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This study presents an analysis of the characteristics of Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in the questions found in the chapter on human body structure and function in an eighth-grade textbook aligned with the Merdeka Curriculum used at SMP Muhammadiyah 10 Bandung. The aim of this research is to identify the characteristics of HOTS questions contained in the textbook. The method employed in this study is a descriptive qualitative approach, wherein the content is analyzed by grouping questions categorized as HOTS, analyzing the characteristics of HOTS question types, and categorizing the questions to determine whether they qualify as HOTS. The data is then recorded on an identification sheet. The results indicate that most of the questions meet HOTS criteria, accounting for 68%, while a smaller portion falls under the category of Lower-Order Thinking Skills (LOTS). The HOTS questions take four forms: case excerpts, images, graphs, and tables. This research is expected to contribute to the development of question items that align with the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum..  

In various types of statistical analysis, the Weibull distribution is an important continuous probability distribution. One crucial aspect of studying this distribution is estimating its parameters. The maximum likelihood method is the approach used for the two-parameter Weibull distribution. This method aims to determine the parameter values by maximizing the likelihood function based on the available data. The advantages of the maximum likelihood method lie in its properties, such as consistency, efficiency, and asymptotic normality. Since the form of the likelihood function in the Weibull distribution is quite complex and cannot be solved analytically, numerical solutions are required. One approach used is the Newton-Raphson method, which serves to approximate the parameter values or find the optimal solution.

Attractive teaching methods and materials in the 21st century are very necessary to increase students' active role and interest in learning. One approach that has been integrated is the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) learning model. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of implementing a STEM learning model based on Project-Based Learning (PjBL) in increasing students' understanding of the human respiratory system. The research method used was experimental, with practicum related to the dangers of smoking as part of the learning implementation. The research subjects involved 23 grade 8 students at SMP Muhammadiyah 10 Bandung. The experimental class was given PjBL-based STEM learning with an interactive practicum approach. The research results showed a significant increase in understanding in the experimental class based on pretest and posttest analysis using statistical tests. This research reveals that this approach is effective in increasing student engagement, facilitating holistic understanding of concepts, and motivating students to think critically about the negative impacts of smoking on the respiratory system. Hands-on experimental activities also strengthen the connection between theory and practice. Thus, the application of the PjBL-based STEM learning model through practicum on the dangers of smoking has proven to be effective in increasing students' understanding of the respiratory system. This research recommends using a similar model in the curriculum to optimize student learning outcomes, especially in the field of science.

This study aims to analyze the impact of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model on the learning outcomes of intellectually disabled 11th-grade students at SLB Negeri Sukapura, Kiaracondong District, Bandung City, in science subjects. The study involved two students with IQ ranges between 40-67. A collaborative approach was used, involving researchers and teachers to observe students' activities during problem-based learning sessions. Data were collected through observations, interviews, and learning outcome tests. The results indicated that implementing PBL positively influenced students' engagement and understanding, particularly among students with higher IQs. However, challenges persisted for students with lower IQs, requiring adjusted teaching methods for greater effectiveness. The application of PBL demonstrated an average improvement in learning outcomes, although some students did not meet the minimum mastery criteria. This study suggests further enhancements in the implementation of PBL to optimize learning experiences for intellectually disabled students.

This study aims to analyze the factors influencing the learning motivation of Grade X students at SMAN 1 Cigudeg. A qualitative approach with a literature review method was used, gathering data from relevant secondary sources. Based on the analysis of literature, it was found that internal factors such as Self-efficacy and interest play an important role in student motivation, while external factors such as the role of teachers, paren al support, and the learning environment have a greater impact. The use of technology and social interaction also influence students' motivation. The study’s findings show that external factors have the largest contribution to students' learning motivation. This research is expected to provide deeper insights into student motivation in secondary education.

In learning mathematics, one of the abilities that must be possessed by students is the ability of students to communicate mathematically so that students can play an active role in the learning process. The purpose of this study was to explore effective strategies in improving students' mathematical communication skills. This research is a qualitative descriptive study which was conducted on April 16, 2022. The subjects of this study consisted of 13 teachers who taught mathematics in the West Bogor area. The subject-taking technique in this study used a Purposive Sampling Technique. Based on the results of this study, effective strategies in improving students' mathematical communication skills can be carried out in various ways, namely by using student-centered learning models, diverse learning methods, comfortable and pleasant classroom atmosphere, providing positive feedback, ways of asking questions by asking questions. using lighter questions, language that is easy to understand and relates to applications in everyday life.

