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This study aims to conceptually examine the role of visual media in Arabic vocabulary learning and its relevance in the context of education in the digital era. Vocabulary mastery is a fundamental component in learning Arabic; however, in practice, vocabulary learning often encounters various challenges, such as the abstract nature of vocabulary, low student motivation, and the dominance of conventional teaching methods. This study employed a qualitative approach using library research. Data were obtained through a review of relevant scholarly sources, including books, journal articles, and previous research related to visual media and Arabic language learning. Data were collected through documentation techniques and analyzed using content analysis to examine the concepts, roles, and effectiveness of visual media in Arabic vocabulary instruction. The findings indicate that visual media, both conventional and digital, play a significant role in improving vocabulary comprehension, strengthening memory retention, and increasing students’ motivation and engagement in the learning process. Visual media also help transform abstract vocabulary into more concrete and contextual representations, making learning more meaningful and effective. Nevertheless, the implementation of visual media still faces several challenges, including limited facilities, teachers’ digital competence, and the suboptimal use of technology in learning activities. Therefore, it is necessary to develop innovative instructional strategies and enhance teachers’ competencies to ensure that visual media can be utilized effectively and sustainably in Arabic language learning.

Rapid technological change in the digital era has reshaped the nature of organizational innovation, requiring firms not only to innovate but also to align their innovation activities with technological developments and market dynamics, a capability referred to as Techno-Resonance Innovation Capability (TRIC). Although Knowledge Management (KM) has been widely recognized as a driver of innovation, studies that explicitly link KM to the development of techno-resonant innovation remain limited. This study aims to address this gap by systematically reviewing the literature to examine how KM contributes to innovation capability and how this relationship evolves toward TRIC through absorptive capacity. Using the systematic literature review methodology proposed by Tranfield et al., this study follows three stages planning, conducting, and reporting the review to identify, evaluate, and synthesize relevant studies on KM, absorptive capacity, innovation capability, and techno-resonance. The findings indicate that innovation capability emerges from interconnected KM processes, including knowledge acquisition, sharing, storage, and application, which form the organizational infrastructure for innovation. Absorptive capacity is identified as a key bridging mechanism that enables organizations to transform managed knowledge into innovative outcomes by enhancing their ability to acquire, assimilate, transform, and exploit technological knowledge. This study concludes that integrating KM and TRIC through absorptive capacity extends conventional innovation capability models and provides a stronger theoretical explanation of innovation in technology-driven and digitally dynamic environments.

Steganography is a technique for hiding secret data within digital media such as images, audio, and video without causing noticeable visual changes. In video media, this technique offers advantages because each frame can be utilized dynamically, resulting in a larger data embedding capacity. However, conventional methods such as fixed-number Least Significant Bit (LSB) embedding still face limitations in balancing visual quality, embedding capacity, and resistance to compression or noise. To address these challenges, this study proposes an Adaptive Video Steganography Method based on Multi-Bit LSB that employs brightness, texture, and motion analysis for each frame to determine the number of embedding bits adaptively. The system adjusts the embedding capacity according to the local characteristics of the video: areas with high texture or rapid motion are assigned more bits, while static or low-texture areas use fewer bits to preserve visual quality. After the embedding process, the video quality is evaluated using PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio) and SSIM (Structural Similarity Index Measurement) to assess its similarity to the original video. Experimental results show a PSNR value of 45.86 dB and an SSIM value of 0.9441, Thus, the proposed adaptive method proves to be efficient, robust against disturbances, and capable of maintaining data security without compromising visual quality, making it highly suitable for implementation in multimedia-based information security systems.

Steganography is a method to hide confidential messages in digital media so that they are not detected by unauthorized parties. Unlike cryptography which protects the content of messages through encryption, steganography hides the message itself. One popular technique is the Least Significant Bit (LSB), which replaces the least important bit on the pixel with a secret message bit. However, conventional LSB methods such as 1-bit or 3-bit have limitations due to the compromise between insertion capacity and visual quality of the media. This study proposes an LSB-based video steganography method with an adaptive multi-bit embedding approach. This technique determines the number and position of bits that are dynamically inserted based on the local brightness and texture levels of each video frame, with Laplacian operators used to analyze both high and low textured areas. The process includes frame and audio extraction, frame-by-frame embedding, inserted video reconstruction, and decoding using video cover references. The evaluation was carried out quantitatively using the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) metrics, as well as qualitatively through visual comparison. The results showed that the adaptive multi-bit method was able to maintain visual quality with a PSNR of 45.23 dB and SSIM of 0.9424, and increased the insertion capacity by up to 2–3 times compared to the 1-bit adaptive method. Thus, this approach effectively balances imperceptibility and insertion capacity on dynamic video steganography systems.  

