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In social life, buying and selling are fundamental mechanisms for transferring rights, beginning with an agreement. According to Articles 1313 and 1338 of the Indonesian Civil Code, agreements are legally binding acts with the force of law for the parties involved. One high-value transaction is the sale and purchase of apartment units, which involves developers as sellers. In practice, developers often fail to deliver units within the agreed timeframe. This study examines (1) the developer’s responsibility toward buyers when units are not delivered and (2) the legal protection available for buyers under such circumstances. The research applies Hans Kelsen’s Theory of Responsibility and Satjipto Rahardjo’s Theory of Legal Protection, using a normative juridical method based on library research. Primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials were analyzed through statutory, conceptual, analytical, and case approaches, employing grammatical and systematic interpretation, legal analogy, and legal refinement. Findings reveal that developers are primarily responsible for delivering fully paid units. Failure to fulfill this obligation, due to breach of contract or negligence, triggers legal liability in the form of performance or compensation. Legal protection for buyers ensures their rights are safeguarded, and even in cases of developer negligence or bankruptcy, consumers are legally entitled to receive the apartment units they have purchased.

This research aims to analyze the process of issuing the Ship Operation Plan RPK document and the procedure for adding a port of call, both managed by PT. Citra Maritime Batam using the Sea Traffic and Transport Information System SIMLALA. Within the national sea transport ecosystem, the RPK document serves as the official approval that allows Indonesian-flagged vessels to operate, covering both fixed-route liner and non-fixed-route tramper voyages. The research methodology employed is a combination of Field Research and Library Research. Data were collected through direct observation in the field to understand the detailed steps within the SIMLALA system, alongside literature review to obtain the theoretical foundation related to the RPK document and maritime administration mechanisms. The findings of this study highlight that the main objective of this process is to ensure that the ship can sail in compliance with applicable regulations, possessing valid certificates and approved routes. PT. Citra Maritime Batam, acting as the agent, plays a vital role in integrating ship data to complete the necessary documentation at Batam Port. The key to the smooth running of this process is effective coordination between the agent and relevant authorities in Batam to guarantee the seamless arrival, departure, and adherence to government regulations, thereby ensuring ship operational processes run without systemic or field-level obstacles.

PT. Batam Mitra Suplindo is a company engaged in ship agency services. The ship agency service process at PT. Batam Mitra Suplindo starts from the initial arrival of the ship, loading and unloading activities, until the ship departs to the next destination port. Ship to Ship (STS) transfer is a method of transferring cargo between ships that requires careful coordination and supervision, especially in handling Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) cargo, which is volatile and high-risk. As one of the ship agency companies in the Batam waters area, PT. Batam Mitra Suplindo plays an important role in supporting the smooth process of Ship to Ship (STS) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG). This paper aims to comprehensively examine the Ship to Ship (STS) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) handling process carried out by PT. Batam Mitra Suplindo, covering the planning stage, coordination with related institutions, technical implementation, and post-transfer evaluation. The research method used is field research, observation, and library research. The research results show that the success of Ship to Ship (STS) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) highly depends on compliance with standard operating procedures (SOP), readiness of licensing documents, and synergy with the Port Health Office, Harbour Master, and ship operators.

The film "Ranah 3 Warna" (Ranah 3 Warna) is adapted from the novel "Ranah 3 Warna" by Ahmad Fuadi. "Ranah 3 Warna" explores various aspects of human life. It depicts how differences in social class can lead to conflict. The researcher aimed to determine how social class is portrayed in the film. The purpose of this study was to determine how the film "Ranah 3 Warna" represents, displays, and conveys messages about social class. Based on this, the researcher chose this film for research and analysis using Karl Marx's class theory. This research method employed a qualitative research design with a descriptive study approach. Data collection in this study utilized library research. The approach used in this study was content analysis, with the researcher employing purposive sampling to obtain more in-depth data. The results of this analysis show scenes in the film that present social conflict through scenes and conflicts, particularly those involving the main characters. The Randai family represents the upper class and the Alif family represents the lower class, leading to several social inequalities.

