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This study aims to describe: (1) the meaning of utterances containing conventional implicatures in the novel ‘The Years of The Voiceless’ by Okky Madasari, (2) define the function of utterances containing conventional implicatures in the novel ‘The Years of The Voiceless’ by Okky Madasari, and (3) describe the types of utterances containing conventional implicatures in the ‘The Years of The Voiceless’ by Okky Madasari based on Grice’s theory about implicature. The research method was descriptive qualitative method. The data in this study are sentences in utterances containing implicature. The data in this study were obtained by reading, recording and note-taking techniques. The findings are as follows. There are 8 forms of conventional implicature found. Based on the results of the classification that has been done, there are four intentions, 1 utterance of the intention of commanding, 1 utterance of the intention of pride, 1 utterance of the intention of giving information. Types of utterances that contain conventional implicatures in the novel 'The Years of The Voiceless'. Each implicature has a function. The function of conventional implicatures in the novel can be categorized into three functions, namely 1. implicatures that function as persuasive or persuade, 1 implicature that functions as directive, namely giving advice, 1 implicature that functions as expressive, namely showing hatred. Based on the results of the classification that has been done, there are two classifications, 1 type of declarative speech (statement), 1 type of imperative speech (command).

This service aims to explain the increase in mathematics learning outcomes when implementing the MEA method in class X at MA Darussalam Manuju. The data collection technique uses data about students' mathematics learning completeness obtained from the results of mathematics learning tests carried out at the end of each cycle, with 27 class X students as the subject. The instrument is a learning results test sheet. The results show that the application of the MEA method can improve students' mathematics learning outcomes. This can be proven based on the average score of student learning outcomes in cycle I reaching an average of 69.3703 and in cycle II reaching an average of 87. Based on the learning outcome completeness category used, the score for students' mathematics learning outcomes categorized as complete in cycle I was 81.48% and in cycle II it increased to 100%. These results can be concluded that there has been an increase in Mathematics Learning outcomes using the Means Ends Analysis Method.

A good human being always uses the time given to him by the creator to be used to create useful works. One of the acts that is useless and has been in the habit in the past until now is gambling. Legal issues of this normative legal research: How does gambling crime occur in society? What is meant by the phrase gambling content as referred to in Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions? Gambling crimes in society are a complex and growing problem. The crime of gambling is regulated in Articles 303 and 303 bis of the Criminal Code, which states that gambling is any game that contains elements of betting in the hope of getting a profit based on luck or skill. Gambling encompasses a wide range of forms, from traditional games such as cockfighting and lotteries to online gambling. This activity not only involves people from the lower layers, but also reaches the middle and upper classes. Article 27 paragraph (2) of Law No. 11 of 2008 Electronic Information and Transactions The phrase gambling content includes the following elements: 1. Intentional, An act is carried out with the intention to distribute or transmit gambling content. 2. Without Rights, the Perpetrator does not have permission or the right to perform such acts. 3. Gambling Content, Content distributed or transmitted contains elements of gambling, either directly or indirectly.

This study aims to analyze the influence of Love of Money, Intellectual Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence, and Spiritual Intelligence Influence Students Perceptions of Accounting Professional Ethics. The objects of this study are students of the Accounting study program from Panca Budi Development University and the University of North Sumatra. This study uses a quantitative approach with an associative research type. The research population consists of students from the 2020 to 2022 intake with a total of 1,647 people, including 467 students from Panca Budi Development University and 1,180 students from the University of North Sumatra. The sample was determined using the Slovin formula, so that 94 respondents were obtained as research samples. The data used consists of primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected by distributing questionnaires to respondents, while secondary data was obtained from various sources such as reports, books, documents, and relevant scientific publications. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS software version 25. Analysis techniques include descriptive statistical analysis, validity and reliability tests, and classical assumption tests that include normality, multicollinearity, and heteroscedasticity. Furthermore, multiple linear regression analysis was conducted and hypothesis testing was carried out using the t-test and coefficient of determination (R²). The results of the study indicate that partially, the variables Love of Money, Intellectual Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence, and Spiritual Intelligence have a positive and significant Influence Students Perceptions of Accounting Professional Ethics.