Traditional association rule analysis is effective at uncovering co-purchase patterns but fails to provide a global structural view of the market, which often results in fragmented and isolated insights. This study proposes a hybrid framework that integrates the Apriori algorithm with a Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) in order to validate and contextualize association rules within a single structural backbone. Transaction data from a retail store are transformed into a weighted, undirected product graph using an inverse-support function, and an MST is then extracted to represent the market backbone, while frequent itemsets and strong rules are obtained using Apriori. Experimental results on 236 multi-item transactions show that the MST backbone comprises 10 products and 9 fundamental links, with 66.67% of these links being confirmed by strong association rules, indicating a substantial coherence between statistical and structural evidence. The proposed model identifies 41 Apriori patterns that can be embedded in the MST and ranks them using a new metric, Structural Distance, which enables the categorization of Core Patterns, Bridge Patterns, and Complex Patterns according to their structural tightness. This hybrid perspective distinguishes dense, strategically meaningful bundles from anomalous but frequent combinations that are structurally peripheral, thereby offering a more holistic and actionable alternative to conventional Market Basket Analysis. The validated framework can support various applications, including store layout optimization, cross-selling strategies, and the design of path-based recommender systems, and it opens avenues for future extensions based on dynamic graphs and Graph Neural Networks.

Despite its cultural potential, Wetabar Village has not been supported by effective digital promotional media. Information access remains limited, and the lack of interactive promotional platforms has contributed to the low interest of tourists. Current promotional efforts rely heavily on conventional methods, resulting in decreased visitor numbers. The implementation of digital technologies such as Augmented Reality (AR) and Web-based 360° Virtual Reality Tours is considered an effective approach to increasing tourist engagement by offering immersive exploration experiences and interactive cultural content. This research aims to design and implement a web-based tourism promotion media that integrates local cultural content with AR and 360° virtual tour technologies. The development process follows the MDLC research method, utilizing the Lumi H5P platform and PHP for system implementation. The resulting system enables users to digitally explore Wetabar Village through panoramic views and interactive multimedia features. The findings show that the developed application runs smoothly on both Android devices and laptops and is capable of providing hotspot access to operate the virtual reality features. This innovation is expected to enhance tourist interest while supporting cultural preservation and promoting digital transformation within the tourism sector of West Sumba.

Video steganography faces fundamental challenges in balancing embedding capacity, imperceptibility, and robustness, where conventional Least Significant Bit (LSB) methods often produce visual artifacts such as flickering. To address this, this research proposes an advanced method named Adaptive Multi-layer LSB, which dynamically adjusts the number of embedded bits in each pixel based on a multi-factor analysis of the video's spatial and temporal characteristics. This adaptation mechanism is evaluated through three primary criteria: brightness level, local texture complexity, and inter-frame motion stability. Quantitative evaluation using Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), and Frame Difference Stability Index (FDSI) metrics demonstrates that the proposed method achieves high visual quality, with an average PSNR of 42.15 dB and SSIM of 0.985. These results significantly outperform the non-adaptive approach, which only recorded a PSNR of 38.5 dB. More importantly, the FDSI value of this method (1.25) is much lower compared to the non-adaptive approach (3.40), demonstrating its superiority in maintaining temporal stability. Thus, this approach provides a significant contribution to enhancing security and quality in video steganography practices. Abstract: Video steganography faces fundamental challenges in balancing embedding capacity, imperceptibility, and robustness, where conventional Least Significant Bit (LSB) methods often produce visual artifacts such as flickering. To address this, this research proposes an advanced method named Adaptive Multi-layer LSB, which dynamically adjusts the number of embedded bits in each pixel based on a multi-factor analysis of the video's spatial and temporal characteristics. This adaptation mechanism is evaluated through three primary criteria: brightness level, local texture complexity, and inter-frame motion stability. Quantitative evaluation using Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), and Frame Difference Stability Index (FDSI) metrics demonstrates that the proposed method achieves high visual quality, with an average PSNR of 42.15 dB and SSIM of 0.985. These results significantly outperform the non-adaptive approach, which only recorded a PSNR of 38.5 dB. More importantly, the FDSI value of this method (1.25) is much lower compared to the non-adaptive approach (3.40), demonstrating its superiority in maintaining temporal stability. Thus, this approach provides a significant contribution to enhancing security and quality in video steganography practices.

