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This study analyzes the development of expressive language skills in children aged 4 to 5 years living in multilingual environments. The research aims to understand how exposure to multiple languages influences the expressive abilities of young children. A qualitative approach was applied, involving observation and structured interviews with parents and educators. Findings indicate that children in multilingual settings exhibit varied vocabulary usage and code-switching behaviors, with some delays in expressive fluency compared to monolingual peers, yet with enhanced pragmatic skills. The study highlights the importance of supportive linguistic environments and tailored educational strategies to foster optimal language development. These findings have implications for educators, speech therapists, and parents in managing multilingualism during early childhood.

This study aims to examine the implementation of a differentiated learning model in improving maritime English language competency among maritime college students in Indonesia. The background of this study is based on the maritime world's need for graduates with good English language competency, especially in professional and technical contexts. The approach used was a mixed method, namely a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods within a classroom action research framework implemented over two learning cycles. Data were collected through English language competency tests, observations, and in-depth interviews. The results showed a significant increase in all aspects of maritime English competency. The highest increase occurred in speaking skills at 44.38%, while the lowest increase was in maritime vocabulary comprehension at 30.25%. After the implementation of the differentiated learning model, 78.33% of students were in the "Good" and "Very Good" competency categories. Although in the initial stages of implementation there were challenges in students' adaptation to learning methods that differ from conventional learning, these obstacles were successfully overcome through a project-based learning strategy. This strategy is considered the most effective because it is able to provide an authentic context and approximate the real conditions in the maritime workplace. Thus, it can be concluded that the differentiated learning model has proven effective in improving students' maritime English language competency. This study recommends the broader implementation of similar models in English language learning programs at maritime institutions.

The purpose of this study was to determine the use of vocabulary on the ability to write descriptive texts, to find out grammar on the ability to write descriptive texts and to find out the relationship between the use of vocabulary and grammar on the ability to write descriptive texts in students of SMP Negeri 11 Jayapura City. With a quantitative research method. Based on the analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that there is a significant influence of vocabulary and grammar mastery on the ability to write descriptive texts of junior high school students in Jayapura City. statistically proven with a significant value (Sig.) which is smaller than 0.05 on all variables tested, both individually and together. These results indicate that the combination of vocabulary and grammar mastery is very important to improve students' descriptive text writing skills. Overall, the variables of grammar and vocabulary mastery can explain 60 percent of the variation in students' descriptive text writing skills, with vocabulary making a greater contribution (35.74 percent) than grammar (24.26 percent). These findings emphasize the importance of focusing on developing vocabulary and grammar simultaneously to achieve the best results in learning to write descriptive texts in junior high schools in Jayapura City.

This study discusses children's language acquisition from a psycholinguistic perspective with a focus on Meanlength of Utterance (MLU), word categories, and sentence patterns. Using a qualitative descriptive approach and case study, data were collected through participant observation, audio recording, speech transcription, and social context recording. The research sample consisted of three children aged 39, 47, and 50 months with Indonesian as their first language. The results showed that MLU values ​​increased with age, in accordance with Brown's theory, although there was individual variation. Analysis of word types showed that older children had a more diverse vocabulary, including nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns, and numerals. In addition, the sentence patterns used by children developed from simple structures such as SP to more complex structures such as SPOK. This study confirms that MLU can be an indicator of children's syntactic development and helps in language identification delays. The results of this study are expected to contribute to psycholinguistic studies and become a reference in the field of child language education and intervention

Learning German at level A1 is designed for beginners, with the aim of introducing the basics of vocabulary and sentence structure used in everyday life. The material taught includes work and daily activities. Grammar, as a fundamental aspect of learning, is very important to help learners understand sentence structure, verb usage, as well as case systems in German. German Grammar Learning Books that use linguistic approaches such as Error Analysis and Contrastive Analysis aim to make it easier for learners to understand the differences between German and Indonesian grammar. The study analyzed the book with reference  to the Profile Deutsch standard  issued by the Goethe-Institut, which assesses the suitability of the material with the German language learning objectives at A1 level. The focus of the analysis is on the material  of Der Adjective and Modal Verben, with results that show the shortcomings and advantages in the presentation of the material. Some example sentences use more complex structures, such as comparisons that don't correspond to beginner levels. The use of complete conjugation for Modalverben is also considered too heavy, and negation sentences with Modalverben are often confusing for A1 learners. In addition, the vocabulary used in this book is not very well known at the A1 level, so it needs to be adjusted to more basic vocabulary.    