Some schools currently still use manual methods for assessment in determining the best teachers.  Giving grades to teachers is sometimes still subjective, so the risk of conflict is high due to inaccurate and non-transparent assessments, making it a problem for teachers in teaching. For this reason, an information system is needed to get accurate calculation results to get the best teacher ranking. In answering the problems found, the author developed a decision support system using the Simple Additive Weighting method to obtain accurate ranking results so that it can provide maximum decision results through faster, more accurate and precise classification and evaluation. And this research uses a prototype method as an addition to make system development easier. The results of calculations using the SAW method can determine the ranking for the best teachers. Based on a comparison between the pretest and posttest results, it was found that the conformity level was 60% for appropriate data from the 10 data used and 40% for inappropriate data.

This study aims to describe how to improve students' learning outcomes in Geometry learning using the Problem Based Learning model in class V of SDN 18 Tebing Tinggi, Pesisir Selatan Regency. This type of research is classroom action research (PTK) using qualitative and quantitative approaches which are carried out in two cycles, with research procedures. The results of the study showed an increase in geometry learning outcomes from cycle I to cycle II. The results of the observation of the teaching module in the first cycle of the first meeting were obtained 79% (C) then in the first cycle of the second meeting the result of 87% (B) for that the observation of the first cycle of the teaching module was obtained an average of 83% (B), increasing in the second cycle to 95% (SB). Second, the results of the observation of the implementation of teacher aspect learning in the first cycle of the first meeting obtained a result of 78% (C), then in the first cycle of the second meeting obtained a result of 86% (B) for that the results of the observation of the teacher aspect obtained an average of 82% (B), increasing in the second cycle to 93% (SB). Third, the results of the implementation of learning aspects of students in the first cycle of meeting I obtained a result of 78% (C), then in the first cycle of meeting II obtained a result of 86% (B) for that the results of observation of the student aspect obtained an average of 82% (B), increasing in the second cycle to 93% (SB). Fourth, the learning outcomes of students in the first cycle of meeting I were obtained with a result of 71 (C), then in the first cycle of meeting II a result of 81 (B) for that the learning results of the first cycle were obtained an average of 76 (C), increasing in the second cycle to 90 (SB). Thus, it can be concluded that the Problem Based Learning model can improve students' learning outcomes in Geometry learning in grade V of SDN 18 Tebing Tinggi, South Pesisir Regency

Cryptocurrency has become a new trend in the world of digital finance, but its adoption is still limited among the public. This study aims to analyze the effect of perceived benefits and trust on cryptocurrency purchase intention among students of Bina Sarana Informatika Margonda University. A quantitative approach was used by distributing questionnaires to student respondents. Data processing uses the SPSS 25 application and data analysis is carried out by testing validity, reliability, classical assumptions, multiple linear regression, hypothesis testing and the coefficient of determination. The results showed that partially perceived benefits had no effect, while trust was proven to have an influence. Simultaneously, perceived benefits and trust affect cryptocurrency purchase intention. The findings imply the importance of increasing understanding of the benefits and building public trust, especially students, in cryptocurrency to encourage the adoption of this technology. This research also highlights the need for further education on the potential and risks of cryptocurrencies, as well as the development of supportive regulations to increase trust and adoption among students and the general public

The development of the globalization era economy in Indonesia today has encouraged very tight competition in the business world. Challenges in business competition do not only come from within the country but have also been visited by competitors from abroad with products that have high competitive quality. If the company does not have a good internal control system, the company will automatically be eliminated, so that it will also have an impact on social economic growth. The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the Internal Control System in an Effort to Increase Competitiveness at the Tegalsawah Village Grocery Store, East Karawang District. The type of research used is qualitative, with methods in the form of Interviews, Observations and documentation. The data analysis model used is the descriptive analysis method, which is an analysis technique by collecting, classifying, managing, describing data that is relevant to the problem being studied so as to make conclusions. The results of this study indicate that, in the efforts that can be made by grocery store business owners to manage their business optimally, one of them is implementing controlled internal control. The basis for this grocery store owner is to create balance and suitability to achieve effectiveness and efficiency in order to achieve profit.