Abstract: Character education has become a critical challenge in secondary education, particularly in learning contexts that emphasize cognitive achievement over affective and behavioral development. Although Project-Based Learning (PjBL) is widely recognized for its potential to foster collaboration and responsibility, character outcomes are often treated implicitly and rarely evaluated systematically. This study aims to develop and evaluate a character-oriented Project-Based Learning framework using a Design-Based Research (DBR) methodology in Islamic secondary education. The research was conducted through iterative design cycles involving problem analysis, instructional design, implementation, evaluation, and refinement. Explicit character indicators were embedded into each phase of the PjBL process and assessed using quantitative and qualitative instruments. Statistical analysis of pretest and posttest data revealed significant improvements in students’ character-related outcomes following the implementation of the proposed framework. Qualitative findings further indicated enhanced student engagement, collaboration, and social responsibility during project activities. The results demonstrate that integrating explicit character indicators into PjBL through a DBR approach enhances the effectiveness of character education beyond conventional instructional practices. This study contributes to the literature by providing a structured and empirically validated framework that bridges Project-Based Learning, Design-Based Research, and character education. The proposed framework offers practical implications for educators seeking to integrate affective learning objectives into active learning environments.

This study examines the utilization of social media in improving the competitiveness of cassava chips and lidah manis SMEs in Pematang Serai Village, Tanjung Pura District, Langkat Regency, North Sumatra Province. The rapid development of information technology has encouraged SMEs to shift from conventional marketing methods to more effective and efficient digital marketing practices. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through field observations, in-depth interviews, and documentation involving SME actors. The results indicate that the use of social media platforms such as WhatsApp, Facebook, and Instagram is able to expand market reach, increase product visibility, and strengthen relationships between business owners and consumers. Attractive promotional content, consistency in posting, and responsive communication are proven to influence consumer buying interest and trust. However, SMEs still face challenges, including limited digital literacy, time management constraints, and the lack of structured marketing strategies. Therefore, continuous training and assistance are needed so that SMEs can optimize the use of social media more effectively. This study is expected to serve as a reference for the development of digital-based SMEs in rural areas.

This study aims to construct a comprehensive concept of Quranic Andragogy based on the profound educational interaction between Prophet Musa a.s. and Prophet Khidir a.s. as narrated in Surah Al-Kahfi. Employing systematic library research with a thematic exegesis approach and rigorous content analysis, this research synthesizes Malcolm Knowles’ andragogy theory with core Islamic values and principles. The findings reveal that Quranic Andragogy transcends conventional Western pragmatism by effectively integrating intellectual autonomy with deep spiritual humility (tawadhu). The narrative illustrates three fundamental pillars of this pedagogical model: the urgency of cultivating internal motivation (the need to know), which is driven by a conscious willingness to 'unlearn' ego and preconceptions; the careful management of cognitive conflict within experiential learning processes; and the consistent implementation of a disciplined, ethically guided learning contract. It is concluded that adult education in Islam requires a careful balance between critical reasoning, reflective practice, and spiritual obedience in order to achieve holistic self-transformation that extends beyond the mere transfer of knowledge and information, fostering both intellectual and moral development in learners.

This research focuses on optimizing the control system to improve voltage stability in a 10 kW Solar Power Plant (PLTS) located in a tropical region. The main issue addressed is voltage fluctuation caused by the intermittent nature of solar radiation (200–1200 W/m²) and temperature variations (20–50°C), which result in up to 12% overshoot in the inverter. The proposed method implements a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller optimized using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm with real-time irradiation input data. The research integrates a 100 Hz digital low-pass filter to mitigate sensor noise under low irradiation conditions. Simulation results show that the PID-PSO system successfully reduces overshoot from 12.1% to 4.2% under high irradiation, and decreases settling time from 0.62 seconds to 0.31 seconds. The digital filter effectively reduces measurement deviation from 7.2% to 2.8% at 200 W/m² irradiation. The PSO optimization achieved optimal convergence within 37 iterations with an Integral of Time-weighted Absolute Error (ITAE) value of 0.18. This study concludes that the implementation of PID-PSO with a digital filter significantly enhances the voltage stability of the PLTS by 20.3% compared to conventional PID control and is ready to be applied in tropical-region smart grid systems.

Local coffee micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Karang Sidemen Village, Central Lombok Regency, have significant development potential; however, they still face challenges related to marketing practices and limited value addition. Conventional marketing systems restrict market reach and reduce product competitiveness. In the context of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 and Society 5.0, digital marketing offers a strategic opportunity for MSMEs to enhance product promotion and sales performance. This community service program aimed to strengthen the capacity of local coffee MSMEs through the implementation of social media–based digital marketing strategies. A participatory approach was employed, actively involving MSME actors and students through stages of problem identification, program planning, training and hands-on digital marketing practices, and evaluation. The results demonstrated an improvement in participants’ understanding and skills in utilizing social media as a promotional tool, as reflected by the initiative to develop and publish promotional video content for local coffee products, including the flagship Versilia coffee variant. The use of visual content and storytelling facilitated the practical adoption of digital marketing strategies. Overall, this program contributed to shifting marketing behavior from conventional to digital approaches and strengthening the sustainable competitiveness of local coffee MSMEs.

