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Learning design is a fundamental component in the educational process, as it serves as a foundation for teachers in planning, implementing, and evaluating learning activities systematically and purposefully. In the context of Islamic Religious Education (PAI), learning design has a broader role, not only focusing on the delivery of religious knowledge, but also encompassing the formation of character, morals, and strengthening Islamic values ​​in students. This paper discusses the general concept and function of learning design in PAI through theoretical studies from various literature and expert views. The results of the discussion indicate that PAI learning design must be prepared comprehensively by considering the components of objectives, materials, methods, media, and evaluation that are aligned with Islamic values. In addition, learning design serves as a practical guideline for teachers to create effective, efficient, innovative learning that is able to respond to the challenges of modern developments. Good learning design also contributes to increased learning motivation, optimal achievement of competencies, and the formation of students who are faithful, pious, and have good morals. Thus, understanding the concept and function of learning design is crucial for educators in their efforts to improve the quality of PAI learning as a whole.

Scientific writing plays an important role in developing knowledge and shaping the intellectual character of students. Through academic writing, students not only learn to organize ideas systematically but are also trained to think critically, analytically, and reflectively. This study employs a literature review method to examine the concepts, processes, and originality of scientific work based on academic theories and established scholarly standards. The findings indicate that writing scientific papers is not merely an academic requirement but also a reflection of logical, objective, and ethical thinking. A high-quality scientific work must demonstrate originality, intellectual honesty, and the proper application of scientific methods—from problem formulation and data collection to analysis and conclusion. In addition, scientific writing should contribute to the development of knowledge and offer solutions to current issues in society. Therefore, higher education institutions need to strengthen students’ scientific literacy, academic writing skills, and understanding of research ethics. These efforts are essential for fostering an academic culture that upholds integrity, encourages innovation, and prepares young scholars to become responsible and competitive individuals.

Customer satisfaction and loyalty are central issues in marketing management, as both play crucial roles in ensuring business sustainability amid increasing competition. Satisfied customers tend to make repeat purchases, provide positive recommendations, and build long-term relationships with the company. Therefore, understanding the factors that influence customer satisfaction and loyalty has become an important agenda for both academics and practitioners. This study aims to address two main questions: (1) What factors influence customer satisfaction? and (2) How does satisfaction contribute to the formation of customer loyalty? The method used is a literature review, selecting articles from various online databases such as ResearchGate, Academia, and open-access journals using the keywords customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. Of the 45 identified articles, 20 were selected for in-depth analysis. The review results reveal three main trends: first, service and product quality are the most consistent determinants of satisfaction; second, price, promotion, and brand image play significant roles; and third, customer trust is an essential variable that strengthens the satisfaction–loyalty relationship. Overall, satisfaction functions as the main mediating variable in the formation of customer loyalty.

This study aims to examine the conceptual understanding of second-semester students in the Islamic Religious Education program at STAI Al-Gazali Soppeng regarding the mental health course. A descriptive qualitative approach was used, with data collected through observation, interviews, oral tests, weekly quizzes, and video-based assignments. The results indicate that the majority of students demonstrated a good to excellent understanding of basic mental health concepts, as reflected by an average oral test score of 90. Students were also able to integrate Islamic values such as patience (sabr), gratitude (shukr), and trust in God (tawakkul) in addressing contemporary mental health issues. Weekly quizzes proved effective in enhancing engagement, content retention, and students’ reflective thinking. Additionally, video-based projects encouraged creativity, critical thinking, and the ability to contextualize course content in real-life situations. These findings suggest that active and contextual learning strategies significantly improve students’ conceptual understanding. The study recommends the wider adoption of similar approaches in teaching courses that incorporate Islamic values to foster awareness of the importance of mental health in students’ spiritual and social lives.

