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This research aims to improve the speaking skills of class X.1 students at MA Muhammadiyah Sombala Bella, Takalar Regency through the Student Facilitator and Explaining model. The subjects of this research were 30 students in class The results of the research showed that there was an increase in students' speaking skills from cycle I to cycle II, namely an increase in the number of students listening to the teacher's explanation, collaborating in groups, asking questions and providing responses. Student evaluation results also experienced an increase, namely the average score obtained in cycle I was 56.66 and in cycle II was 86.66. Based on the results of the research above, it can be concluded that the speaking ability of class X.1 students at MA Muhammadiyah Sombala Bella, Takalar Regency through the Student Facilitator and Explaining Model has increased. It is hoped that other researchers in the field of education, especially Indonesian language education, can research further on effective and efficient models for improving students' speaking skills.

Background: The rapid growth of warehouse automation and autonomous mobile robots has increased the need for adaptive navigation systems capable of operating safely and efficiently in dynamic industrial environments. Classical path planning algorithms such as A* and RRT perform well in structured settings but exhibit limitations when handling moving obstacles and environmental uncertainty. Objective: This study aims to develop and evaluate a reinforcement learning based navigation framework integrated with sensor fusion to improve path efficiency, collision avoidance, and robustness in dynamic warehouse scenarios. Method: An experimental research design was implemented combining high-fidelity simulation and real-world warehouse prototype testing. Deep Q-Network and Proximal Policy Optimization models were developed and trained using multi-sensor inputs from LiDAR, camera, and inertial measurement units. Performance was evaluated using path efficiency, collision rate, computational cost, and robustness metrics, with benchmarking against classical algorithms. Results: The results demonstrate that the Proximal Policy Optimization model achieved the highest path efficiency and lowest collision rate while maintaining stable computational performance under dynamic conditions. Reinforcement learning models significantly outperformed classical planners in adaptability and robustness, confirming their suitability for scalable industrial warehouse automation.

Background: The rapid advancement of Industry 4.0 has accelerated the integration of digital technologies such as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), edge computing, and Digital Twin systems in smart manufacturing environments. However, many existing implementations remain fragmented and heavily dependent on centralized cloud infrastructures, resulting in latency constraints, limited scalability, and suboptimal real-time decision making. Objective: This study aims to develop and validate an integrated edge based Digital Twin optimization framework that combines IIoT sensing, hybrid edge cloud architecture, and reinforcement learning based adaptive control. Methods: The research adopts a multi phase design consisting of framework development, simulation based validation, and industrial pilot implementation. The proposed system integrates real time data acquisition, localized edge processing, Digital Twin synchronization, and intelligent optimization mechanisms to enhance operational efficiency. Results: The findings demonstrate significant performance improvements compared to conventional cloud based systems, including substantial latency reduction, increased production throughput, reduced downtime, and improved energy efficiency. Scalability and robustness testing further confirm that distributed edge intelligence enhances system resilience under increased workloads and network disruptions. These results indicate that integrating edge computing with Digital Twin modeling and reinforcement learning provides a scalable, responsive, and energy efficient solution for next-generation smart factories.

Qiroah as one of the branches of tajweed science plays an important role in ensuring that every santri can read the Qur'an with tartib, correctly, and beautifully. The learning model developed in this service aims to provide santri with an understanding of the importance of tone and tartil when reading the Qur'an, using phonetic to improve the ability to control the santri's voice, and build santri confidence through reading the Qur'an in public with a good and correct tone. The research method used as the basis for this community service is Asset Based Community Development (ABCD) where TPQ students who already have an interest in reading the Qur'an can be developed to beautify the reading accompanied by tajweed science. The results of this community service inform to make some adjustments improve the quality of teaching and learning at TPQ Nurul Hidayah. The theory of phonetics and phonology can be implemented in Qiro'ah education.

This flayer media will be used in teaching language error analysis to find out the errors contained in the flayer as a promotion that is still relied on today. Language error analysis is used by language teachers to collect samples of errors, identify the errors contained in the samples, explain the errors, classify the errors, and evaluate the level of seriousness of the errors. The aim of this research is to find out how to analyze language errors and what language should actually be used in media flayers during promotions. This type of research is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. This research was carried out on seventh semester students of the PBSI UMN Al Washliyah Study Program. The population in this research was all 18 PBSI semester VII students. The sampling technique used in this research is a non-probability sampling technique. Media Flayer in language error analysis learning is considered effective for use in learning activities. Apart from being easy to access, media flayer also makes it easier for students to analyze language errors because just by using a mobile phone they can analyze language errors without having to go to the place they are going to.  This research follow-up creates a comprehensive workflow from research results to real implementation and continuous improvement. This research has the potential to create positive and sustainable changes in various aspects of community life.

