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This study aims to analyze the implementation of information technology in improving the quality of public services. The research method used is library research by collecting and analyzing various scientific sources, such as journals, books, research articles, and government documents related to information technology and public services. The results show that the implementation of information technology through online service systems, official websites, and administrative information systems is able to improve the effectiveness, efficiency, transparency, and accessibility of public services. Information technology also helps accelerate administrative processes, reduce data management errors, increase employee productivity, and strengthen communication between the government and the community. In addition, the implementation of information technology supports the realization of e-government and good governance through increased accountability and information transparency. However, the implementation of information technology still faces several challenges, such as limited human resources, inadequate technological infrastructure, unstable internet connections, and the low ability of some communities to use digital services. Therefore, it is necessary to improve employee competencies, develop technological infrastructure, and conduct public socialization to optimize the implementation of information technology in public services. Overall, information technology has proven to be a strategic solution in creating modern, effective, efficient, transparent, and community-oriented public services.

Government procurement plays a strategic role in supporting effective, efficient, transparent, and accountable public administration. To promote procurement reform, the government has implemented an electronic procurement system through the Electronic Procurement Service (LPSE). The implementation of the Electronic Procurement System (SPSE) in Pematang Siantar City aims to improve procurement quality, reduce irregularities, and accelerate the delivery of goods and services. However, several challenges persist, including limited human resources capable of operating the system, technical disruptions, lack of outreach to local vendors, and weak coordination between the Procurement Unit (UKPBJ) and related agencies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of SPSE implementation in Pematang Siantar City. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected through interviews with UKPBJ officials and procurement officers from several local government units, direct observation of procurement activities via SPSE, and documentation review. Data analysis employed Duncan’s effectiveness indicators: goal attainment, integration, and adaptation. The results show that SPSE implementation has not been fully effective. In terms of goal attainment, procurement processes follow established procedures, but delays still occur due to system disruptions and limited user competence. In terms of integration, coordination between UKPBJ and technical units remains suboptimal, affecting communication and oversight. Regarding adaptation, although the information technology infrastructure is adequate, human resource capacity is still limited. Therefore, improving human resources, strengthening coordination, and enhancing system reliability are necessary to achieve optimal effectiveness.

Low student discipline, such as frequenttardiness, non-compliance with rules, and negligence in completing assignments,is an important topic that needs to be studied. This study aims to analyze the influence of parental attention and learning motivation onthe discipline of high school students. The research method usedis a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) with a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were obtained from various articles, journals, and previous studiesrelevant to the topic in the range of 2012–2025. The results of the studyshow that parental attention as an external factor, throughsupervision, guidance, and emotional support, has a positive andsignificant effect on the formation of student discipline. On the other hand, learning motivationas an internal factor, both intrinsic in the form of motivation to achieve andperseverance, as well as extrinsic in the form of rewards and environmental support,has been proven to encourage students to be orderly, consistent, and responsible intheir studies. These findings confirm that the synergy between parental attention andlearning motivation contributes greatly to shaping student discipline, whichultimately has a positive impact on improving academic achievement andcreating an orderly and conducive school climate.

The rapid development of digital technology has encouraged schools to adapt counseling services to the needs of students in the modern era. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of the transformation of guidance and counseling services toward the digital era through a digital counseling audit at SMP N 18 Medan. The study used a descriptive evaluative approach with mixed methods involving guidance counselors and students as research subjects. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, observations, and documentation related to digital counseling services. The findings showed that digital counseling services had begun to be implemented through online communication media such as WhatsApp and digital learning materials. Both counselors and students responded positively to the implementation of digital counseling because it was considered more flexible and accessible. However, the audit results indicated that the school was still in the transition category because several aspects such as digital databases, online assessment systems, and integrated counseling platforms had not been fully developed. The study implies that schools need to strengthen digital infrastructure, improve counselor digital competence, and develop more integrated counseling systems to support student needs in the digital era.