The development of information technology in the era of the Industrial Revolution 5.0 has brought significant changes to the world of education, including guidance and counseling services in schools. The use of artificial intelligence (AI)-based chatbots is an innovation that can improve the effectiveness, accessibility, and interactivity of services for students. However, on the other hand, the use of this technology also raises challenges related to ethics, privacy, and the decline of humanistic values in counseling interactions. Based on this, this study aims to analyze the positive and negative impacts of chatbots on the effectiveness of guidance and counseling services in schools. This study uses library research. Data were collected from various sources, such as books and journals related to the impact and role of chatbot use in guidance and counseling services. The results of the study show that the use of chatbots has negative and positive impacts that are very helpful and beneficial in guidance and counseling services in the current digital era, but they only function as a supporting tool and cannot replace the role of human counselors.

This study examines two key development issues in developing : economic dualism and population issues, using a qualitative approach using library research. The analysis shows that economic dualism, characterizes by the gap between the low-productivity traditional sector and the high-tech modern sector, remains a key characteristic of Indonesia’s economic structure. On the other hand, high population growth and uncontrolled urbanization exacerbate inter-regional inequality and weaken the equitable distribution of development outcomes. The interconnectedness of these two issues creates a cycle of proverty that is difficult to break and hinders the achivement of sustaineble development. Therefore, an integrative and inclusive develpment strategy is neded, encompassing strengthenung the tradisional sector, equitable imvestment, improving the quality of human resources, and controlling population growth to ensure more balanced and equitable development.  

In the context of modern education, performance assessment is a crucial instrument for measuring the effectiveness of the learning process. Unlike test-based assessments that generally focus on cognitive aspects, performance assessment highlights students' abilities in applying the knowledge, skills, and attitudes they have learned in various real situations. This is very relevant to the multidimensional characteristics of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning, including cognitive (knowledge), affective (attitudes and values), and psychomotor (practice of worship and skills) aspects. This study aims to: 1) To determine the concept and implementation of performance assessment in the context of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning. 2) To identify the types of performance assessments that are relevant and can be applied effectively in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning. 3) To examine the effectiveness of implementing performance assessments in improving understanding, practice, and character building. This study uses a qualitative approach with the model used being library research. The results of the study indicate that performance assessment in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning is a form of authentic evaluation that is very important to be applied in the learning process. Unlike traditional assessments, which emphasize cognitive aspects, performance assessments provide balanced attention to cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects. These assessments assess not only what students know, but also who they become. Therefore, it is crucial for teachers and educational institutions to optimally integrate performance assessments to shape a generation that is not only intellectually intelligent but also spiritually and socially mature.

Procedures for Issuing Port Health Quarantine Clearance (PHQC) and Ship Health Book for the MT. Venus Ship at Kuala Tanjung Port by PT. Seroja Jaya Agensi. Every ship entering the port must be in good health, free from disease outbreaks and pests. Issuance of ship health documents is the responsibility of the Health Quarantine Agency (BKK). PT. Seroja Jaya Agensi, as the agency company, acts on behalf of the ship owner in processing ship health documents at Kuala Tanjung Port. This study aims to determine the procedures for issuing Port Health Quarantine Clearance (PHQC) and Ship Health Book for the MT. Venus Ship. The procedure begins with the ship agent submitting an application to the BKK, followed by a sanitation inspection by health officers, issuance of a Certificate of Free Practice (CoP), and recording or issuing the ship health book. These documents are the primary requirements for the ship's clearance process. The research methods used were field research and library research. The results showed that the document issuance procedure involved close coordination between the ship's agent and relevant agencies, and required careful attention to the completeness and validity of the ship's documents.

Social media has become one of the main media for distributing various advertising content in today's digital era. However, the spread of advertising content on social media also brings new challenges. Social media, especially TikTok, has a high virality rate, which means that content can spread quickly, both positively and negatively. The TikTok account @ngobrolsantaiindonesia uploaded a promotional advertisement for Borobudur Temple. The entire narrative in the advertising content openly alludes to other religions, namely Islam. This study uses a research approach in the form of a literature study or can be called library research. Indonesia has guidelines that must be respected, namely the Indonesian Advertising Ethics or abbreviated as EPI. The EPI contains a system of values ​​and integrated guidelines for manners (code of conducts) and procedures (code of practices) that apply to all advertising actors in Indonesia. According to the Indonesian Advertising Ethics, advertisements must be honest, correct, and responsible. It was concluded that the violation committed by the TikTok account @ngobrolsantaiindonesia was offending SARA, more specifically other religions.