This research aims to compare modern international trade theories from conventional and Islamic economic perspectives. The technique used is a literature review through the analysis of sources from journals, books, and related research. The findings of this research indicate that international trade theory in the conventional perspective prioritizes efficiency, specialization, and increased profits through free market mechanisms, such as the theory of absolute advantage, comparative advantage, the H-O factor proportion, and the theory of large-scale economies. However, this approach often overlooks moral aspects, distributional justice, and the risk of exploitation. On the other hand, the Islamic perspective views trade as a muamalah activity based on justice, trustworthiness (amanah), the prohibition of riba (interest), gharar (uncertainty), and maisir (gambling), as well as the objectives of maqasid sharia (the objectives of Sharia). Both views recognize the importance of trade for economic growth but differ in their basic values and ethics. In today's era of globalization and digitalization, the importance of integrating Islamic values into international trade is increasingly understood. This aims to build a more just, sustainable, and inclusive trading system. This research emphasizes the need to apply Sharia principles in contemporary trade practices, including the application of Islamic financial instruments, the development of halal e-commerce platforms, and ethical oversight within global supply chains. In this way, it is hoped that international trade can provide broader benefits to all of humanity, in accordance with the principles of justice and welfare in Islam. The interconnectedness of both approaches in the digital context demonstrates the need to unite Islamic moral values with changes in today's global trade.

The purpose of this study was to examine how problem-based mathematics learning affected the learning interest of 5- to 6-year-old students at the Ki Hajar Dewantara State Kindergarten in South Jakarta. To compare problem-based mathematics learning and conventional learning, this study used a quantitative method and a quasi-experimental design. Problem-based learning is intended to use mathematical problems in children's daily lives. Children in group B were divided into experimental and control groups. To collect data, structured observations were conducted on elements of children's interest in learning. These included enjoyment, focus, activity, and willingness to participate in learning activities. To determine the difference in the level of interest in learning between the two groups, the data obtained was analyzed statistically. The results showed that, compared to conventional learning, problem-based mathematics learning had a significant effect on increasing children's interest in learning. Children showed more enthusiasm, better concentration, active involvement in activities, and critical thinking skills in solving mathematical problems. The results showed that effective problem-based mathematics learning made learning meaningful, enjoyable, and appropriate for the characteristics of early childhood development.

This study aims to determine the impact of Financial Technology (Fintech) and digital banking on the overall performance of conventional banking institutions in Indonesia. This research employs a qualitative approach using a comprehensive literature review as its primary method. Data analysis in this study was conducted through an extensive review of various sources, including books, peer-reviewed journal articles, research reports, official websites, newspapers, and magazines, to obtain a holistic understanding of the topic. The results of this study indicate that both Fintech and digital banking significantly affect the performance of conventional banks in Indonesia. Specifically, the effect of Fintech on conventional banking is reflected in a decrease in traditional banking profitability, because Fintech platforms provide alternative channels and competition in credit distribution and financial services. Meanwhile, the effect of digital banking on conventional banking includes improvements in operational efficiency, wider service accessibility for customers, and noticeable changes in customer behavior and expectations. These findings suggest that conventional banks must adapt strategically to remain competitive in the evolving financial ecosystem.

Selayang Village is one of the villages in Selesai District where most of the residents have micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) as the main source of livelihood. However, until now, MSME actors in the village still face limited knowledge and skills in utilizing digital technology, especially in the field of marketing. Most business actors still rely on conventional marketing methods, such as word-of-mouth promotion, which has an impact on limited market reach. Through this community service activity, it is hoped that MSMEs will be able to optimize digital marketing so that their marketing area becomes wider and more competitive. This service aims to assist and assist the community in registering the location of MSMEs and public facilities on the Google Maps platform. The method of implementing the service includes the stages of socialization, technical assistance, and direct MSME registration. The results of the activity showed that as many as nine MSMEs were successfully registered and their business profiles were optimized through a door-to-door approach. All business actors responded positively because they now have a digital footprint that makes it easier for consumers to find business locations. Thus, this activity is expected to increase business visibility, the competitiveness of MSMEs, and the welfare of the people of Selayang Village

