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The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has generated new challenges in civil law, particularly regarding breach of contract in cross-border transactions. The autonomous decision-making capacity of AI systems raises questions concerning their legal status and the allocation of contractual liability. This study aims to analyze liability for breaches of contract caused by AI under Indonesian civil law and to examine the determination of the applicable law (lex causae) in cross-border contracts from the perspective of private international law. Using a normative juridical method with conceptual, case-based, and comparative approaches, this research draws upon the Indonesian Civil Code, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, the Copyright Law, and relevant legal literature. The findings show that autonomous AI cannot be recognized as a legal subject in the Indonesian legal system due to the absence of free will and moral consciousness, so liability remains attributed to the human or legal entity operating the system under the doctrine of vicarious liability. The case of Quoine v B2C2 confirms that contracts executed through algorithms remain legally binding on human or corporate parties rather than AI systems. From a private international law perspective, the study affirms that the use of AI does not alter the fundamental principles for determining lex causae, which continue to rely on connecting factors such as lex loci contractus, lex loci solutionis, and party autonomy.

This study analyzes the legal protection of children as perpetrators of rape within Indonesia’s national legal system and Aceh’s Qanun Jinayat, focusing on the Syar’iyah Court’s decisions that often fail to confirm the fulfillment of children’s rights to education, rehabilitation, and reintegration. Although the principle of the best interests of the child requires comprehensive protection, the absence of clear implementing regulations has created uncertainty. Using a normative juridical method with legislative and case approaches, the research draws on secondary data enriched with primary data and qualitatively analyzed. The findings show that both national law and Qanun Jinayat emphasize child protection based on the best interests principle. National law mandates special procedures such as mentoring, closed hearings, psychological assessments, and diversion, while Qanun Jinayat, through Article 50, stipulates lighter and proportionate uqubat for children. These frameworks complement each other in ensuring education, psychological recovery, and social reintegration. However, several Syar’iyah Court decisions have not explicitly included recovery rights, resulting in ineffective protection and legal uncertainty. The study recommends that the Syar’iyah Court explicitly incorporate children’s rights to education, rehabilitation, and reintegration in its verdicts. Furthermore, the Aceh Government should issue Standard Operating Procedures or Governor’s Regulations to provide a clear legal basis for implementing child uqubat in line with the Juvenile Criminal Justice System.

Land navigation capability is a fundamental competence that must be possessed by Marine Corps cadets to support the success of military training and operations. Along with technological advancements, the utilization of modern navigation devices such as offline maps integrated with smartwatches has emerged as a strategic alternative to enhance the effectiveness of ground operation training. However, the implementation of this technology within military education institutions, particularly at the Indonesian Naval Academy, remains limited. This study aims to analyze the optimization of smartwatch-based offline maps to support ground operation training for Marine Corps cadets. A qualitative research method with a phenomenological approach was employed through interviews, observations, and documentation. The research subjects included instructors from the Marine Department and Marine Corps cadets of the 70th cohort. The findings indicate that smartwatch-based offline maps offer significant advantages in terms of practicality, durability in wet terrain, accessibility of navigation data, and movement efficiency compared to conventional GPS devices. Nevertheless, the utilization of this technology is constrained by the absence of structured curriculum integration, limited specialized training, and insufficient technological proficiency among instructors and cadets. Therefore, this study recommends incorporating smartwatch-based offline map training into the formal curriculum to enhance the readiness, professionalism, and independent navigation skills of Marine Corps cadets in modern military operations.

This community engagement program aims to strengthen the economic capacity of community groups in Azerbaijan through an integrated model combining artificial intelligence (AI)–supported learning, digital skills enhancement, and practical economic training. Although Azerbaijan has demonstrated rapid digital progress, micro-entrepreneurs still face challenges related to limited digital literacy, insufficient financial planning capabilities, and the absence of structured mentorship that integrates emerging technologies. This program utilizes a participatory development approach involving baseline assessment, AI-driven training modules, intensive workshops, and mentoring over two months. A total of 45 participants from three community clusters were included. Quantitative findings reveal a 63% increase in digital literacy scores and a 67% adoption rate of AI-supported tools for marketing and financial planning. Qualitative insights show improved confidence in business decision-making, better understanding of market dynamics, and enhanced practical skills in budgeting and content creation. Participants also reported early indicators of improved sales performance and customer engagement. The integration of AI tools into community-based capacity-building initiatives demonstrates high effectiveness in accelerating digital readiness and entrepreneurial resilience. The program concludes that structured AI-based interventions can significantly empower grassroots communities in emerging economies. Limitations include the small sample size and short mentoring duration. Future research should explore larger populations and long-term economic outcomes.