The Industrial Revolution 4.0 has drastically changed the global employment landscape, necessitating the comprehensive development of 21st-century skills in education systems. This study examines how private high schools in Indonesia implement 21st-century skills, focusing on the barriers faced, the strategies used, and their impact on student learning outcomes. We used a mixed-methods approach involving 200 students, 25 teachers, and 10 principals from five private high schools in Java. Data were collected through surveys, semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, and document analysis. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The results revealed four main barriers: limited teacher preparedness, limited resources, difficulties in assessment, and resistance to changes in teaching methods. Effective strategies implemented included ongoing professional development programs, integrating learning technology, project-based learning, and strengthening teacher collaboration. Our findings demonstrate significant improvements in students' critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, and communication skills in schools implementing the comprehensive strategy. This research provides theoretical contributions to understanding the implementation context in developing countries while offering practical implications for policy makers, school administrators, and educators in designing contextual and sustainable 21st-century skills development programs.

Language is a communication tool in the form of a system of sound symbols produced from human speech. Changes in meaning in Indonesian can be classified into five as follows: widening meaning change, narrowing meaning change, refining meaning change, roughening meaning change and total change. This research uses a qualitative method, which is characterized by descriptive analysis. The data is sourced from the Instagram platform with the collection technique through the note-taking method.  After the data is collected, the data is processed, reducing data, presenting data and making conclusions based on the information that has been obtained. Based on the results and discussion, it can be concluded that there are 5 types of word meaning changes found on the Instagram social media platform. The five types of meaning changes include widespread/generalized meaning changes, narrowed/specialized meaning changes, refined/euphemia meaning changes, coarsening/dysfemia meaning changes and total meaning changes. The changes in meaning found on the Instagram social media platform are 29 words that experience changes in meaning with 16 words that experience changes in widespread meaning, 3 words that experience changes in narrow meaning, 4 words that experience changes in refinement meaning, 3 words that experience changes in coarsening meaning, and 3 words that experience changes in meaning in total

Language is a communication tool in the form of a system of sound symbols produced from human speech. Changes in meaning in Indonesian can be classified into five as follows: widening meaning change, narrowing meaning change, refining meaning change, roughening meaning change and total change. This research uses a qualitative method, which is characterized by descriptive analysis. The data is sourced from the Instagram platform with the collection technique through the note-taking method.  After the data is collected, the data is processed, reducing data, presenting data and making conclusions based on the information that has been obtained. Based on the results and discussion, it can be concluded that there are 5 types of word meaning changes found on the Instagram social media platform. The five types of meaning changes include widespread/generalized meaning changes, narrowed/specialized meaning changes, refined/euphemia meaning changes, coarsening/dysfemia meaning changes and total meaning changes. The changes in meaning found on the Instagram social media platform are 29 words that experience changes in meaning with 16 words that experience changes in widespread meaning, 3 words that experience changes in narrow meaning, 4 words that experience changes in refinement meaning, 3 words that experience changes in coarsening meaning, and 3 words that experience changes in meaning in total

Beyond Use Date or BUD is the time limit for a non-sterile or sterile mixed preparation not to be stored and used, calculated from the date or time of compounding. BUD indicates the time limit for the preparation to be in a stable state so it is very necessary to determine the BUD time. This article aims to review BUD information on 20 types of injection preparations in one of the Bandung City Hospitals conducted in 2024 using information collection methods from various sources such as related drug brochures, LexiDrug, and Drug Information Handbook. The results of the study of 13 therapeutic classes with 20 types of injection preparations show that each sterile preparation has different characteristics (active substance, solvent, dosage form and its components, duration of therapy, and storage), thus affecting the stability after reconstitution of each preparation, both those determined by each pharmaceutical industry and information obtained from LexiDrug and Drug Information Handbook. The results of this study can be used as a reference in making more applicable guidelines in determining the BUD of injection preparations in one of the Bandung City Hospitals.