This research stems from the urgency of the role of public relations in Islamic educational institutions, particularly madrasas, which is increasingly complex and strategic in the current digital and information era. Public relations is not only tasked with disseminating information but also with building an image, maintaining public trust, and managing effective communication between the madrasa and various stakeholders such as students, parents, teachers, and the wider community. This study aims to identify and analyze the application of ethics and professionalism in public relations at SMP Plus Darus Sholah in Jember and its impact on the institution's image and public trust. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation. The findings indicate that the application of Islamic ethical values—such as shiddiq (honesty), amanah (trustworthiness), and tabligh (transparency)—in public relations practices significantly enhances the madrasa's credibility and public trust. Additionally, the professionalism of public relations officers, characterized by structured communication planning and interpersonal ethics, plays a crucial role in building a positive institutional image. However, challenges such as a lack of formal training and understanding of ethical standards remain. The implications of this study highlight the need for policy recommendations to enhance the capacity and integrity of public relations personnel in Islamic educational institutions to support their role as the forefront of institutional communication.

This study aims to describe the implementation of an active learning model based on collaboration to improve students’ conceptual understanding in Islamic Religious Education (PAI). The background of this research stems from the low level of student engagement in the learning process, which has resulted in less optimal understanding of religious concepts. The research employed a qualitative approach with a classroom action research (CAR) design conducted in two cycles. The subjects were eleventh-grade students at a senior high school in City X. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and conceptual understanding tests. The findings revealed that the implementation of the collaborative active learning model increased students’ participation in learning activities, fostered critical thinking skills, and enhanced their conceptual understanding of Islamic Education materials. Through group discussions, problem-solving activities, and reflection sessions, students became more cognitively and affectively engaged in the learning process. Therefore, the collaborative active learning model can serve as an effective alternative strategy to improve both the process and outcomes of Islamic Religious Education learning.

Conflict is an inseparable part of social interaction within organizational and educational life. When not properly managed, conflict can disrupt institutional stability and effectiveness. Therefore, understanding the definition of conflict and its management strategies is crucial for both academics and practitioners. This study aims to review recent literature on the definition of conflict and conflict management strategies in educational and organizational contexts, guided by two research questions: (1) how is conflict defined in the literature from 2020 to 2025, and (2) what conflict management strategies are most commonly applied across various contexts. The method used is a literature review, with data collected through Google Scholar and the Publish or Perish application using the keyword “definition of conflict.” From a total of 20 identified articles, 18 were selected through a screening process based on recency, open access, and topic relevance. The findings indicate that the definition of conflict is contextual and multidimensional, while the management strategies generally include communication, negotiation, and institutional policy.

Learning outcomes refer to the abilities that students possess after undergoing learning experiences, including their understanding and knowledge. This study examines the improvement of learning outcomes in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) by implementing differentiated instruction on the topic of Faith in the Messengers of Allah in Grade IV of SD Negeri 8 Limboto Barat, Gorontalo Regency. This research is a Classroom Action Research (CAR). Data collection techniques included observation, interviews, and documentation using research instruments such as teacher activity observation sheets, student activity observation sheets, tests, and student learning outcome sheets. The data analysis technique followed the procedures of classroom action research, employing both descriptive and quantitative analysis. The results of this study show that the implementation of differentiated instruction improved students' learning outcomes in the PAI subject on the topic of Faith in the Messengers of Allah. This improvement can be seen in the increase in teacher activity, which rose from 69% in Cycle I to 100% in Cycle II. Similarly, student learning activity increased from 56% in Cycle I to 83% in Cycle II. Student learning outcomes in PAI also improved significantly. In the pre-cycle phase, only 8 out of 20 students (40%) achieved mastery. This increased to 14 students (70%) in Cycle I with an average mastery score of 78.00, and further improved in Cycle II, with 19 students (95%) achieving mastery and an average score of 85.00.

Conflict is a universal phenomenon that emerges in various aspects of life, ranging from education, social interactions, and law to ecological systems. Its complex dynamics require a deeper understanding of both the underlying sources and levels of conflict to enable constructive management. This study aims to systematically review the literature on conflict with a focus on two key aspects: *sources of conflict* and *levels of conflict*. The method employed is a literature review by searching articles through Google Scholar and Publish or Perish (PoP) using the keywords “sources of conflict” and “levels of conflict.” From an initial pool of 30 articles, screening was conducted based on relevance, recency (2019–2025), and open access availability. The final selection yielded 7 articles for in-depth analysis. The findings indicate that sources of conflict include internal factors (psychological, values, communication), external factors (ecological, socio-cultural), and structural dimensions (legal, political). Levels of conflict were identified at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, and structural levels. This review highlights that conflict is a multidisciplinary phenomenon requiring integrative examination. The implications suggest the need for developing a cross-disciplinary conceptual framework to understand conflict comprehensively and to provide a stronger basis for more effective resolution strategies.