The intersection between digital transformation and the halal economy has created new pathways for sustainable global development. This study explores how the Halal Digital Ecosystem (HDE)—an integrated network of producers, certifiers, regulators, and consumers—contributes to sustainable growth by aligning digital innovation with Islamic ethical principles. Employing a mixed-method explanatory sequential design, the research combines quantitative analysis using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM–PLS) with qualitative interviews involving policymakers, halal entrepreneurs, and certification authorities from Indonesia, Malaysia, and GCC countries. The findings reveal that digital infrastructure readiness and certification transparency significantly influence sustainable growth, while innovation capability acts as a mediating factor that strengthens the relationship between digitalization and sustainability outcomes. Qualitative insights highlight persistent challenges, including fragmented cross-border governance, limited digital literacy among halal SMEs, and the absence of harmonized certification standards. These barriers indicate that achieving sustainability requires not only technological advancement but also ethical and institutional alignment based on maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah. The study introduces the Halal Digital Ecosystem–Sustainability (HDE–S) Framework, providing both theoretical and practical contributions to the literature on sustainable digital economies. Policy implications emphasize the need for integrated halal digital governance, capacity building, and regional collaboration to enhance competitiveness, inclusivity, and ethical compliance in the global halal market.

The rapid advancement of digital technology has fundamentally transformed civil legal interactions, making electronic documents such as instant messages, online transactions, and digital contracts primary forms of evidence in many civil disputes. However, their admissibility in judicial proceedings remains fraught with challenges concerning formal and material validity. This study aims to identify juridical and technical obstacles in digital evidence and to formulate an ideal model for civil procedural law that ensures reliable electronic proof. A normative-juridical approach with qualitative analysis was employed, combining doctrinal research through legislative review, jurisprudence, and scholarly literature with case studies of court decisions involving electronic evidence, particularly in divorce disputes. The findings reveal that inconsistent judicial treatment stems from the absence of specific procedural rules in Indonesia’s civil procedure framework still rooted in colonial-era HIR and RBg alongside limited digital infrastructure and low technological literacy among judicial actors. In response, the study proposes an integrated legal construction model featuring explicit provisions in the upcoming Civil Procedure Code, adoption of the functional equivalence principle, institutionalization of digital forensic experts in litigation, and procedural safeguards for vulnerable parties. The research concludes that only through holistic reform of the evidentiary paradigm can Indonesia’s civil justice system guarantee fairness, legal certainty, and relevance in the digital era.

This study aims to describe the difficulties faced by Geography teachers at SMAN 1 Sunggal in identifying students' learning potential and interests during the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with primary data consisting of in-depth interviews and non-participant observation of two experienced Geography teachers. The research findings indicate that teachers face major constraints, including limited time for formal diagnostic assessments, a lack of practical training on diagnostic assessments, a large number of students making individual observation difficult, and the absence of adequate assessment instruments. The teacher's efforts to overcome these difficulties include a personal approach to students, behavioral observation, and varied teaching methods, although these are not yet optimal in supporting differentiated learning. This research provides important recommendations for the development of teacher training and school policies to more effectively support the assessment of student potential and interests within the context of the Merdeka Curriculum.