Learning the concepts of Greatest Common Factor (GCF) and Least Common Multiple (LCM) at the elementary school level faces significant challenges due to their abstract and complex nature. This study aims to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of innovative learning strategies using the congklak game in enhancing students' understanding of GCF and LCM concepts. The research employed a Research and Development (R&D) methodology with the ADDIE model, involving 14 fifth-grade students from SDS Nahdlatul Ulama Medan as research subjects. The congklak game was developed as an interactive learning tool that integrates traditional game elements with mathematical concepts. Implementation was conducted through structured phases including needs analysis, media design, prototype development, learning implementation, and outcome evaluation. Research findings demonstrate significant improvements in students' conceptual understanding and learning outcomes. The use of congklak media successfully created contextual learning experiences that enabled students to visualize abstract GCF and LCM concepts through manipulation of congklak seeds. This strategy also increased active student engagement, promoted collaborative learning, and created an enjoyable learning atmosphere. Data analysis showed improved average student scores and higher learning mastery rates compared to conventional teaching methods. This study provides practical contributions to the development of mathematics teaching strategies at the elementary school level, particularly in teaching GCF and LCM concepts. The research findings recommend the use of congklak media as an effective alternative for enhancing the quality of meaningful mathematics learning oriented toward conceptual understanding.

This research aims to analyze the types of errors made by fifth grade elementary school students in solving mathematical problems. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with a case study approach. The research subjects were 25 students who were selected based on the criteria of various academic abilities and difficulties in problem solving. Data was collected through mathematical problem solving tests, semi-structured interviews, and observations. The research results showed that students' errors in solving mathematical problems were divided into three types, namely: conceptual errors (44%), procedural errors (36%), and calculation errors (20%). Conceptual errors occur due to students' lack of understanding of basic mathematical principles, such as fractional number operations. Procedural errors are caused by students' ignorance in determining systematic steps to solve problems. Meanwhile, calculation errors arise due to students' low accuracy and concentration. This research recommends using a problem-based learning approach and interactive media to increase students' understanding of concepts. Apart from that, providing varied practice questions and feedback can help students correct their mistakes. Thus, students' mathematical problem solving abilities are expected to increase significantly.

The purpose of writing this article is to find out in full about the Effectiveness of Monitoring and Evaluation in the Implementation of Educational Policy approaches and challenges. This article is compiled by means of a literature study using qualitative research methods. Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of educational policy is a systematic process used to measure, monitor, and assess the implementation of educational policies and their impact on predetermined objectives. Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) plays an important role in ensuring the success of educational policy implementation. This article examines the main approaches used in M&E of educational policies and the challenges faced in the process. This article provides strategic recommendations for improving the effectiveness of M&E in the educational context, so that policies can produce significant and sustainable impacts.

This research aims to see the effect of the project based learning model on the ability to understand concepts in fraction material in fourth grade elementary school. This type of research is a quantitative approach and uses a quasi-experiment method. The design in this study was a nonequivalent control group design, namely using two classes, namely class IVB as the experimental class and IVA as the control class which was obtained randomly. The experimental class will be given PjBL learning model treatment and the control class will receive conventional treatment. This study gave a pre-test to both classes before giving treatment to both classes and gave a post-test to the class after receiving treatment. Based on the results of the hypothesis test data analysis that the researchers carried out, significant independent t-test results obtained for the initial and final values ​​of the experimental class and control class were 0.027. Based on these results, a significant value of 0.027 <0.05 was obtained, so Ha was accepted and Ho was rejected. Thus, it can be concluded that there is an influence of the project based learning model on the ability to understand concepts in fraction material in class IV elementary school.

A pension fund program is a crucial instrument in the social security system, playing a vital role in ensuring economic stability and financial well-being for individuals in their later years. This program is designed as a form of long-term financial planning aimed at providing protection for workers after they enter retirement. Through this, workers are promised structured benefits in the form of pension funds or allowances, ensuring sustainable income security. Long-term financial planning, particularly for retirement, has become an essential need in the modern economy. This research explores the implementation of actuarial approaches in pension fund calculations utilizing Python programming to enhance the calculation process. The research aims to determine the total promised pension funds allocated across the working period to calculate funding requirements more systematically. Simulated data is used to compare manual calculation results with Python-based estimations. Python is expected to provide additional efficiency in estimating future pension needs. The findings demonstrate that actuarial calculation methods, supported by programming technology, can enhance accuracy in projections and assist in determining the appropriate amount for pension fund programs.

This article discusses the urgency of crossword puzzle-based IPAS learning media that is effective in increasing student participation in the learning process in grade V elementary school. This method allows discussion in large and small groups, learners can participate in learning activities. Creating fun learning and making it easier for students to achieve learning goals both in cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspects. . This article uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method to explore various studies related to the use of crossword puzzle-based IPAS learning media. Currently, there are many learning models introduced by each teacher in school. The development of education in Indonesia still does not educate students' creativity because schools only measure students' cognitive levels so that the level of creativity of students in Indonesia is low. Learning media using crossword puzzles is proposed as a solution to increase student creativity, especially in elementary school students. So this research has the aim of analyzing the benefits of crossword puzzles as a means of increasing student creativity. This analysis was carried out by collecting various sources of scientific literature related to the research variables. The results of the literature review research show that learning media using crossword puzzles can increase the creativity of elementary school students.

Education policy functions as a framework that sets educational standards and goals, so as to ensure that all students have equal access to resources and learning opportunities. Through the development of relevant curricula and quality teacher training, education policies can improve teacher competency, which in turn has a positive impact on student learning outcomes. In addition, educational policies also include systematic monitoring and evaluation to identify areas of improvement, thereby enabling the necessary adjustment strategies to meet students' needs more effectively. This research aims to determine the role of change management in order to determine the role of educational policy in improving the quality of education for students. In this research, qualitative methods were used through literature. Well-designed education policies can improve access to education for all students. Education policy also plays an important role in improving the quality of teaching through continuous training for teachers. Participation of parents and communities in supporting educational policies.