This article reviews the history and transformation of madrasah management in Indonesia. Emerging in the early twentieth century, madrasahs developed as educational institutions that combined the traditional values of Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) with the organizational structure of modern schools. This study employs a literature review method to examine the evolution of madrasah governance from the colonial era to the reform era. The findings reveal three major stages in the development of madrasah management. The first stage was the early period, during which madrasahs were independently managed by religious leaders and Islamic organizations with limited government involvement. The second stage was the post-independence integration period, characterized by increasing government intervention in curriculum development, institutional regulation, and legal recognition. The third stage was the modernization era, marked by the issuance of the Joint Decree of the Three Ministers in 1975 and the enactment of the National Education System Law of 2003, which strengthened the position of madrasahs within the national education system and placed them on an equal footing with public schools. These developments encouraged madrasahs to adopt Madrasah-Based Management (MBM) as a strategy to improve educational quality, effectiveness, and competitiveness. Overall, the transformation of madrasah management reflects an adaptive process that enables madrasahs to respond to educational reforms and societal changes while maintaining their distinctive Islamic identity and educational mission.  

This study aims to analyze the implementation of legal responsibility by goat farmers in managing waste from Etawa goat farming based on a circular economy model at Nusantara Farm, Sidoarjo. The study employs both normative juridical and empirical juridical approaches, with data collection techniques including literature review, interviews, and field observations.The results indicate that waste management is carried out through direct utilization, such as using livestock manure as organic fertilizer, selling waste, and distributing it to the surrounding community. These practices demonstrate that waste is not disposed of carelessly but rather reused, thereby creating economic and functional value.From a legal perspective, this condition reflects the fulfillment of the farmers' responsibilities in accordance with applicable laws and regulations, particularly in efforts to prevent environmental pollution. Furthermore, these waste management practices partially embody the principles of the circular economy, especially in terms of reuse.However, the current waste management practices remain conventional and are not yet optimally integrated. Therefore, there is a need to develop a waste management model based on an integrated closed-loop system to enhance the economic value of waste while ensuring more effective environmental sustainability.

This study investigates the effect of total risk on firm performance and sustained growth among consumer non-cyclicals manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) over the period 2019–2023. Total risk is operationalized through the systematic risk proxy (Beta/β), estimated via the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) framework as the covariance between individual stock returns and the market return divided by the variance of market returns, using the Jakarta Composite Index (JCI) as the market benchmark. Firm performance is measured through Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), and Tobin’s Q, while sustained growth is operationalized following Gerson et al. (2025) as SG = b × ROE, where b denotes the earnings retention ratio. Panel data regression analysis is applied to 225 firm-year observations drawn from 45 companies, with model selection guided by the Chow and Hausman specification tests. The Fixed Effect Model (FEM) is adopted for ROA, ROE, and SG, while the Random Effect Model (REM) is applied for Tobin’s Q. Results indicate that systematic risk exerts a significant negative effect on ROA (β = −0.312; p < 0.01) and ROE (β = −0.278; p < 0.01), but is statistically non-significant for Tobin’s Q, suggesting that capital market pricing in Indonesia does not fully incorporate systematic risk information. Critically, systematic risk exerts the largest and most significant negative effect on sustained growth (β = −0.347; p < 0.01), revealing a dual transmission mechanism through which risk suppresses ROE while simultaneously inducing more conservative dividend policies, both of which constrain long-run growth sustainability. These findings carry important implications for corporate risk management strategy and empirically enrich the literature on risk, performance, and growth in emerging capital markets.

Stunting remains a major public health challenge in Indonesia, requiring systematic early detection and community-based interventions. This community service activity aimed to implement early stunting detection through parental health education and anthropometric measurements of children under five at Posyandu Pasir Putih, Kelurahan Baurung, Kecamatan Banggae Timur, Kabupaten Majene, West Sulawesi. A participatory approach was used, combining interactive health education sessions with standardized anthropometric screening (weight, height/length, mid-upper arm circumference, and head circumference) for 35 toddlers aged 0–59 months. Parental knowledge was assessed using pre-test and post-test questionnaires administered to 38 parents. Results showed a significant increase in parental knowledge, from a mean pre-test score of 52.4 (poor category) to 81.6 (good category) on post-test. Anthropometric assessment revealed that 13 out of 35 toddlers (37.1%) were identified as stunted (25.7% stunted; 11.4% severely stunted). All identified cases were referred to the local health center (Puskesmas) for specific nutritional interventions including supplementary feeding and intensive nutrition counseling. These findings indicate that integrated anthropometric screening combined with targeted parental education is an effective strategy for early stunting identification at the community level. Posyandu plays a crucial role as a platform for translating anthropometric data into meaningful risk communication and promoting sustained community engagement in child growth monitoring

This research aims to develop a web-based Attendance Monitoring System for CPNS Latsar Training Participants using the Laravel and Filament framework at the University of Jambi. The research method used is Research and Development (R&D) with the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Waterfall model, which includes the stages of needs analysis, design, Implementation, Testing, and Maintenance of the system. The results of the study show that the system successfully runs digital attendance features, real-time monitoring, and generates automatic reports with a test success rate of 100%. In addition, the results of the User Acceptance Testing (UAT) obtained a feasibility score of 92.8% in the category of "Very Feasible". These findings confirm that the developed system is able to help the attendance administration process, improve the ease of monitoring participants, and support the management of attendance data in a more structured and efficient manner. Thus, this web-based monitoring system can be an innovative solution in supporting the effectiveness of the Implementation of CPNS Latsar Training within the University of Jambi.