This study aims to explore the synergy between the teaching of Islamic creed and ethics (akidah akhlak) and the madrasa environment in shaping students’ honesty at MTsN 5 Bantul. The background of this research lies in the importance of honesty as a fundamental value in Islamic education, which is not only transmitted through classroom instruction but also cultivated through the school’s culture. This research employed a qualitative case study approach. Data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews with Islamic creed and ethics teachers, the principal, and eighth-grade students, as well as documentation of school programs. The findings reveal that the teaching of akidah akhlak serves as a normative foundation in instilling honesty values through lessons on shidiq, prophetic stories, real-life case discussions, and student reflections. The madrasa environment functions as a medium for habituating honesty through a religious culture, discipline, teacher role models, and everyday social interactions. In addition, character development programs such as Qur’anic recitation, morning prayers, and the Smile, Greeting, and Salutation (3S) movement further reinforce the internalization of honesty in a sustainable manner. The synergy between classroom learning, the school environment, and structured programs proves to be the key to successfully cultivating honesty, as students gain not only cognitive understanding but also affective experiences and practical application in daily school life. This study concludes that honesty-based character education must be carried out holistically by integrating akidah akhlak instruction with the madrasa culture. The findings are expected to serve as a reference for other madrasas in developing effective strategies for character education. Future research is recommended to conduct comparative studies across different madrasas or to explore other moral values such as trustworthiness, responsibility, and justice to provide a more comprehensive understanding of character education in Islamic contexts.

The character crisis and the weakening of Islamic understanding among the younger generation have become serious issues that need to be addressed starting from early childhood education. Kindergarten children are at a phase of fitrah development, which significantly determines the formation of their personality in the future. Islamic education is expected to provide a comprehensive solution in shaping the child's personality from an early age, balancing cognitive, emotional, social, and spiritual aspects. This study aims to examine the theoretical implementation of Islamic Montessori learning as a means of forming an integral Islamic personality in early childhood. Using a literature review approach and qualitative content analysis, this study examines various theories, previous research findings, and expert views sourced from books, journals, and scientific works related to early childhood education and Islamic education. The results show that Islamic Montessori significantly contributes to the development of an integral Islamic personality. Children not only develop cognitively and psychomotorically but also become accustomed to the habits of worship, discipline, responsibility, empathy, and respect for others. Through a conducive learning environment and direct practices of Islamic life, Islamic Montessori serves as a strategic tool in preparing a Muslim generation that is faithful, noble in character, with strong Islamic personality and independence.

Contemporary hadith thought emerged as an attempt to address the challenges of modernity, which demands a more contextual understanding of Islamic teachings. Various new approaches, such as historical-critical, hermeneutics, and the maqasid al-shari'ah (the principles of Islamic jurisprudence), have been developed to connect hadith texts with modern social, political, and scientific realities. This article examines critiques and reflections on contemporary hadith thought through an interdisciplinary approach. The results show that although contemporary approaches make significant contributions to revitalizing the relevance of hadith, they have weaknesses such as potential relativism, deconstruction of hadith authority, and a disconnect with the classical tradition of hadith scholars. Interdisciplinary reflection offers a middle ground by integrating hadith studies with the social sciences, humanities, and sciences, allowing understanding of hadith to continue to develop without losing its normative authority. This article emphasizes the importance of dialogue between classical traditions and modern approaches in maintaining a balance between fidelity to the text and contextual needs. An interdisciplinary approach to hadith studies can bridge these gaps by fostering dialogue between traditional Islamic scholarship and modern academic fields such as social sciences, humanities, and natural sciences. By combining these disciplines, scholars can explore how hadith texts can be interpreted in ways that are both faithful to their original meaning and responsive to contemporary challenges. This integration can help preserve the normative authority of hadith while addressing modern issues such as ethics, politics, and technology. Ultimately, the interdisciplinary approach provides a framework for reconciling the classical and modern understandings of hadith, ensuring that the teachings of Islam remain relevant and authoritative in today’s rapidly changing world.