This study aims to determine the influence of interactive learning media on basic mathematics understanding in MIN 7 Tapteng. Interactive media in mathematics education such as simulations, animations, and educational games allow for a more interesting and fun way of learning so as to increase learning motivation. This type of research is quantitative research using the experimental method. The population in this study is all grade I students in MIN 7 Tapteng and the sample is 30 students. The research instrument used is a written test in the form of a description.  Meanwhile, the data analysis techniques used are normality test, homogeneity test and hypothesis test. The results of the study show that there is an influence of interactive learning media on basic mathematics understanding in MIN 7 Tapteng. This can be seen from the average score of the pretest is 49.2 and the average score of the posttest is 72.6. Based on these results, there is a significant increase in the understanding of Basic Mathematics in MIN 7 Tapteng by applying interactive learning media. Then based on the calculations carried out using the t-test, it shows that the tcount > ttable is 9.78 > 2.048.  From the test criteria, Ha is accepted, meaning that there is an influence of interactive learning media on basic mathematics understanding in MIN 7 Tapteng.

This article reviews the implementation of the Independent Curriculum in the learning process of Pancasila and Citizenship Education (PPKn) subjects using literature analysis. The Independent Curriculum is an innovative step that aims to improve the quality of learning by providing flexibility for teachers and students. Its implementation in PPKn has been applied in several schools such as SMA Negeri 1 Pringgabaya and MA Negeri 1 Ngawi. The findings show that the Independent Curriculum in PPKn is implemented using open modules, formative and summative assessments, and project-based, collaborative, and problem-based learning methods. The use of the Independent Curriculum allows students to express themselves, learn independently, and develop their talents and abilities. This article states that the implementation of the Independent Curriculum in PPKn has the potential to improve the quality of meaningful learning and in accordance with the needs of students.

This study aims to improve the literacy skills of fifth-grade students at SDN Citarik III through the implementation of thematic learning. The method used in this research is Classroom Action Research (CAR), which was conducted in two cycles. Each cycle consisted of planning, action, observation, and reflection. The results of the study showed significant improvement in the students' literacy skills, reflected in the increased literacy test scores and active student involvement in group discussions. The thematic learning approach successfully enhanced students' reading, writing, and critical thinking skills. This improvement was more evident in the second cycle, where the majority of students showed significant progress in their literacy abilities.

This research aims to analyze the obstacles faced in learning flat shapes in elementary schools, both by teachers and students. The research method used is descriptive qualitative through observation and interviews with teachers in elementary schools. The research results show that the main obstacles faced by teachers are limited interactive learning media and limited time to practice the material in depth. Meanwhile, obstacles for students are difficulties in understanding abstract concepts and lack of interest in mathematical material. Based on the results of the analysis, this research suggests using more varied learning media and developing more interactive teaching strategies to increase students' understanding and interest in learning flat figures.

This study aims to examine the impact of using visual aids on students' mathematics achievement in division material at the elementary school level. The method implemented was a quasi-experiment using a pretest-posttest group design. The subjects of this study were third-grade elementary school students, divided into two groups: the experimental group, which used visual aids, and the control group, which applied conventional methods. The study's findings indicate that the experimental group, which applied visual aids, showed a significant improvement in mathematics achievement, particularly in division material. The average pretest score of the experimental group was 75.2, while the posttest score increased to 80.9. Based on data analysis, it can be concluded that the use of visual aids has a positive impact on students' mathematics achievement in division material.

This research was conducted to find out the extent of students' thinking skills using a realistic mathematical approach or the realistic mathematic education (RME) approach. This approach uses a qualitative method with a descriptive qualitative approach. The tenic used is observation and wawwancara. This research was conducted by us Mataram State Islamic University students. This study is located in MIN LLL Mataram City precisely in class V teachers. The researcher also analyzes with qualitative data analysis, based on the results obtained from observations and interviews, it shows that students' creative thinking skills use realistic mathematical approaches are still less, because teachers need a long time To be able to make students understand related to learning mathematics using PMR, and students assume that learning mathematics is very difficult.

This study aims to determine the effect of Polya's strategy in improving students' interpretation ability in solving problems contained in story problems on mixed number operations. The method used in this research is a pre-experimental design method with one-group pretest-posttest design type with quantitative research model. The population used in this study were grade V students of SDN X, Lubang Buaya Village, Cipayung District, East Jakarta as many as 13 students. The research data collection technique is using multiple choice questions and essay instruments given to students at the beginning and end of learning. The results showed that there was an influence on students' interpretation ability in solving math story problems on mixed number counting operation material.  This is evidenced by the results of the Paired Sample T-test data analysis with a significance value <0.05, which is 0.000 so that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. So it can be concluded that there is an influence on the ability to interpret math story problems on mixed number operations using Polya's learning strategy for fifth grade students at SD X.