The International Community Service Seminar on the Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for students of SMA Muhammadiyah Program Khusus Kotabarat Surakarta was conducted to enhance digital literacy and provide practical understanding of AI utilization in daily life and learning activities. The program aimed to introduce basic concepts of artificial intelligence, its functions, benefits, and challenges in modern education. Through presentations, interactive discussions, and quizzes, participants were exposed to real-life applications of AI such as digital assistants, personalized learning systems, and time management tools. The seminar involved participants from Indonesia and Malaysia, creating a cross-cultural learning environment that enriched the discussion. Both students and teachers gained improved understanding of how AI can support adaptive and effective learning processes. The activity highlighted the importance of responsible technology use in education. Integrating AI into learning environments was found to improve creativity, efficiency, and engagement among participants while also supporting teachers in administrative and instructional tasks.

This study discusses the reform of criminal law regarding acts of abuse of power within the Indonesian legal system. Abuse of power committed by public officials constitutes a serious violation of the rule of law and the principle of equality before the law because it can harm society and weaken public trust in the government. The old Criminal Code inherited from the colonial era was considered incapable of providing an optimal deterrent effect against perpetrators of abuse of authority. Therefore, the enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the New Criminal Code became an important step in the reform of criminal law in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze criminal law reform policies in overcoming abuse of power and the effectiveness of their implementation in law enforcement. The results show that the new Criminal Code expands regulations regarding abuse of authority with stricter criminal sanctions and additional penalties in the form of revocation of office rights. However, its implementation still faces challenges such as political intervention, low integrity of law enforcement officials, and the potential overlap with the Corruption Eradication Law. Therefore, the success of criminal law reform requires the support of legal substance, legal structure, and legal culture that work in harmony.

The difference in the determination of when a divorce takes effect between Islamic law and statutory law raises issues in the judicial practice of the Sharia Court. In a number of cases, judges have issued a single bain sughra divorce even though, according to Sharia law, the husband has already issued three divorces. This raises issues regarding the validity of reconciliation and its legal implications for the status of the children. This study aims to analyze the differences in the concept of divorce, the reasons for the judges’ decisions, the validity of reconciliation, and the legal consequences for children in both legal systems. This study employs a mixed-methods approach (normative and empirical) using legislative, conceptual, and comparative frameworks. The analysis is conducted through comparative theory, legal certainty, maqāṣid al-syarī’ah, and child protection. The results indicate a fundamental difference between substantive validity in Islamic law and formal validity in positive law. The Sharia Court’s ruling on a single bain sughra divorce is based on procedural caution, yet it creates a dualism regarding the validity of reconciliation and the potential for legal uncertainty. Regarding children, positive law provides full recognition, while Islamic law continues to emphasize the caution regarding lineage but is oriented toward protecting the best interests of the child. This study offers an integrative approach by recognizing out-of-court divorce as a substantive legal fact to bridge legal certainty and justice.

The optimal therapeutic impact of local vaginal drug delivery systems is strongly influenced by the physical characteristics balance of Solid Vaginal Suppositories. A comprehensive review regarding the comparison of mechanical profiles, specifically melting time and crushing strength parameters, from various base classifications constitutes the primary objective of this literature research. The implementation of a Literature Review study design was executed through the extraction of empirical data from twelve experimental journals published within the last ten years. Excessively rapid phase transformation characteristics at physiological basal temperatures and low compression resistance were consistently demonstrated by lipophilic bases such as Oleum Cacao. The risk of structural deformation during the distribution process is highly susceptible to unmodified lipid preparations. High surface elasticity accompanied by a delay in molecular hydration duration reaching 120 minutes was recorded in the utilization of Glycerinated Gelatin Base. Structural rigidity exceeding 4 kgF and disintegration time efficiency under 60 minutes were optimally demonstrated by Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Base. An enhancement in mechanical resistance against external shocks during the storage period is offered by the thorough modification of the synthetic polymer ratios. Therefore, the determination of the PEG base as the most optimal material is recommended to maintain the quality stability of pharmaceutical products. Compendial regulation standards regarding the physical strength testing of pharmaceutical preparations must be obeyed by every institution to ensure long-term treatment effectiveness. Thus, the alignment between active substance release duration and physical preparation endurance can be realized for absolute patient comfort.