This article aims to examine the development of Islamic education during the Umayyad Dynasty with a focus on two main aspects: how the Islamic education system was formed and the extent of the government's role in supporting it. By using a qualitative-descriptive approach based on historical studies, and including library research. Data collection techniques use various literature both from history books and from articles in national and international journals and conduct data analysis using content analysis. The results show that Islamic education during that period already had a functional structure through halaqah, mosques, and houses of scholars, although it had not been formally institutionalized. On the other hand, the Umayyad Dynasty government played an important role through Arabization policies, the construction of mosque infrastructure, and the creation of political stability that allowed science to develop. These findings underline that education during the Umayyad period grew from the synergy between community initiatives and structural support from the State.

Stuxnet is one of the first politically motivated cyberattacks in history. This attack targeted Iran's nuclear facility in Natanz, causing significant setbacks in the country's nuclear program. Iran accused the West, particularly NATO, of orchestrating the attack. Many believe that the United States and Israel were behind it. This paper aims to analyze how Stuxnet impacted Iran and the international community, as well as how cyber warfare has emerged as a new domain of conflict. The method used in this paper is qualitative descriptive through library research. The data used in this study are sourced from books, journals, news articles, and credible, relevant websites. The findings indicate that Stuxnet had a severe impact on Iran and the geopolitical situation at the time. It also highlighted the vulnerabilities of the digital world and their real-world consequences. Furthermore, Stuxnet demonstrated how cyber warfare has emerged as a new domain in modern conflict.

In this article, we discuss the nature of human beings as learning creatures and creatures who are always dependent on Allah SWT as contained in QS. Al-'Alaq verses 1-5. What is a special fact in this article is the urgency of understanding Islamic education in answering modern challenges through strengthening the values of monotheism and spirituality. The purpose of this study is to analyze in depth the meaning of education and human existence in the perspective of tarbawi interpretation of the early verses of surah al-'alaq. This research uses a qualitative approach with the type of library research. The data collection technique uses literature review by studying verses of the Qur'an. Data analysis was carried out in a descriptive-qualitative manner with an interpretative approach to the text and the thoughts of experts. The results of the study show that qs. al-'alaq 1-5 affirms that man was created as a learning creature who obtains knowledge from Allah and in the process of learning always needs His guidance. This article emphasizes that the theory of Islamic education must be based on the theory of education should be based on the principle of monotheism which combines intellectual intelligence and spiritual awareness.

his research aims to identifiy various of attitude scales and psychomotor assessment techniques within the context of learning. The method used is a quantitative approach through library research. The data sources were obtained through a review of literature from academic journals, reference books, and various instructional documents that present numerical data related to the practice of assessing attittudes and skills. The objects of study in this research include types of attitude scales, such as the Likert scale, Guttman scale, and Semantic Differential scale, as well as psychomotor assessment techniques, including performance observation, performance appraisal, and the use of rubrics. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive quantitative methods by presenting how frequently each model is used and the tendency of its effectiveness as reflected in various literature findings. Based on the research resulth, the Likert scale is the most commonly used to evaluate students attitudes, while in the assessmentnof psychomotor aspects, performance observation is the primary technique of choice.    

In this article we discuss Pranks and Gimmicks from a Hadith Perspective. The issue of pranks and gimmicks has now become commonplace and often occurs in the public domain. Hadith is the second source of law after the Al-Qur'an and as a proposition containing ethical norms is also a relevant reference for addressing this issue. Therefore, this article aims to discuss the issue of pranks and gimmicks from a hadith perspective and how to apply the hadith in carrying out pranks and gimmicks. Pranks and gimmicks can be done as long as they promote the truth without causing anything negative to society and the people around them and vice versa. Which is explained from the Hadith which contains the Prophet Muhammad SAW's prohibition regarding the action of taking something even if the aim is to joke by lying. This research uses library research. By studying books, writings, reading books and journals and rivieuw literature from other references. As well as collecting hadiths related to the object being studied. This research aims to open up the public's perspective regarding prank and gimmicks trends so that people can review the principles of the Koran and Hadith. Pranks and gimmicks may be carried out on condition that they prioritize the principles of truth and do not harm the people around them. 

