This study examines the competitive dynamics in Southeast Asia under the frameworks of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP), two key strategies reshaping the region’s geopolitical and economic landscape. Using a qualitative approach supported by extensive literature review, the research applies Kenneth Waltz's Power Balance Theory to analyze this rivalry. The BRI has accelerated infrastructure development and regional connectivity, strengthening economic ties between China and Southeast Asian nations. However, it raises concerns over economic dependence and the potential for China to exert undue political influence. On the other hand, the FOIP seeks to counterbalance China’s influence by enhancing alliances and security partnerships led by the United States and its allies. This rivalry creates a complex scenario for Southeast Asian countries, requiring them to navigate economic opportunities while addressing geopolitical risks. The study highlights how these initiatives influence foreign policy strategies across the region and their broader implications for stability and security. By exploring the interplay of economic and strategic factors, the research deepens understanding of Southeast Asia’s evolving power dynamics and provides insights into managing the challenges posed by these competing frameworks. This analysis enriches the discourse on the region’s critical role in a contested global order.

Introduction: This article examined how internet regulations in Indonesia, specifically the Electronic Information and Transactions (EIT) Law, impacted freedom of expression in the digital space from 2008 to 2021.
Methods: Qualitative research was conducted, employing a case study approach, utilizing literature studies and analyzing articles related to the EIT Law and freedom of expression violations.
Findings: The study identified 371 instances where the EIT Law was used to prosecute individuals, often those exposing criminal activity online, highlighting a concerning trend of criminalizing victims. Articles 27, 28, and 29 were particularly problematic due to their ambiguity, creating opportunities to suppress online discourse. This analysis revealed a concerning pattern of the EIT Law being used to restrict digital freedom of expression and public participation, aligning with Althusser's (1970) concept of a repressive state apparatus. The research identified the government, entrepreneurs, and the police as the primary actors utilizing the EIT Law, often to the detriment of civil society members, reflecting the concept of hegemony. This study recommends further research into the EIT Law's impact on digital freedom of expression, focusing on the legislative process, the experiences of those affected by the law, and comparative analyses with other countries. Investigating the evolving landscape of digital rights about state control and corporate.
Originality: This manuscript addressed a significant gap in existing literature by providing an in-depth analysis of the practical implications of Indonesia's Information and Electronic Transactions (ITE) Law on digital freedom of expression.

This study aims to explore the strategies employed by teachers in addressing the needs of students with dyslexia in elementary schools. Specifically, the research seeks to gain an in-depth understanding of the approaches utilized by teachers at SD Negeri 03 Karangbangun when supporting dyslexic students. Data collection methods included observation, interviews, documentation, and data processing aligned with the research focus. To ensure data validity, triangulation techniques were employed by comparing findings from observations and interviews. Data analysis was conducted interactively. The participants involved were fourth- and fifth-grade teachers, as well as a fifth-grade student with dyslexia. The findings of this study indicate that the strategies used by teachers to support dyslexic students in elementary schools include: (1) providing individualized assistance through extended learning time focused on activities such as spelling, reading, and writing; and (2) utilizing information technology-based tools, such as Word Wall or engaging instructional videos, to create a supportive and stimulating learning environment for dyslexic students.

In learning activities, there are many methods that teachers can use in teaching, one of which is the varied lecture method. However, this varied lecture method is often considered boring by students. History teachers are one of the teachers who often use the lecture method, whether it's varied lectures or regular lectures. This is one of the reasons students think history is boring. When students feel bored while studying, the learning outcomes obtained by students will decrease. In this case the author aims to see whether varied lecture methods are still effective for use in learning so that they can improve student learning outcomes. The method in this research is a quantitative method using an approach in the form of direct observation. The population of this study was Class 11 of SMA Negeri 1 Sungai Pinang with the sample taken being Class 11 IPS2, totaling 20 people. The research results obtained were that student learning outcomes increased by 36.5% with pre-test results of 31.5% and post-test results of 68%. This means that varied lecture methods are still effective for use in the learning process because they are able to improve student learning outcomes. 

This research aims to explore the implementation of the policy of prohibiting the use of gadgets at SMK Negeri 1 Sigumpar and its impact on the learning process and students' ethical views in the context of Christian education. The increasingly widespread use of gadgets among students has both positive and negative impacts, including dependence on technology and potential disruption in the learning process. Using qualitative methods, data was collected through interviews with teachers, students and parents, as well as observations of the implementation of these policies in schools. The results of the research show that the policy of banning gadgets at SMK Negeri 1 Sigumpar has had a positive impact, such as increasing student concentration, reducing distractions, and increasing social interaction in the classroom. From an ethical perspective, this policy provides important lessons about managing technology in an educational context, taking into account the balance between the use of technology and the need for healthy interpersonal relationships in the school environment. Therefore, although banning gadgets provides benefits in reducing disruption to learning, schools need to consider improving facilities and teaching methods that support education without ignoring technological developments. This policy should be supported by training for teachers and students as well as parental involvement in the process of monitoring the wise use of technology.