This study aims to evaluate how petty cash management practices contribute to improving operational efficiency at PT Anugerah Langgeng Berkat Abadi. This research focuses on examining the implementation of the petty cash management system, applied procedures, and its impact on the smooth execution of daily operational activities. The study employs a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through interviews, direct observation, and documentation during the internship period. The collected data were analyzed systematically to describe the actual condition of petty cash management within the company. The results indicate that PT Anugerah Langgeng Berkat Abadi implements a fluctuating fund system in managing petty cash. Expenditures are initially recorded manually and then re-entered into the company’s internal digital system to maintain control and accountability. Petty cash is used to finance routine and urgent operational needs, such as office stationery, transportation costs, and other short-term expenditures. The company has established standard operating procedures governing the use, recording, and accountability of petty cash. Several challenges were identified, including delays in the disbursement and reimbursement process, which may affect time efficiency. However, overall, the petty cash management system is considered effective in supporting short-term operational needs without disrupting the stability of the company’s main cash. This study concludes that systematic and well-controlled petty cash management plays an important role in the company’s cost efficiency strategy and supports daily operational activities. These findings align with strategic management principles, where appropriate financial decision-making contributes to the achievement of long-term organizational objectives.

Job analysis is a key component of human resource management that plays a role in determining the tasks, responsibilities, and competencies required for a particular job. In various organizations, job analysis serves as the foundation for HR planning, recruitment, selection, employee placement, and performance evaluation. However, research on job analysis remains scattered across various studies focused on specific organizational contexts, necessitating a literature synthesis to gain a more comprehensive understanding of research developments in this field. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the development of research on job analysis and identify its role and contributions to human resource management. This study employed a literature review method by searching for scientific articles in the Google Scholar database using the Publish or Perish (PoP) application with the keyword “job analysis.” The initial search yielded 30 scientific articles, which were then screened based on topic relevance, open access, and publication years ranging from 2020-2026, resulting in 16 articles selected for further analysis. The findings indicate that the literature on job analysis can be grouped into three main themes: the role of job analysis in human resource management, its contribution to improving employee performance and productivity, and its implementation in employee placement and organizational governance. Overall, job analysis has proven to be a strategic tool for enhancing the effectiveness of human resource management. Further research is recommended to examine the implementation of job analysis in greater depth across various organizational contexts to enrich the development of human resource management theory and practice.

This study aims to describe the role of the principal in implementing teacher performance appraisal and its impact on the quality of learning at TK Islam Al-A’raaf Gentan. The research employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive design, in which data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The subjects of this study were the principal and teachers, focusing on the implementation of teacher performance appraisal and its follow-up processes. The findings indicate that the principal plays a strategic role in planning, implementing, and evaluating teacher performance appraisal through systematic academic supervision, including pre-observation, observation, and post-observation stages. The follow-up actions are carried out in a structured manner, ranging from guidance and warnings to rewards for high-performing teachers. The implementation of teacher performance appraisal has a positive impact on the quality of learning, such as improving teacher professionalism, creating active and engaging learning environments, and enhancing students’ motivation and learning outcomes. Therefore, the effective role of the principal in teacher performance appraisal is a crucial factor in improving educational quality.

This study aims to analyze the authority of the Regional People's Representative Council (DPRD) of Sukabumi City based on Government Regulation Number 12 of 2018 concerning Guidelines for the Preparation of Standing Orders of Regional People's Representative Councils of Provinces, Regencies, and Cities. The authority of the DPRD is a crucial element in ensuring the effective implementation of regional governance under the principle of check and balances. This research employs a normative juridical legal research method with a descriptive-analytical specification. The approaches used include the statute approach, conceptual approach, and case approach. The analysis is conducted using the Authority Theory of Philipus M. Hadjon, which classifies sources of authority into attribution, delegation, and mandate. The results indicate that the authority of the DPRD of Sukabumi City in exercising its supervisory function originates from constitutional attribution directly conferred by Article 20A paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution, reinforced by Law Number 17 of 2014, Law Number 23 of 2014, and operationalized through Government Regulation Number 12 of 2018 Articles 19, 21, and 22. Such authority is imperative in nature, not merely discretionary. Failure to exercise it constitutes a violation of the constitutional mandate, resulting in what Hadjon refers to as a legal oversight vacuum that enables systematic and recurring legal violations.