Elections are a fundamental element of democratic systems, granting citizens te political right to vote and be elected. This study aims to compare the implementation of citizens’ political right in elections under presidential and parliamentary democracy systems. The research method used is normative/doctrinal/library research. This study analyzes the differences in the exercise of political rights in both systems and their impact on the quality of democracy and citizen participation. The findings indicate that the presidential system allows voters to directly elect the head of state, providing strong legitimacy but posing a risk of political deadlock. In contrast, the parliamentary system emphasizes the election of parliament members, who then determine the head of government, offering flexibility but potentially leading to political instability. This study concludes that both systems have advantages and challenges in ensuring citizens’ political rights. Therefore, mechanisms should be developed to enhance political participation and ensure more democratic and inclusive elections.  

One of the key elements in a company is customer service, which must be supported by a conducive environment. A supportive environment can be an added value for the company. Companies that sell products must consider that good service will create a positive image in the eyes of customers, making them feel that their needs are met. This study examines the service model and mechanism at XYZ Restaurant. The purpose of this article is to identify the model and mechanism used in the budgeting process at XYZ Restaurant. The research method employed is library research. The findings indicate that XYZ Restaurant applies both Top-Down and Bottom-Up budgeting approaches and is capable of adopting a combined budgeting approach. The budgeting process at XYZ Restaurant involves setting the company's vision and strategy, budgeting determination, communication and commitment, budget implementation, as well as monitoring and evaluation.

This research aims to analyze the crisis communication strategy implemented by the government to address national issues that could put the ideology of Pancasila at risk. Using a case study approach, this study examines how the government managed communication during the crisis, including identifying key stakeholders, transferring messages, and using communication channels. This data was collected by analyzing political documents and media reports also library research. The results show that the effectiveness of government crisis communication is greatly influenced by the speed of response, transparency of information, and the ability to build an integrated dialog with different groups of people. In addition, this research also shows the importance of positive and continuous communication to incorporate state resistance to ideological threats. The effectiveness of this research provides the government and other interest groups with valuable findings in the development of effective communication strategies to maintain and strengthen the value of Pancasila on the issue of time challenges.

The urgency to strengthen the pedagogical competence of Islamic Elementary Teacher Education (PGMI) teachers has increased in line with 21st-century learning demands, which emphasize critical thinking, collaboration, and meaningful learning. However, in practice, many PGMI teachers still face significant gaps in understanding and applying constructivist approaches effectively. This article aims to analyze these gaps and evaluate the potential for developing pedagogical competencies within the framework of constructivist theory. This study adopts a qualitative approach using library research methods, gathering secondary data from scholarly literature, educational policies, and previous relevant studies. Data analysis was conducted through content analysis, applying the Miles and Huberman model. The findings reveal a persistent reliance on conventional teaching methods, limited pedagogical literacy regarding constructivism, and insufficient integration of theory into teacher education curricula and training. The study concludes that systemic reforms are required in curriculum design, teacher training, and institutional partnerships to bridge these pedagogical gaps. This article contributes both conceptually and practically to the development of constructivist-based learning models in Islamic elementary education. Field-based follow-up research is recommended to empirically strengthen these findings.

Catcalling, also known as street harassment, is a form of sexual harassment that occurs in public places. This form of harassment usually takes the form of unwanted, sexual, provocative or degrading comments or statements, and is often directed at other people, especially women. Many believe that catcalling is something common and normal, some even consider it a compliment or joke that usually occurs in public places. This research adopts a qualitative approach, collecting main data from hadiths contained in digital collections such as Maktabah Syamilah, Hadith Soft, and Hadith Encyclopedia Buku 9 Imams. Secondary data sources include literature related to catcalling cases. Data was collected through library research. This research uses thematic methods to analyze contemporary hadiths and applies grounded theory methods. This research reveals that catcalling has two types, namely verbal and non-verbal. The perpetrator often says words with the aim of teasing. And there are several precautions that we must take to prevent catcalling. These include guarding your words and actions, having the principles of ukhuwwah Islamiyyah, being silent, and not sitting on the side of the road.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the application of Indonesian language rules and analyze phonological and morphological errors. Indonesian as the official language of the country is able to unite various ethnicities and cultures spread throughout the country. Teaching Indonesian does not only focus on language rules, but also provides a solid foundation for students to develop their communication skills. The method in this study uses the library research method or can be called library research. This method is used by collecting data by analyzing or reading a book, journal, document analysis, other literature studies to analyze things that are relevant to the topic being discussed. This method is used because it is to explore theories about how to apply phonology and morphology and how to analyze errors that occur in phonology and morphology. In this library research, the author collects data and studies it gradually and analyzes theories in books, journals, and other literature studies.