This study is motivated by the increasing dynamics of criminal activity within the jurisdiction of the East Nusa Tenggara Regional Police (Polda NTT), characterized by regional variations and complex causal factors. Conventional crimes such as assault, theft, and mob violence dominate the crime landscape and significantly affect social stability. The purpose of this research is to analyze the patterns, causes, and crime control strategies implemented by Polda NTT in maintaining public security and order. The study employs an empirical legal approach using a mixed-methods design, combining quantitative analysis of crime statistics with qualitative interviews involving police officers. Data were obtained from the Directorate of General Criminal Investigation (Ditreskrimum) of Polda NTT and cover all police jurisdictions, including one city police department and twenty-one district police offices. Findings reveal that crime rates in NTT are strongly influenced by social, economic, cultural, and geographical factors. The most prevalent crimes include assault, ordinary theft, traffic accidents, and mob violence. Major contributing factors consist of a local culture of violence, alcohol consumption, economic hardship, and low legal literacy. Polda NTT’s strategies involve preventive measures (routine patrols and public legal education), repressive actions (law enforcement and offender guidance), and humanistic approaches such as the Jumat Curhat program, which facilitates direct dialogue with the community.

The calculation of work volume and construction costs is a fundamental aspect of project management, as errors in the estimation process can directly affect the preparation of the project budget. Many projects still use conventional methods for estimation, which are based on 2D working drawings with the assistance of Microsoft Excel, as seen in the Sungai Raya Religious Court Building project. This method is considered prone to calculation errors and less efficient due to the considerable amount of time required. With the advancement of technology, Building Information Modeling (BIM) has emerged, enabling automatic and integrated calculation of work volumes and construction costs through a three-dimensional digital model. This study aims to examine the implementation of BIM in the Sungai Raya Religious Court Building project and to compare the results of work volume and construction cost calculations between the BIM method using Autodesk Revit and the conventional method based on the project’s Bill of Quantity (BoQ). The research method was conducted by modeling the structural elements of the building, including pile caps, tie beams, columns, beams, floor slabs, and reinforcements. The results of work volume and construction cost calculations obtained from Autodesk Revit were then compared with the project’s BoQ as the conventional method. Based on the analysis, an average difference of 6.3% in work volume and 5.6% in construction cost was found, with the Autodesk Revit calculations showing slightly lower values compared to the project’s BoQ.

Business is an economic activity carried out by individuals or organizations to produce and sell goods or services with the aim of making a profit. The NSH Group Store is a business that sells carpets, pillows, bolsters, and dolls located in the Sei Dadap I/II Plantation, Sei Dadap District, Asahan Regency, North Sumatra 21225. The NSH Group Store was established in 2016 and is owned by Mrs. Siti Komariah Siregar. Among the challenges faced by the NSH Group Store owner are irregular stock procurement. Sales transaction processes still use conventional methods, reducing efficiency and time effectiveness, and potentially leading to data errors. Supply Chain Management is a series of approaches used to efficiently integrate suppliers so that goods can be distributed in the right quantities, locations, and at the right time, with the aim of minimizing overall system costs. A bolster pillow is a pillow that can function as both a pillow and a bolster. Bolster pillows are oval and long, so they can be hugged while sleeping. The benefits of a bolster pillow include maintaining a proper sleeping position, reducing pressure on joints, helping reduce aches, improving sleep quality, and improving overall health. Therefore, by implementing Supply Chain Management (SCM), data processing will be faster and more accurate.

The transformation of marketing strategies from conventional methods to digital marketing has become an important factor in the development of the beauty industry, especially for Make Up Artists (MUAs) in Bandung. This study aims to analyze the impact of digital marketing through social media on increasing customer interest and the number of MUA service users, with a case study of Iwan Haadi, a professional MUA in Bandung who is active on Instagram (@iwanhaadimakeup) and TikTok (@iwanhaadi). This research employs a descriptive qualitative method with a case study approach, using interviews, observations of social media activities, and documentation of digital promotional content. The results show that before implementing digital marketing, MUAs generally relied on conventional promotions such as word of mouth and collaborations with wedding organizers. However, technological developments have encouraged many MUAs to shift to social media to expand their promotional reach. Based on observations of Iwan Haadi and 20 other MUAs in Bandung, around 85% have utilized social media particularly Instagram and TikTok to showcase their portfolios and client testimonials. The implementation of digital marketing strategies has proven to increase brand awareness and the number of customers by up to 65% over the past two years. In conclusion, digital marketing has a significant influence on increasing customers and competitiveness among MUAs in Bandung. Consistent and creative use of social media is the key to attracting customer interest and strengthening a professional image in the modern beauty industry.