Inclusive education in early childhood settings emphasizes equal learning opportunities for children with special needs within regular classrooms. However, the implementation of inclusive practices in public kindergarten classrooms presents various challenges for teachers, particularly due to diverse learner needs and limited institutional support. This study aims to explore the challenges faced by teachers in teaching children with special needs in public kindergarten classrooms. Employing a qualitative descriptive research design, the study was conducted in a public kindergarten that implements inclusive education. The participants were kindergarten teachers selected through purposive sampling based on their direct experience teaching children with special needs. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and classroom observations, and were analyzed thematically to identify recurring patterns and issues. The findings indicate that teachers encounter significant challenges in managing children’s behavior and attention, implementing instructional adaptations without systematic planning, assessing inconsistent developmental progress, and coping with emotional stress. These challenges are further intensified by limited professional competence, lack of formal training in inclusive education, and minimal institutional support, including the absence of support teachers and specialist services. The study highlights the need for targeted professional development, structured instructional planning, and strengthened school support systems to ensure the effective and sustainable implementation of inclusive education in public kindergarten settings.

The Taman Candi is included in the category of active green open space (GOS). Based on this, it is necessary to carry out good maintenance aimed at maintaining the quality of facilities, both softscape and hardscape in the park. Maintenance in Taman Candi Ngawi Regency refers to the park maintenance standards by Arifin and Arifin (2005). Data processing was carried out using a quantitative method, namely using a work capacity calculation formula, aimed at measuring the suitability of work and worker effectiveness from the maintenance of the Taman Candi Ngawi Regency. The management of the Taman Candi in Ngawi Regency does not have a written maintenance schedule, so maintenance activities are carried out flexibly or according to the conditions in the field, and there are several activities that have not been carried out, the results show that there is still work that is not ideal from the work capacity and exceeds the ideal value in accordance with the standard of maintenance work capacity of Arifin and Arifin (2005). This is due to the lack of knowledge of workers about good and correct maintenance activities, the absence of a written schedule from the manager, and the lack of availability of tools.

Cooperatives play a significant role in Indonesia’s economic system because they aim to enhance member welfare through collective ownership and cooperative principles. To maintain accountability, cooperatives are required to prepare financial reports following the Financial Accounting Standards for Entities Without Public Accountability (SAK ETAP). This study examines how SAK ETAP is applied in the financial reporting practices of Koperasi Simpan Pinjam (KSP) Mandiri Sejahtera, Comal Branch. Using a qualitative descriptive method with a case study approach, data were gathered through interviews and an analysis of the 2022 financial statements. The results indicate that although the cooperative has implemented several elements of SAK ETAP, full compliance has not been achieved due to limited human resources and the absence of an integrated reporting system. Nevertheless, the preparation of PPAP reports reflects prudence in managing credit risk and highlights the need for digital systems and improved accounting skills to strengthen transparent and accountable financial management.

This study aims to analyze the improvement of students’ knowledge and the alignment of the Civic Education learning model with the characteristics of third-grade students at SDN Kadipiro. The research problem arises from the tendency of Civic Education in elementary schools to rely heavily on lecture-based instruction, which results in low student engagement and limited comprehension of abstract concepts such as rights and obligations. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed through observations, interviews, and documentation to obtain a comprehensive picture of the learning process, the instructional model applied, and classroom dynamics. The findings reveal that the teacher implemented a game-based Discovery Learning model that emphasizes exploration, categorization, verification, and independent conclusion-making by students. This model proved effective, as evidenced by 85% of students being able to understand and distinguish examples of rights and obligations in accordance with the Civic Education learning outcomes. The study also indicates that game-based learning is more compatible with the students’ predominant visual and kinesthetic learning tendencies, enabling them to maintain focus more effectively than when using traditional lecture methods. However, several challenges emerged, including variations in students’ writing literacy skills and the absence of a structured assessment rubric. These findings underscore the need for flexible instructional design, the integration of concrete learning media, and the implementation of more systematic formative assessment practices. Future research is recommended to develop differentiated instructional strategies and to utilize more diverse media to accommodate the needs of heterogeneous classrooms.