Religious moderation in early childhood is an effort to instill moderate religious values ​​in children from an early age. These values ​​include an attitude of tolerance, being fair, balance and also an attitude of equality. One way to instill the values ​​of religious moderation in young children is through the habituation method. This research aims to find out how the habituation method is implemented in instilling the values ​​of religious moderation in early childhood at Kartika Kindergarten Banda Aceh. What will be discussed in this research is how to implement the habituation method in instilling the values ​​of religious moderation in early childhood at Kartika Kindergarten Banda Aceh. This research uses descriptive qualitative research. Data collected through interviews and documentation. The data obtained will be analyzed descriptive qualitatively. The research results showed that the forms of implementation of the habituation method in instilling the values ​​of religious moderation in Kartika Kindergarten Banda Aceh were ablution, prayer practice, repeating and memorizing short surahs and daily prayers, introduction to places of worship from various religions. Apart from that, learning is carried out by instilling values ​​such as honesty, courtesy, mutual help and mutual respect. The steps for implementing the habituation method in instilling the values ​​of religious moderation in children at Kartika Kindergarten Banda Aceh include teachers as models, preparing learning tools, involving parents, holding religious activities.

The learning motivation of grade 2 students at SD Negeri 1 Kualasimpang is still relatively low. This is shown by the lack of enthusiasm of students in participating in learning. This research aims to determine the effect of the Scramble learning model on the learning motivation of grade 2 students at SD Negeri 1 Kualasimpang. This research uses a quasi-experimental research design with a pre-test and post-test design approach. The research sample was 25 grade 2 students at SD Negeri 1 Kualasimpang. The research instrument used was a student learning motivation questionnaire sheet. The results of the research show that there is a significant influence between the Scramble learning model on the learning motivation of grade 2 students at SD Negeri 1 Kualasimpang. This is proven by the sig (2-tailed) value of 0.000 < 0.05. This research concludes that the Scramble learning model can increase the learning motivation of grade 2 elementary school students. The Scramble learning model can be an alternative learning model that can be applied by teachers to increase student learning motivation.

The aim of this research is to see how the application of the discovery learning model in the Islamic Cultural History (SKI) subject has an impact on student learning outcomes in class VII MTsN 2 Aceh Besar. Classroom Action Research (CAR) with a double cycle design was used. There are 32 students in class VII-1 who have different levels of ability. Tests and observations are used to collect learning outcome data. The research results show that using discovery learning models in SKI subjects can improve student learning outcomes in class. After implementing these learning strategies, students show significant improvements in their conceptual understanding, their critical thinking skills, and their desire to learn. These results indicate that improving the SKI learning outcomes of class VII-1 MTsN 2 Aceh Besar students can be achieved through implementing a learning model that is different from the discovery learning model.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the improvement of learning motivation for science subjects of fifth grade students at SDN Kedai Runding by using realia media. The research was conducted at SDN Kedai Runding, Kec. Kluet Selatan, Kab. Aceh Selatan. The research subjects were 10 fifth grade students in the first semester of the 2020/2021 academic year. The research method used was a classroom action research using the Kemmis and Mc Taggart cycle model with four stages in each cycle: planning, action implementation, observation, and reflection. Data collection techniques were carried out by filling out questionnaires and conducting interviews, as well as collecting data using documentation/photos taken during the learning process. The research results show that the data obtained from the learning process using realia media in cycle I was 83.08%, and cycle II was 93.75%. The average student motivation score in cycle I was 84.26, and cycle II was 101.28, with a theoretical score ranging from 30-120. Thus, learning by using realia media can improve students’ learning motivation. The implication of this research is that the use of realia media in learning science subjects can be an alternative to foster or improve students’ learning motivation in fifth grade at SDN Kedai Runding.

With the rapid development of technology, its use has expanded to all sectors, including education. Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays an important role in providing innovative solutions, mimicking human intelligence, and potentially replacing human roles in several functions. In education, AI has proven to enhance learning motivation and active student participation. YouChat, an AI chatbot based on GPT-3.5, is used as a learning assistant offering features such as answering questions and providing idea suggestions. Observations and literature studies show that this application has great potential to improve students' learning experiences. This thesis aims to evaluate the acceptance of the YouChat application on students' learning experiences in public higher education institutions in Surabaya using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Data were collected from 399 students and processed using the SEM-PLS technique with SmartPLS 3.2.9 software, including outer model, inner model, and hypothesis testing. The thesis results show that perceived enjoyment and perceived informativeness significantly affect attitude, which in turn affects the intention to use. The variable trust also moderates the effect of perceived informativeness on attitude. This thesis provides insights into students' acceptance of the YouChat application in their learning process as an evaluation for improvement, development, and enhancement for both YouChat and educational institutions.