Sleep disorders or insomnia refer to a condition where individuals struggle to achieve adequate sleep in terms of both quality and quantity. Insomnia sufferers often experience fatigue and drowsiness throughout the day due to a lack of optimal rest. Based on its duration, insomnia is classified into acute insomnia, lasting less than four weeks, and chronic insomnia, which persists for more than four weeks. One non-pharmacological approach to managing this issue is relaxation therapy, including the use of aromatherapy, which promotes a calming effect through pleasant scents. This community service program aims to provide awareness about the benefits of aromatherapy in managing insomnia. The methods used include health education, discussions, and Q&A sessions with participants. The target audience consisted of 12 elderly individuals experiencing sleep disturbances. The evaluation results indicated a significant improvement in participants' knowledge after the session, with 91.7% demonstrating a good understanding, while 8.3% had a moderate understanding of aromatherapy’s benefits. These findings suggest that educating the elderly on the use of aromatherapy for insomnia management positively impacts their awareness of relaxation therapy’s role in improving sleep quality. It is hoped that this method can be continuously promoted as an effective natural alternative to address sleep disorders.

Bullying has become one of the most concerning social issues, particularly among children and adolescents. This community service activity in the form of anti-bullying psychoeducation aimed to enhance students' understanding of bullying, its impacts on both victims and perpetrators, and the importance of committing to preventing bullying behavior. The results of the activity demonstrated that psychoeducation successfully increased students' awareness of the importance of anti-bullying behavior, encouraged the development of empathy, and fostered positive attitude changes towards others. Active participation of students throughout the entire series of activities served as an indicator of the program's success. In conclusion, psychoeducation has proven to be an effective method for instilling anti-bullying values in students. This program had a positive impact by fostering a healthier school culture and supporting the development of students' character.

This study aims to analyze the Timor Leste conflict from various conflict theory perspectives. By understanding the motives and dynamics underlying the conflict, it is expected to provide deeper insight into the causes and consequences of the Indonesian invasion and its impact on the Timorese people. This study uses a library method with the intention of collecting and analyzing information from various written sources related to theories of international relations and the dynamics of social conflict, starting with topic identification, literature collection, and ending with analysis and synthesis of information to find patterns and relationships between theories and phenomena studied. The results of the study show that the Timor Leste conflict from the Republic of Indonesia between 1975 and 1999 can be analyzed through various conflict theory perspectives, including Realism, Constructivism, and Marxism Theory. Realism Theory helps explain the Indonesian military invasion as an effort to defend national interests, while Constructivism Theory highlights the role of identity and norms in the struggle for independence of the Timorese people. On the other hand, Marxist Theory reveals that economic injustice and social class differences play an important role in triggering conflict. By understanding these three theories, this research provides deeper insights into the causes and dynamics of conflict, and identifies steps that can be taken to achieve a just and sustainable resolution.

This research is motivated by the lack of ability of prospective teachers in communicating with students which causes the learning process to be less effective. The purpose of this study is to analyze learning communication using the VICS (Verbal Interaction Category Systems) model for prospective vocational teachers in the Teaching Skills Practice (PKM). This research method uses a qualitative descriptive approach with case study analysis. The sample is students who are taking part in the Teaching Skills Practice (PKM) at SMK Teknik Bangunan as many as 3 people. Data collection uses interaction observation instruments, interviews and documentation. The results of the study showed that the average frequency of areas A, B, D, E, D, H, I was very high at 46.65% which stated that prospective teachers still dominate during learning activities compared to students, the frequency of areas C, G, J, K, L, M, P, Q, R was 30.37% which stated that there was already feedback interaction between prospective teachers and students, and the frequency of areas N, O, S, T was only 22.98% which stated that student activities were still too passive compared to teachers during the learning process in class. Thus, it can be concluded that learning communication carried out in teaching skills practice is dominated by the teacher.

