of SDS Pelangi, while the object of the study focused on Nearpod learning media in Science learning on the material of changing the form of energy. Data collection techniques include interviews, tests, and questionnaires, with instruments in the form of teacher interview sheets, material validation questionnaires, media validation questionnaires, education practitioner questionnaires, and pretest and posttest questions. The results of the study showed that validation by material experts obtained an average percentage of 90% with the category "very feasible", while validation by media design experts obtained an average percentage of 97% with the category "very practical". Media effectiveness testing showed an increase in students' average scores from 54.73 ("quite practical" category) to 83.15 ("very practical" category) after using Nearpod media.

The transformation of education in the digital era demands a more innovative and adaptive approach to deal with the ever-evolving global dynamics. Deep Learning comes as a learning paradigm that emphasizes active student involvement in a meaningful, reflective, and fun learning process. Not only oriented towards knowledge transfer, this approach also accommodates the development of critical thinking, problem-solving, creativity, and collaboration skills, which are the main pillars of 21st-century competencies. This article explores the role of Deep Learning in shaping an educational ecosystem that is more responsive to change and discusses effective implementation strategies at various levels of learning. With the integration of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects, this approach aims to create learning that is more contextual, adaptive, and transformative. Deep Learning not only encourages students to develop deeper conceptual understanding but also strengthens the connection between science and its application in real life. Through project-based methods, exploration, and utilization of digital technology, this approach opens up opportunities for the formation of an independent, innovative, and globally competitive generation.

  Abstract. This study aims to determine the significant effect of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning model on the creative thinking skills of grade 4 students of Kleco 1 Surakarta Elementary School. This study uses a quantitative approach based on the philosophy of positivism. The population and sample used in this study were 25 grade 4 students of Kleco 1 Surakarta Elementary School. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. This study used a One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design research design. In this design, before the treatment is given, a pre-test (initial test) is carried out, then treatment is given, and after the treatment is given, a post-test (final test) is carried out. Data collection techniques use observation, testing, and documentation. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the application of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model has a significant effect on improving the creative thinking skills of grade 4 students of Kleco 1 Surakarta Elementary School in the material of Style Around Us. This is indicated by an increase in the average value from the pretest of 54.4 to 80 in the posttest, as well as the results of the Paired Sample T-test which showed a significant difference before and after treatment.

Learning boredom is one of the common problems faced by students, especially at the Madrasah Aliyah level. This issue negatively impacts students' motivation and learning outcomes, which in turn can affect the quality of education. This study aims to implement an innovation in learning through the Problem Based Learning (PBL) approach as an effort to reduce learning boredom among students at MA Zainul Hasan 2 during the 2024-2025 academic year. The method used is Classroom Action Research (CAR) with the Kemmis and McTaggart model, which consists of two cycles. Each cycle includes four stages: planning, action, observation, and reflection. Data collection techniques include observation, questionnaires, and interviews. The results of the study indicate a significant decrease in students' learning boredom levels after the implementation of PBL. The average level of learning boredom decreased from 65% in the first cycle to 45% in the second cycle. This decrease shows that the application of PBL-based learning can have a positive effect in reducing learning boredom and increasing student engagement in the learning process. The PBL-based learning innovation has proven to be effective in creating a more engaging and interactive learning environment, which ultimately can improve students' motivation and enhance their learning outcomes. Thus, this study concludes that the implementation of Problem Based Learning can be an effective solution to overcome learning boredom among Madrasah Aliyah students.

This research aims to determine the effect of the Problem Based Learning model on the critical thinking skills and cognitive learning outcomes. This type of research is True Experimental with pretest-posttest Control Group Design. The results of the research show that the average critical thinking ability and cognitive learning outcomes of students in the experimental class taught using the Problem Based Learning model are in the sufficient category with an average score of critical thinking ability of 61.69 and an average score of cognitive learning outcomes. 66.73 with students who achieved the KKM of 35%, while in the control class with the Discovery Learning model it was also in the sufficient category with an average critical thinking ability score of 49.00 and cognitive learning outcomes with an average of 44.23 with students who achieved the KKM. by 4%. Inferential analysis shows significant results with a value of sig>0.05 so that there is an influence of the Problem Based Learning learning model on critical thinking skills and student learning outcomes.