The development of AI is having a significant impact on education. AI applications are designed to improve student understanding, but their implementation faces challenges that affect user acceptance. Initial research with the UTAUT2 model in public high schools showed that only hedonic motivation, habit, facilitating conditions, and behavioral intention had a significant influence on application acceptance and use. Therefore, this study will use a simplification model that focuses on significant variables, namely hedonic motivation (HM) and habit (H) on behavioral intention (BI), as well as facilitating conditions (FC), habit (H), and behavioral intention (BI) on use behavior (UB). This study is expected to provide in-depth insight into the important factors that influence the acceptance and use of AI applications in learning, as well as provide practical contributions to improve the implementation of learning technology in high schools.

This study explores the influence of teachers' pedagogical beliefs on the integration of technology in language education. Teachers' beliefs significantly impact their technology adoption and how it is utilized in the classroom, shaping the learning experiences of students. The research uses a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews with classroom observations to examine the relationship between teachers’ beliefs and their use of technology in language education settings. The findings reveal that teachers with constructivist beliefs, which emphasize active, student-centered learning, are more likely to integrate technology in ways that support engagement, collaboration, and critical thinking. In contrast, teachers with traditional, teacher-centered beliefs are more likely to use technology primarily for content delivery and repetition, limiting its potential to foster interactive and student-driven learning environments. The study also highlights the gap between teachers' positive beliefs about technology and their actual practices, which are often hindered by external barriers such as lack of training, resources, and institutional support. The research suggests that professional development programs should address both pedagogical beliefs and technological competencies to facilitate successful technology integration. Furthermore, the study calls for future research to explore how specific pedagogical models, like constructivism, can be further aligned with technology integration to improve learning outcomes. The research also emphasizes the need for longitudinal studies to understand the evolution of teachers' beliefs and their impact on technology use in language education.

This research aims to describe the results of exploratory learning about objects in the form of energy concepts on Para Island. The main research activities are exploring objects (Sun, ocean currents, sea waves, and wind), as well as scientific concepts and processes using the Thematic Exploration Learning in Democratic Interaction (HOTL-DI) type A model. Research at Tatoereng State Middle School Classes VII-VIII from June to July 2021. Exploration activities were carried out in three stages. The first stage is material exploration (objects, concepts, and scientific processes), carried out by the research team facilitated by the Pamong Teacher. The second stage is learning activities regarding energy concepts by class VII-VIII students. The results of the phase II assessment are used as a reference for going directly to the field to conduct exploration. Phase III exploration activities for target groups facilitated by mentors and researchers. The research results showed that at the beginning of the activity, all students experienced difficulties, but later, they developed the initiative to carry out their exploration. The exploration results show the development of the concept in the exploration step. Most students experienced improvement in identifying concepts and constructing a comprehensive network of energy concepts.

In the 21st century, the acquisition of English as a second language is very important for a group of children in Walal Village who are currently studying at elementary school. This is useful for supporting 6 skills of 21st century education, namely critical thinking, communication, creativity, collaboration, culture and connectivity. Walal Village is one of the model villages in Sorong Regency which has a high enthusiasm for creating the latest breakthroughs, especially in the field of education. Walal Village is located in Salawati District which must be traveled 35 kilometers from Sorong City. Thus, access to information related to education is very limited for children in Walal Village. In this case, students of the Community Service Lecture (KPM) at the Muhammadiyah Sorong Education University provided one month of English literacy assistance for the children of Kampung Walal community. The aim of this assistance is an effort to empower Human Resources (HR) through a community empowerment program for English language learning guidance.  This English literacy assistance is very important to provide to Walal Village children who are already aware of the importance of English around them. This program is also related to the description of the Walal Village Government's vision and mission in developing human resources in terms of quality education. English literacy assistance includes acquiring English, processing language in the form of remembering and memorizing words or terms, and understanding meanings that can be applied to listening, reading, speaking and writing skill activities. The efforts of this English literacy assistance are to change the mindset of the children of Walal Village that learning English is fun, regardless of age, and affordable. In fact, through mentoring, children in Walal Village experience changes in knowledge and attitudes during the English literacy process.