The digital era has brought significant changes to the use of Indonesian in various aspects of life, including daily communication, the academic world, as well as the creative industry and tourism. Phenomena such as code-mixing, the use of slang, and the dominance of foreign terms in the formal sphere show that Indonesian continues to develop following the dynamics of globalization. This research aims to analyze how the linguistic development of Indonesian in the digital era affects the structure, meaning, and function of communication in society. The research methods used are literature review and phenomenological analysis of language use in social media, the world of work, and the tourism sector. The results show that although the digital era enriches vocabulary and communication expressions, there are challenges in preserving Indonesian as a national identity. The increasingly dominant influence of foreign languages has the potential to shift the use of Indonesian in formal and academic domains. Therefore, an adaptive language policy strategy is needed, including digital literacy education and increasing public linguistic awareness, to maintain a balance between the development and preservation of Indonesian.

The digital era has brought significant changes to the use of Indonesian in various aspects of life, including daily communication, the academic world, as well as the creative industry and tourism. Phenomena such as code-mixing, the use of slang, and the dominance of foreign terms in the formal sphere show that Indonesian continues to develop following the dynamics of globalization. This research aims to analyze how the linguistic development of Indonesian in the digital era affects the structure, meaning, and function of communication in society. The research methods used are literature review and phenomenological analysis of language use in social media, the world of work, and the tourism sector. The results show that although the digital era enriches vocabulary and communication expressions, there are challenges in preserving Indonesian as a national identity. The increasingly dominant influence of foreign languages has the potential to shift the use of Indonesian in formal and academic domains. Therefore, an adaptive language policy strategy is needed, including digital literacy education and increasing public linguistic awareness, to maintain a balance between the development and preservation of Indonesian.

Improving Indonesian language skills in early childhood is very important to form good communication skills in the future. One effective method to support children's language development is the retelling method. This study aims to examine the application of the retelling method as a strategy to strengthen Indonesian language skills in early childhood, especially in the aspects of speaking and listening. The method used in this research is a literature study with a qualitative descriptive approach. The results showed that the retelling method can improve children's speaking and listening skills and enrich their vocabulary. In addition, this method also deepens children's understanding of the reading text they hear. It is recommended that this method be applied regularly by educators and parents to support Indonesian language development in early childhood.

This study examines the linguistic characteristics of the Quraysh dialect and its influence on the development of the pre-Islamic Arabic language. Using a qualitative research method based on a literature review, this study analyzes various sources discussing the phonology, morphology, and syntax of the Quraysh dialect and its role in the formation of standard Arabic. The findings reveal that the Quraysh dialect has a smoother phonological system, a more structured grammar, and a richer vocabulary compared to other Arabic dialects. Its influence became more significant after being used in the Qur’an, which served as the primary reference in the development of standard Arabic. Additionally, classical linguists adopted the Quraysh dialect as the foundation for Arabic grammatical rules. Thus, the Quraysh dialect plays a central role in the evolution of the Arabic language from the pre-Islamic era to the modern period.

Language skills are one of the key aspects in children's cognitive and social development. The family environment, as the first and primary environment for children, plays an important role in shaping language habits, enriching vocabulary, and developing children's communication skills. This study aims to explore the influence of the family environment on children's language development, focusing on interactions between parents and children, reading habits, and emotional support in the family. The research method used was a qualitative approach with in-depth interview techniques involving parents as research subjects. The results revealed that a communicative and supportive family environment is the main basis for children in learning language. Habits such as inviting children to talk, reading books together, and providing emotional support are the main factors that influence children's language development. In the midst of the digital era, parents need to be smart in utilizing technology, by limiting the use of gadgets and prioritizing direct interaction. Consistent communication patterns and special activities such as reading together or role-playing have also proven to be very effective in supporting children's language development. Although there are challenges such as time constraints and children's interest in gadgets, parents can overcome them with creativity and patience. This study provides practical advice for parents in creating a family environment that supports children's language development.