Critical thinking skills are crucial for preparing students to face complex real-world problems and are a key component of 21st-century learning. This study aims to identify the critical thinking skill profile of 5th-grade elementary school students on the respiratory system material. Critical thinking is an essential skill in 21st-century education, particularly for developing students' abilities in analysis, evaluation, and argumentation. However, it is often neglected in science education at the elementary level. This research employs a qualitative descriptive method with survey techniques. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and classroom observations to assess students' critical thinking skills. The results indicate that among the 30 students tested, 15 were categorized as Fair, 12 as Low, and only 3 as Good. No student achieved the Very Good or Very Low category. The analysis of critical thinking indicators including analyzing, evaluating, composing arguments, and problem-solving reveals that while students possess a basic understanding, they struggle with more advanced critical thinking tasks. The study concludes that students' critical thinking skills remain limited to basic comprehension. This limitation is attributed to the dominance of rote learning methods and the lack of interactive and problem-solving-based instructional strategies. Future teaching approaches should prioritize active learning and the integration of critical thinking practices to enhance students' higher-order thinking skills.

This study compares hybrid and traditional face-to-face learning environments to assess their impact on student collaboration, engagement, and social interaction. Hybrid learning models combine in-person and online instruction, providing flexibility but also introducing challenges in maintaining meaningful student interactions, particularly for remote learners. The primary objective of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of hybrid classrooms in fostering social engagement, collaboration, and peer relationships compared to traditional classrooms. A comparative design was employed, with data collected through interviews, observations, and surveys to measure student engagement, satisfaction, and collaboration. The findings indicate that while hybrid learning offers flexibility, it often leads to reduced social presence and collaboration quality, especially for remote students. Traditional classrooms, on the other hand, foster stronger peer relationships and dynamic in-person collaboration. The study suggests that hybrid learning spaces can be improved by integrating advanced communication tools and designing activities that encourage interaction between remote and in-person students. The research emphasizes the importance of creating balanced learning environments that promote both flexibility and social engagement. Future research is recommended to explore the long-term effects of hybrid learning on student collaboration and engagement and to identify strategies to enhance the effectiveness of hybrid models.

Computer vision-based algorithms, especially Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and You Only Look Once (YOLO), have become the leading approaches in plant disease detection. CNN excels in extracting complex visual features for disease classification, while YOLO provides high-efficiency real-time object detection capabilities. Both algorithms have shown promising results in various studies, especially with controlled datasets. However, challenges remain in their application in real-world conditions, such as environmental diversity, overlapping symptoms, and poorly annotated data. Future research has the potential to optimize these algorithms through the development of lighter models, the use of transfer learning techniques, and multi-modal data integration. In addition, further exploration of a wider range of diseases, crops, and environmental conditions can expand the application of these algorithms. By leveraging these innovations, computer vision-based plant disease management can be improved to support sustainable precision agriculture.

This study aims to assess the impact of gamification on students' motivation and social collaboration in the educational environment. The problems identified were the low levels of motivation and collaboration in traditional learning methods. The aim of this study is to explore whether the application of gamification can improve both aspects. The methods used were experimental design with control groups and experiments, as well as the application of gamification class activities that included elements such as point systems, levels, and collaborative tasks. The main results showed that the experimental group experienced a significant increase in motivation and social collaboration compared to the control group. The average motivation score increased from 3.2 to 4.1, and the collaboration score increased from 3.0 to 4.0. These findings are in line with previous research that showed that gamification can increase student engagement through elements of games. In conclusion, gamification is an effective approach to increase students' motivation and social collaboration in learning.