This study aims to determine the effect of using religious content on social media on the understanding of Islamic Religious Education among students at SMK Negeri Gudo. The method used is quantitative with a correlational approach. The sample in this study consisted of 24 eleventh-grade students selected using purposive sampling. Data collection techniques employed a Likert scale questionnaire. The analysis results indicate a significant relationship between the use of religious content on social media and the understanding of Islamic Religious Education, as evidenced by a correlation coefficient value of 0.578 with a significance of 0.003 (< 0.05), indicating a moderate and significant correlation. This study concludes that social media can positively contribute to students’ religious understanding when used appropriately. This study also suggests that teachers and schools can utilize social media as an effective learning tool by guiding students to access quality and reliable religious content. Furthermore, it is crucial to improve students' digital literacy so they can effectively select information and avoid misleading content. Thus, the use of social media is not merely for entertainment but also as a tool that supports a more optimal understanding and strengthening of Islamic religious values.

This research focuses on the role of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers in actualizing the values of Ahlussunnah Wal Jamaah (Aswaja) Annahdliyah as one of the Islamic guidelines that develop and are firmly rooted in Indonesia. Aswaja values have distinctive characteristics that emphasize moderation, tolerance, and maintaining religious traditions that have been acculturated with local culture without abandoning the principles of Islamic law. In the context of education, Aswaja is an important foundation in shaping the character of students who are religious, nationalist, and able to appreciate diversity in a multicultural society. The purpose of this study is to find out: (1) how to implement the role of PAI teachers in integrating Aswaja values in the learning process at MA NU Assalafie Babakan Ciwaringin Cirebon, (2) problems that arise in the actualization process, such as limited student understanding, differences in family backgrounds, to the challenges of globalization currents that can affect religious understanding, and (3) efforts made by teachers to overcome them, for example, through a personal approach, strengthening Aswaja-based teaching materials, and collaboration with schools and parents. This study uses a qualitative method with a field study approach. Data was obtained through observation, in-depth interviews with madrasah heads, deputy heads of student affairs, and five PAI teachers, and documentation of learning activities. Data analysis was carried out through the stages of reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawn, then tested for validity with the source triangulation technique. The results of the study show that the role of PAI teachers is very crucial in maintaining the value of Aswaja so that it remains relevant and internalized in students.

This research is motivated by the importance of achieving the success of the tahfidz program at the Tebuireng 08 Islamic Boarding School in Banten, which faces a number of limitations in strategic management aspects. Therefore, this research focuses on planning, evaluation, and exploration of internal and external factors that have the potential to influence the success of the tahfidz program. The theoretical framework used in this research is the theory of strategic management and the theory of Al-Qur'an memorization, which are considered relevant to understanding the dynamics of the implementation of the tahfidz program in Islamic boarding schools. This research uses a qualitative approach with the aim of digging in depth information related to the strategies, mechanisms, and practices of implementing the tahfidz program at the Tebuireng 08 Islamic Boarding School. The data collection process was carried out through in-depth exploration so that a real picture of the program planning and implementation was obtained. The results of the study indicate that the tahfidz program is implemented through tiered stages starting from the formulation of the institution's vision, mission, and objectives, then translated into the form of a tahfidz program as the main program. The findings of this study confirm that the planning of the tahfidz program at the Tebuireng 08 Islamic Boarding School (Pondok Pesantren Tebuireng 08) adheres to strategic management principles, particularly through a trend-watching mechanism that takes into account the internal and external conditions of the Islamic boarding school. This makes the planning more implementable and focused on achieving the desired goals. Furthermore, the program's success is supported by a continuous evaluation mechanism that allows for dynamic improvements and adjustments. Thus, this study emphasizes that the success of the tahfidz program is determined not only by spiritual aspects, but also by strategic management that is systematic, planned, and adaptive to environmental changes.