Language skills are one of the key aspects in children's cognitive and social development. The family environment, as the first and primary environment for children, plays an important role in shaping language habits, enriching vocabulary, and developing children's communication skills. This study aims to explore the influence of the family environment on children's language development, focusing on interactions between parents and children, reading habits, and emotional support in the family. The research method used was a qualitative approach with in-depth interview techniques involving parents as research subjects. The results revealed that a communicative and supportive family environment is the main basis for children in learning language. Habits such as inviting children to talk, reading books together, and providing emotional support are the main factors that influence children's language development. In the midst of the digital era, parents need to be smart in utilizing technology, by limiting the use of gadgets and prioritizing direct interaction. Consistent communication patterns and special activities such as reading together or role-playing have also proven to be very effective in supporting children's language development. Although there are challenges such as time constraints and children's interest in gadgets, parents can overcome them with creativity and patience. This study provides practical advice for parents in creating a family environment that supports children's language development.

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of using an Arabic dictionary in enhancing the vocabulary of students at SMK Tarbiyatus Salafiyah Pesawahan Tiris Probolinggo. The main focus of this research is to identify the factors influencing the use of dictionaries in vocabulary acquisition and the impacts resulting from their use. The research problem formulation includes identifying the supporting and inhibiting factors in dictionary utilization and analyzing the effects of dictionary use on students’ vocabulary mastery. This study employs a qualitative descriptive approach. Data were collected through direct classroom observation to examine students’ interactions with dictionaries, in-depth interviews with students and educators to explore their experiences and perceptions, and documentation in the form of field notes and student work to analyze vocabulary development. The findings indicate that the effectiveness of dictionary use is influenced by both inhibiting and supporting factors. Inhibiting factors include the limited availability of dictionaries, a lack of understanding regarding their proper use, and restricted access to digital technology. Meanwhile, supporting factors involve teachers’ patience in providing guidance, students’ high enthusiasm and motivation, and their Arabic language proficiency. The positive impact of effective dictionary use is not limited to an increase in vocabulary acquisition but also contributes to students’ confidence in communicating in Arabic, enhances memory and cognitive skills, and improves reading and writing abilities. Thus, this study concludes that using Arabic dictionaries is effective in enriching students’ vocabulary, especially when supported by conducive factors.

Storytelling is an effective learning method in teaching recount text because it can improve students' language skills. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of using storytelling as a creative media in learning recount text at SMK Negeri 5 Pekanbaru. The method used in this study is a literature study by analyzing various journals as the main source of data. The results of the study indicate that storytelling contributes positively to improving students' understanding of the structure and content of recount texts. In addition, this method helps enrich students' vocabulary and improve their speaking and writing skills in English. Thus, storytelling can be used as an innovative alternative in teaching recount texts to create more interesting and interactive learning. The implication of this study is the need to develop more varied storytelling strategies so that learning outcomes are more optimal.

This research aims to describe the perceptions of foreign speakers towards Indonesian language teaching materials based on local wisdom. This research is qualitative research with a qualitative descriptive research design. The data source in this research is foreign speakers who are studying Indonesian at the Bolasugi Language School. Research data was obtained by asking several questions that had been provided by the researcher. Data analysis was carried out using data reduction, data presentation, and data verification. The results of the research and discussion can be concluded that foreign speakers have a positive perception of local wisdom-based teaching materials. They feel that these teaching materials not only help in learning Indonesian, but also introduce local culture in an interesting and relevant way and that local wisdom-based teaching materials are able to achieve learning goals, such as improving language understanding, enriching vocabulary, and growing foreign speakers' confidence in using Indonesian.