This study aims to analyze the use of interior photography as a means to preserve and visually document the FMM Convent Chapel Regina Pacis in Bogor. The chapel is a historic site with significant artistic, spiritual, and architectural value, and has been officially recognized by the central government as a cultural heritage building. The importance of this research arises from the fact that the chapel is not included in the official publication of cultural heritage buildings in Bogor City that has been identified. Its absence from this publication indicates a lack of visual documentation and historical information necessary to support conservation efforts. Insufficient documentation increases the likelihood of losing architectural value should changes or damage occur in the future. To address this issue, the study seeks to produce interior photographic documentation that accurately and clearly represents the architectural identity of the chapel. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach, consisting of interviews with the chapel’s management, direct on-site observations, and the development of an interior photography concept that considers spatial structure, perspective, and lighting. In this context, interior photography functions not only as an aesthetic medium but also as a preservation tool capable of storing long-term information.The resulting visual documentation is expected to serve as a valuable reference for managers, researchers, and local government authorities, while also encouraging the inclusion of the Regina Pacis Chapel in the official publication of cultural heritage buildings in Bogor City. In this way, the study contributes to strengthening cultural archives and supporting the preservation of historical architecture.

This study examines the legal protection of children born from Toba Batak customary marriages that are not officially registered by the state. In Toba Batak customary law, a marriage is considered valid after all traditional ceremonies have been carried out, so that the child is recognized by the father's clan and social status within the customary community. However, state law requires marriage registration to ensure the certainty of the parents' legal status and the fulfillment of the child's civil rights. The absence of marriage registration has legal consequences in the form of limited recognition of the civil relationship between the child and the father, which impacts identity registration, access to public administration services, and the fulfillment of inheritance rights. This study uses a normative juridical method with analytical descriptive specifications through a review of laws and regulations, legal literature, and court decisions. The results show that preventive legal protection is realized through marriage registration to guarantee the child's right to identity. Meanwhile, repressive legal protection can be achieved through court decisions supported by valid evidence to confirm the child's legal status and ensure the fulfillment of their basic rights.

The development of information and communication technology has brought significant changes to various aspects of human life, including marriage practices. The implementation of marriage contracts conducted through online media such as video calls or digital conferencing platforms has emerged as a modern phenomenon. This development has sparked legal debates in Islam regarding its validity, particularly concerning the fulfillment of essential conditions and pillars of marriage, such as ittihād al-majlis (unity of the session) and the sighat ijab qabul (offer and acceptance). The purpose of this article is to examine the validity of virtual mge contracts from the perspective of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali). This study employs a qualitative research methodology using a literature review with a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings indicate that the Shafi'i School does not permit virtual marriage contracts due to the absence of physical unity in place. In contrast, the Hanafi, Maliki, and Hanbali Schools allow virtual marriage contracts, emphasizing unity in time and clarity in the sighat. Therefore, according to several schools of Islamic jurisprudence, virtual marriage contracts may be considered valid as long as the required conditions of marriage are fulfilled, including the presence of witnesses and the clarity of the ijab qabul.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Economic Entity Principle in the micro, small, and medium enterprise (MSME) Kedai Kita, which still relies on a simple financial recording system. The principle emphasizes the importance of separating personal and business finances to ensure that financial statements accurately and objectively reflect the entity's economic condition. The research employs a qualitative method with a descriptive approach through direct interviews with the business owner to gain an in-depth understanding of the financial management practices implemented. The findings indicate that the application of the Economic Entity Principle at Kedai Kita has not been fully realized, as evidenced by the ongoing mixing of personal and business funds, the absence of a formal bookkeeping system, and inconsistent recording of cash flows and expenditures. The main factors hindering the implementation of this principle include limited accounting literacy, lack of time for bookkeeping, and the absence of a structured accounting system. Nevertheless, the business owner has begun to recognize the importance of separating finances as a foundation for more accountable business management. These findings imply the need for the adoption of simple recording applications, the provision of basic accounting training, and increased understanding among MSME actors regarding the benefits of structured financial statements. This study provides practical contributions for other MSMEs by demonstrating that the implementation of the Economic Entity Principle is a fundamental step in enhancing financial transparency and accountability, as well as strengthening opportunities for access to formal financing.