The increasing complexity of urban transportation systems demands intelligent and measurable navigation methods. Medan City, the capital of North Sumatra Province, has a dense road network with multiple route options that often confuse road users. Dijkstra's Algorithm, developed by Edsger Wybe Dijkstra in 1959, is a greedy-based computational approach proven effective for solving the shortest path problem on non-negative weighted graphs. This study applies Dijkstra's Algorithm to determine the shortest route from Medan Railway Station to Universitas Negeri Medan (UNIMED). The road network was modeled as an undirected weighted graph with 15 nodes and 16 edges, where edge weights represent actual road distances measured via Google Maps. The graph has a density of 0.152, confirming its sparse graph characteristic. Three alternative routes were identified and analyzed. The algorithm was implemented in Python 3 using the heapq module as a priority queue. Results show that the optimal route is A → B → C → E → F → M → N → O via Jl. M.T. Haryono, Jl. Aipda KS Tubun, Jl. Madong Lubis, and Jl. Prof. H.M. Yamin, with a total distance of 6.64 km. This achieves 99.1% accuracy compared to Google Maps, with a deviation of only 0.06 km. The optimal route is 6.25% more efficient than Alternative Route 1 (7.30 km) and 11.9% more efficient than Alternative Route 2 (7.54 km). The algorithm executes in under 1 millisecond with time complexity O((V+E) log V). These findings confirm Dijkstra's Algorithm as highly effective for medium-scale urban road network optimization.

Recent Internet of Things (IoT) intrusion detection studies have reported near-perfect benchmark performance for Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) detection, yet limited attention has been given to understanding how different traffic representations contribute to the detection process under highly imbalanced traffic conditions. This study presents an ablation-driven analysis to investigate the contribution of statistical and temporal representations for large-scale IoT DDoS detection using the CICIoT2023 dataset. Three experimental scenarios are evaluated, including statistical representation, temporal sequence representation, and hybrid statistical–temporal representation. Temporal representations are learned using a one-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (1D-CNN) with lag-based traffic sequences, while ensemble tree-based classifiers are employed for final classification and representation analysis. In addition, multiple ablation configurations are designed to evaluate the impact of temporal dependency modeling and feature engineering strategies on detection performance. Experimental results show that statistical traffic representations remain highly effective for DDoS detection on CICIoT2023, achieving 99.36% accuracy and 99.31% weighted F1-score in the statistical representation scenario. Feature importance analysis further indicates that engineered statistical features contribute substantially more to the classification process than CNN-based temporal representations. Although temporal modeling captures sequential traffic behavior, its contribution is relatively limited and mainly acts as a complementary representation. Furthermore, the hybrid configuration produces only marginal improvements over the statistical representation alone. These findings highlight the importance of representation-level analysis for understanding the actual contribution of statistical and temporal modeling in modern IoT intrusion detection systems beyond relying solely on benchmark accuracy.

Dijkstra's algorithm is one of the algorithms in graph theory that is used to solve the problem of the shortest path of a graph at each vertex that has a non-negative value. This algorithm was discovered by Edsger Wybe Dijkstra, a scientist from the Netherlands. The search for the shortest route for product delivery can be calculated through the application of the Dijkstra algorithm in the problem being faced. The problem of decision making for selecting the shortest route is still manual, so it experiences several obstacles, including the absence of a systematic and computerized system to assist the decision-making process in determining the route for shipping goods, the determination of shipping routes still depends on manual estimates so that the time taken between deliveries becomes inconsistent, the operational costs of shipping are relatively high because there is no optimal route determination system. Facing these problems, a system is needed that can minimize delays and increase effectiveness in shipping goods, namely determining the shortest route using the Dijkstra algorithm. This system works by finding various alternative routes for shipping goods at PT AMSA to address various structured and unstructured problems using data and models. To process this data and models, a method called the Dijkstra algorithm is required. Based on the description above, researchers will create a method for determining the shortest route for shipping goods at PT AMSA using the Dijkstra algorithm to facilitate the company's process of determining the shortest route.