As a literary genre with its own appeal, short stories (qishshah qashirah) and poetry (shi'r) offer a unique and beneficial reading experience for students. However, learning to read Arabic literary texts often presents various challenges. This study aims to analyze in depth the reading skills of Arabic literary texts, specifically short stories and poetry, at Madrasah Aliyah. This research employs a qualitative descriptive method, which aims to observe and describe events, phenomena, attitudes, social activities, perceptions, beliefs, and thoughts of individuals or groups. Data collection is conducted through observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis technique follows the Miles and Huberman model, which consists of three main stages: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that students' ability to read Arabic literary texts, both short stories and poetry, remains relatively low. Several internal and external factors influence this ability, including limited vocabulary (mufradat), which causes students to struggle in understanding texts, frequently pause, guess word meanings, or even give up entirely. Additionally, weak proficiency in Arabic grammar (nahwu and sharaf) further hinders their comprehension of sentence structures in literary texts. To address these challenges, three strategies can be implemented by educators to enhance students' reading skills: utilizing diverse learning media, selecting engaging and relevant themes, and providing a variety of reading resources.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of short text analysis strategies in Maharah Qira’ah to enhance Arabic language comprehension at Madrasah Aliyah Al-Masduqiyah Patokan Kraksaan. Maharah Qira’ah, as one of the core skills in Arabic language learning, requires a deep understanding of language structures and text meanings. Therefore, short text analysis strategies are applied as a method to strengthen students’ understanding of vocabulary, grammar, and contextual meaning in Arabic texts. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques, including observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings indicate that using short texts in Maharah Qira’ah instruction has a positive impact on students' comprehension, particularly in word meaning interpretation, sentence structure understanding, and critical thinking skills. However, the study also identifies several challenges, such as students' limited vocabulary, text difficulty levels, and insufficient teaching resources. By understanding the benefits and challenges, this strategy can be further developed through more innovative approaches, such as digital media utilization and the integration of contextual learning methods in Arabic language instruction. This study is expected to contribute to the development of Arabic language teaching methods at the Madrasah Aliyah level.  

Google Translate is an artificial intelligence-based translation service developed by Google. Since its introduction in 2006, this service has continued to create with the application of Neural Machine Translation (NMT) technology, which improves the accuracy and fluency of translation compared to previous methods. This study aims to determine the effectiveness and limitations of Google Translate in translating Batak into Indonesian. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with a comparative approach of Google Translate translation results and manual translations by professional translators. The study results show that Google Translate can translate basic words and simple sentences quite well. However, there are several limitations, such as a lack of understanding of the cultural context, idioms, and dialect variations in the Batak language. In addition, the translation is also influenced by the limitations of the database and vocabulary enrichment in this service. Thus, although Google Translate can be a tool in translation, users still need to do manual verification to ensure accuracy, especially in fields that require high precision such as law, academics, and professional communication.

The Arabic language is closely linked to the Qur'an, Hadith, and Islamic teachings, which continue to evolve over time. This study aims to explore the contemporary dynamics of how these three aspects influence the development and usage of Arabic. A qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical method is employed to examine lexical and grammatical changes, as well as language usage in various contexts, including education, preaching, and media. The findings indicate that the Qur'an and Hadith remain the primary references in shaping Arabic vocabulary and structure, while the development of Islam in the modern era also influences the adaptation and expansion of meanings across different fields. The study highlights the importance of a deep understanding of the relationship between language and religion in preserving the authenticity and relevance of Arabic in the era of globalization.

Language skills are considered difficult to master. Difficulties in speaking arise due to a lack of vocabulary comprehension, which leads to poor verbal expression of ideas and grammatical skills. Various learning media, such as YouTube, can be used to practice speaking skills. There are multiple channels available that help in learning German speaking skills. To examine the material based on the 2013 curriculum of these channels, the words in this research question are derived from German curriculum materials. The purpose of this study is to assess the compatibility of YouTube channel video content. The data source for this research is the video content from the Kanal Zenith Institute channel. The data recording method used in this research is technology-based, followed by a technological level analysis. Furthermore, an analysis of the 2013 twelfth-grade curriculum was conducted to evaluate the compatibility of the video material with the theme Ferien und Urlaub. The results of the analysis indicate that the German lesson plan (RPP) with the theme Ferien und Urlaub, using YouTube channel videos, can assist students in improving their German-speaking skills.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of using Canva-based flashcards in learning, especially at the elementary school level. This study uses library research method by collecting and analyzing data from various relevant literatures, including journals, books, and previous research articles. The literature review shows that Canva-based flashcards have the potential to improve students' vocabulary acquisition, engagement in learning, and learning outcomes. The advantages of Canva-based flashcards lie in the flexibility of design, integration of attractive visual elements and ease of access. This media allows teachers to create learning materials that are interactive, innovative and in line with curriculum needs. The analysis shows that Canva as a design tool provides added value in creating effective learning media, with various studies showing increased student motivation and understanding of the material. However, challenges such as limited teacher competence in using Canva and the need for internet connectivity are also major concerns. This study concludes that Canva-based flashcards are a relevant and effective learning medium, but its implementation requires training support and adequate infrastructure.