Cooperatives play an essential role in supporting local economic development, yet many struggle with limited managerial competence and the absence of structured business planning. This community service program was conducted to enhance the capacity of cooperative managers in Semarang Regency through a three-day intensive training on business plan development. Hosted at The Wujil Resort & Conventions from May 22–24, 2023, the program involved 30 participants representing various cooperatives. The training combined interactive lectures, workshops, group discussions, and hands-on business plan drafting. Results indicate significant improvement in participants’ understanding of business planning, strategic thinking, financial projection, and market analysis. Participants also produced draft business plans tailored to their cooperative units. The program contributes to strengthening local cooperative governance and offers a replicable model for capacity building in community-based economic institutions.

The main problem with the water heating system on offshore platforms is the absence of water level monitoring and automatic overflow detection. This has the potential to cause hot water spills that endanger workplace safety and operational efficiency. This research designs and implements a water level monitoring system based on the Arduino Uno microcontroller with HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensors. The system is equipped with LED indicators, a buzzer alarm, and a 16x2 LCD to display water level status in real-time. Water levels are classified into three zones (low, medium, high), and overflow is detected if the water is within 3 cm of the sensor. Testing was conducted on a 5-liter simulation tank representing actual 500-liter tank conditions. Test results showed a reading accuracy of 96% and a quick system response to overflow conditions (<1 second). This system is economical, easy to develop, and highly applicable for offshore environments. In addition, this system can be integrated with IoT technology for remote monitoring.

The rapid rise of Indonesia’s digital economy is changing how people participate as citizens and how their consumer rights are protected. This study explores the legal dimensions of digital citizenship through a normative juridical review of the Consumer Protection Law, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, and the Personal Data Protection Law. Although these laws provide basic safeguards, significant problems remain such as data privacy violations, unclear algorithmic practices, cross-border legal barriers, and deceptive online advertising. Low public legal awareness and the absence of a unified dispute-resolution system further leave consumers vulnerable to powerful global digital platforms. The study argues that stronger protection requires embedding digital citizenship principles into Indonesia’s legal framework, harmonizing national rules with international standards, enhancing platform oversight, and improving digital literacy. In conclusion, a flexible and forward-looking legal approach is crucial to making consumer protection a core part of digital citizenship and ensuring public trust and human rights in the digital era.

Digital transformation has become an urgent necessity for madrasas in improving the quality of Islamic education amid the rapid advancement of technology. However, various national reports indicate that the implementation of digitalization in many madrasas still faces significant challenges, including low teacher competence, limited infrastructure, and the absence of leadership capable of directing the change process regularly. This study aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the strategies employed by madrasah principals in managing digital transformation as an effort to enhance technology-based learning quality. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach, relying on secondary data such as scholarly articles, policy reports, and official documents from relevant educational institutions. The findings reveal that the success of improving technology-based learning quality highly depends on visionary and adaptive leadership, particularly in digital planning, teacher capacity building, infrastructure provision, digital learning culture development, and the implementation of data-driven monitoring and evaluation. This study emphasizes that technology becomes effective only when managed through strategic leadership capable of integrating digital innovations into madrasa governance in a sustainable manner.

The absence of a father or fatherlessness in a family is a serious problem that affects children's social, psychological, and educational development. This condition becomes even more complex when experienced by street children who live in limited economic conditions and lack family support. The purpose of this study is to reveal the social life of street children on Jalan Krakatau Ujung, Medan Deli District, find the factors that cause fatherlessness, and study the consequences. This study is a qualitative study conducted through a descriptive approach. Data were collected through documentation and in-depth interviews with street children, parents, and community leaders. The results of the study show that the factors causing fatherlessness include divorce, abandonment, and the death of the father. Fathers may also migrate or engage in deviant behavior, such as drug abuse. Children without parents have visible impacts in the form of psychological vulnerability, such as loneliness, lack of self-control, and lack of self-confidence; social impacts, such as difficulty socializing, vulnerability to bullying and exploitation; and educational impacts, such as lack of desire to learn and limited access to education. The lives of street children at the traffic light intersection on Jalan Krakatau Ujung show weak family functioning, especially the role of the father, which encourages children to earn their own living from an early age.