Curriculum management is a fundamental aspect in the education system that integrates all components of learning to achieve educational goals effectively and efficiently. This article aims to examine the concept, principles, and implementation of curriculum management and evaluate the challenges faced in practice in educational units. With a qualitative approach based on literature studies, this study found that good curriculum management is based on the principles of productivity, democratization, efficiency, and stakeholder involvement. However, obstacles such as lack of teacher competence, limited facilities, and lack of understanding of the curriculum are the main obstacles. Therefore, evaluation and strengthening of teacher capacity and provision of facilities are strategic steps in improving the quality of education through adaptive and contextual curriculum management.

This study examines landslide disasters through a scientific interpretation approach to the verses of the Qur'an, focusing on the landslide incident at the Cilowong Final Waste Disposal Site (TPSA), Banten. Landslide disasters are not only viewed as natural events, but also as a form of divine warning reflected in QS. Ar-Rum verse 41. This study was conducted using the thematic method (maudhu'i) and a qualitative approach through literature and documentation studies. The results of the study indicate that the verses of the Qur'an contain scientific signs that can be aligned with contemporary science, but still require a careful interpretation method so as not to deviate from their original meaning. The landslide case in Cilowong reflects the negative impacts of unwise environmental management and emphasizes the need for synergy between religious values ​​and scientific knowledge in disaster management efforts. This study emphasizes the importance of collective awareness in preserving nature while making the Qur'an a spiritual guide in understanding and responding to natural phenomena.    

Learning evaluation is an important component in the educational process that aims to determine the extent to which the success of the learning process has been achieved. In the context of Islamic Religious Education (Islamic education), evaluation not only assesses cognitive aspects, but also affective and psychomotor. This article discusses the basic concept of evaluation and its implications in evaluating Islamic education learning in schools. Through a literature review, this paper emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive understanding of evaluation to produce an effective Islamic education learning process.

This study aims to analyze the influence of discipline in congregational prayer and understanding of religious sermons (kultum) on the spiritual intelligence of 8th-grade students at SMPN 1 Jetis. Spiritual intelligence is important in shaping students' character and morals. However, several issues were identified, such as tardiness in congregational prayers, preference for sitting in the back rows, and lack of understanding of the messages conveyed in the sermons. This research employed a quantitative correlational non-experimental method with simple random sampling. Data collection was conducted through questionnaires and documentation.The results of the study show that: (1) Discipline in congregational prayer has a significant effect on spiritual intelligence, with the regression equation Y = 16.723 + 0.501X1, a P-value of 0.000 < 0.05, and an R² value of 21.4%; (2) Understanding of sermons also has a significant effect, with the equation Y = 22.301 + 0.341X1, a P-value of 0.000 < 0.05, and an R² value of 23.6%; (3) The combination of discipline in prayer and understanding of sermons has a simultaneous effect on spiritual intelligence with the model Y = 15.702 + 0.307X1 + 0.234X2, a P-value of 0.000 < 0.05, and an R² value of 29.3%. Therefore, improving discipline in prayer and understanding of sermons can enhance spiritual intelligence.

This research was conducted at MAN 2 Karawang, focusing on the analysis of Al-Qur'an and Hadith learning, particularly regarding methods, facilities, as well as supporting and inhibiting factors. The location was chosen based on the school's commitment to developing flagship programs such as the Tahfidz Al-Qur'an (Qur'an memorization) and Rohis (Islamic Spiritual) mentoring, alongside the challenges faced in optimizing the memorization of Juz 30 and students' understanding of Arabic script. The research method used a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that innovative methods such as Market Place Activity, Snowball Throwing, and Role Play proved effective in increasing student participation and comprehension. Facilities such as a large TV for Tahsin (Qur'an recitation improvement) and a Rohis room also served as key supporting factors. However, obstacles such as extreme weather and power outages occasionally disrupted the learning process. In conclusion, a combination of creative methods, adequate facilities, and teacher adaptability played a crucial role in the success of Al-Qur'an and Hadith learning at MAN 2 Karawang, although infrastructure improvements are needed to address technical challenges.