This research aims (1) to determine the internal and external factors that cause learning difficulties for students majoring in TKRO at SMK N 4 Lhokseumawe, (2) to find out learning strategies that can help class XI students majoring in TKRO at SMK N 4 Lhokseumawe. This research is descriptive qualitative research. Data was obtained through observation, interviews, documentation. The research subjects were class XI students majoring in light vehicle engineering at SMK N 4 Lhokseumawe. Research data was analyzed using data reduction analysis methods, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Based on the results of interviews with class Factors that cause learning difficulties include the classroom atmosphere, the way the teacher teaches, and students' internal factors such as physiology and psychology. So this research was conducted with the aim of analyzing and finding strategies to overcome students' learning difficulties. The results of the study with an average acquisition of student learning difficulties of 2.648 are included in the High category. With the qualification of learning difficulties for automotive electrical material is "High" at SMK Negeri 4 Lhokseumawe. In order to overcome this problem, teachers need to change their teaching style and encourage interaction with students, while students need to be more focused and conducive during learning. It is hoped that collaboration between teachers and students can help reduce the level of learning difficulty in automotive electrical subjects for class XI students majoring in light vehicle engineering at SMK N 4 Lhokseumawe.

This study examines the effectiveness of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model in improving critical thinking skills of students of V MIN 2 Sibolga in the Citizenship Education (PKN) class curriculum. The findings of this study are supported by students' critical thinking skills obtained from the results of the KKM exam and the low level of participation in traditional classroom learning. Using a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental method and a Non-equivalent Control Group design, this study involved 44 students in the control group (conventional) and the experimental group (PBL). The purpose of the research instrument, namely a double test, was to assess students' critical thinking skills before and after the intervention. The results showed a significant increase in the experimental group that implemented the PBL model. The average post-test score of the experimental group reached 87.50, far exceeding the control group which only reached 60.42. Statistical analysis using the paired sample t-test produced a sig. (2-tailed) value of 0.000, which is smaller than α (0.05). This finding indicates a significant positive effect of the application of the PBL model on improving students' critical thinking skills. The results of this study indicate that the PBL model is effective in improving students' critical thinking skills in PKN classes. This model successfully encourages students to actively participate in their education and develop their analytical skills. This study recommends the use of the PBL model not only in PKN education but also in other subject areas to maximize students' growth in critical thinking. The application of the PBL model can be a potential solution to overcome the challenges of improving students' achievement and critical thinking skills at the highest level of elementary school.

This study aims to analyze the application of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) as an innovative strategy to improve students' cognitive in biology class X.IA2 learning at SMA 09 Pekanbaru. The method used was qualitative through interviews with teachers and students and literature review was used to collect and analyze data. The results of the analysis show that PBL improves concept understanding, critical thinking, and problem solving. Teachers revealed that PBL creates more interactive learning, while students feel more motivated and active. The literature review also confirmed that PBL improves students' analytical power, creativity, and independence. The results recommend the widespread application of PBL to improve the quality of learning.

This research aims to find out how to develop animated video learning media to improve the mathematical problem solving abilities of class VI students. This research is based on several problems, namely students who do not understand the discussion of learning material because mathematics is considered boring and it is difficult to memorize formulas. This made students unable to solve problems in the learning process. This research used research method and development using 4D research model. The sample of this research consisted of 25 students, with the first step not using animated videos and the second step using animated videos. The research instruments used in this research were tests (essays) and questionnaires. The research results showed that the feasibility level was 92% in the "very valid" category, the practicality level was 92% in the "very practical" category, and the effectiveness level was 88.52% in the "effective" category. These results can also be seen from the pretest with an average value of 34 and posttest with an average value of 92, so the average N-Gain Score was 88.52%. So, it can be concluded that the development of animated video learning media can improve the Mathematical problem solving abilities of 6th Grade of Elementary School students.