This research analyzes the potential integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Catholic catechesis for Generation Z through a systematic literature review of 98 articles published between 2015-2024. Using the PRISMA approach and three-level thematic analysis, this study identifies significant transformations in digital catechesis methods, focusing on three main areas: personalization of faith formation, digital contextualization, and AI integration in spiritual assessment. Results show improvements in doctrinal understanding and sacramental participation when AI is appropriately implemented. The digital catechesis integrity and adaptive learning pathways frameworks provide guidance for implementation that balances technological innovation with fidelity to the Magisterium. This study contributes to developing catechesis models that are responsive to Generation Z's needs while maintaining the integrity of Catholic teaching.

This article explores the importance of synergy between Christian Religious Education (CRE) teachers and parents in enhancing the spirituality of Generation Alpha students. This generation lives amidst rapid digital technological advancements that influence how they think, behave, and develop life values. Spiritual formation for Generation Alpha cannot be carried out separately by schools and homes; instead, it must be built through close collaboration between teachers and parents. This study employs a qualitative approach using literature review methods, analyzing various books, academic journals, and relevant data on the role of CRE teachers, parental involvement, and contextual strategies for faith development. The findings indicate that students’ spirituality can be significantly improved through collaborative approaches involving contextual learning, the use of digital media, life modeling, and effective communication between school and family. The article emphasizes that the synergy between CRE teachers and parents is a relevant and essential strategy to nurture Generation Alpha students with strong faith and character in accordance with the teachings of Christ.

This research aims to improve mathematics learning outcomes in flat volume material through the application of the MESSAGE Type Accelerated Learning learning model (Mindset, Entrance, Switch-Ownership, Store, Act, Go-again, Engage) in grade 5 students at SDN Dukuh Kupang V Surabaya . The method used in this research is Classroom Action Research (PTK) which is carried out in two cycles, each consisting of planning, implementation, observation and reflection. The research results showed a significant increase in students' mathematics learning outcomes. In the pre-cycle, the percentage of student learning completion only reached 55%. After implementing the MESSAGE learning model in cycle I, the percentage of student learning completion increased to 70%. In cycle II, the percentage of student learning completeness further increased to 85%. This increase shows that the application of the MESSAGE Type Accelerated Learning learning model is effective in improving mathematics learning outcomes regarding volume of plane shapes in class 5 students. Based on the results of this research, it is concluded that the use of the MESSAGE learning model can increase student involvement and facilitate better understanding of concepts, thus having a positive impact on their mathematics learning outcomes. It is recommended for educators to consider using this model as an alternative in teaching mathematics.

The importance of computational thinking skills has encouraged educational institutions around the world to integrate these concepts into their curricula. However, the challenge faced is finding the most effective learning methods and models to teach these skills. An appropriate learning model must not only be able to attract students' interest and motivation, but must also be able to increase their understanding and practical abilities in computational thinking. This research adopts a literature review method to explore information about effective learning models in improving students' computational thinking skills. Data was collected from various sources such as national and international journals, reference books, newspapers and magazines. The main aim of this literature review, as explained. The results of research on Problem Based Learning (PBL) and Project Based Learning show very positive results in improving students' computational thinking. These two models not only improve computational thinking skills, but also critical, creative and analytical thinking skills, as well as student participation and involvement in the learning process.

Mathematics is a fundamental science that underpins many aspects of daily life.  Where mathematics can be used as a method of solving problems that we face in life activities, such as in using information, knowledge and seeing and using relationships between objects. Not only that, the important role of mathematics includes the formation and development of rational, logical, systematic and critical thinking skills. In the study conducted by Putrihapsari and Fauziah (2020), Nazir (2014) defines literature study as a research approach that involves evaluating a multitude of literature studies that are pertinent to the research being conducted. This strategy is employed in research as a preliminary stage to organise the investigation by gathering data from literature in the subject, without the necessity for direct involvement. By using the PjBL model, it is hoped that it can cover 21st century skills so that it can improve the quality of students' mathematical literacy skills. Given that students must collaborate from the outset, the Project Based Learning (PjBL) learning paradigm may assist them in developing the skills required to work effectively in groups. In order for students to comprehend the rationale and benefits of the mathematics education they receive in the classroom, this learning paradigm is essential for fostering mathematical literacy.

This research aims to develop project-based learning LKPD teaching materials on packaging design. This research method is the development of the ADDIE model with three stages, namely analysis, design, development. The instrument used is a validation sheet by material experts and media experts. The data obtained was then calculated using the percentage formula which was then described in descriptive sentences. The results showed that the project-based learning LKPD based on packaging design material that had been validated by the material got a percentage value of 84% which was in the feasible category. While the results of validation by media experts received a percentage value of 81% which is in the feasible category. The conclusion of this study is that the feasibility results of developing project-based learning-based LKPD on packaging design material are in the feasible category.