This research aims to find out how effective strategies are for accompanying teachers to encourage social interaction for children with special needs in regular classes. The aim of this research is also to increase the social interaction of children with special needs in regular classes and the involvement and social engagement of children with special needs in regular classrooms and to identify effective strategies used by supporting teachers. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews, documentation and data processing according to the research focus. Data validity testing was carried out through technical triangulation. Technical data analysis is carried out interactively. The informants involved were teachers accompanying slow learner students. The research results show that the strategies for encouraging social interaction for slow learner students are: 1) strategies for creating an inclusive environment, 2) collaboration strategies with related parties, especially parents, 3) strategies for differentiated teaching techniques to meet the individual needs of children in the class.

Ethnomathematics is the study of mathematics that examines the correlation between mathematics and cultural activities within a particular community. Ethnomathematics refers to an activity in society that is carried out in daily activities as a culture related to mathematics.  This culture is found in cultural heritage related to General Soedirman, one of which is Batik Soedirman. Soedirman Batik is a new innovation in batik craftsmanship found in Purbalingga Regency. This research aims to explore the mathematical elements in Soedirman Batik motifs. The researcher employed qualitative research methods with an ethnographic approach. The subjects of this study included the Regional National Crafts Council of Purbalingga, Wastralingga Batik Center, the owner of Tien Batik Center, and batik artisans. Data collection techniques involved interviews, observations, and documentation. Data analysis was conducted using Spradley's model, which includes domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, componential analysis, and thematic analysis. The results of this study indicate the presence of mathematical elements such as repeating patterns, unit conversion, plane figures, lines, congruence, geometric transformations, and trigonometric function graphs in the Soedirman Batik motifs.

Students with small speech limitations have low self-confidence which makes it difficult for them to interact with other students. The first aim of writing this article is to describe the role of teachers in increasing the self-confidence of students with limited speech in elementary schools. Second, to describe the self-confidence of students with limited speech in elementary school. This research uses qualitative research. The subjects in this research were teachers, school principals and students with mild speech impairment. The results of this study show that students with limited speech have low self-confidence and have sensitive feelings. The teacher's role is to create a friendly, comfortable environment, provide equal attention, provide opportunities for opinions, and carry out group activities as an effort to increase the self-confidence of students with disabilities. In this research it can be concluded that teachers have an important role in increasing self-confidence in students, especially those who have speech limitations or are speech impaired.
 
Peserta didik dengan keterbatasan bicara ringan, memiliki kepercayaan diri rendah yang membuat mereka sulit berinteraksi dengan peserta didik lainnya. Tujuan pertama dari penulisan artikel ini yaitu untuk mendeskripsikan peran guru dalam meningkatkan kepercayaan diri peserta didik dengan keterbatasan berbicara ringan di sekolah dasar. Kedua, untuk mendeskripsikan kepercayaan diri peserta didik dengan keterbatasan berbicara ringan di sekolah dasar. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah guru, kepala sekolah dan peserta didik penyandang gangguan tuna wicara ringan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa peserta didik dengan keterbatasan berbicara ringan memiliki kepercayaan diri yang rendah dan memiliki perasaan sensitif. Guru berperan menciptakan lingkungan yang ramah, nyaman, memberikan perhatian yang merata, memberi kesempatan berpendapat, melakukan kegiatan berkelompok sebagai upaya peningkatan kepercayaan diri peserta didik dengan keterbatasan. Dalam penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa guru memiliki peran penting dalam meningkatkan rasa percaya diri pada peserta didik. Terutama yang memiliki keterbatasan berbicara atau tuna wicara.

Research on place attachment (an individual's emotional bond with their environment) and pro-environmental behavior (attitudes and actions to protect the environment) is important to understand how an individual's emotional bond with their environment can influence pro-environmental behavior, especially for students. This study aims to evaluate the level of place attachment and pro-environmental behavior among junior high school students in Samarinda and examine the correlation between the two variables. This study used a quantitative approach with survey techniques. The research sample consisted of 378 junior high school students in Samarinda who were randomly selected. Data were collected using questionnaires. The results showed that the level of place attachment of junior high school students in Samarinda was 3.75 which was categorized as moderate, while the level of pro-environmental behavior was 3.58 which was also categorized as moderate. A positive but very low correlation existed between place attachment and pro-environmental behavior. This study shows the importance of considering place attachment factors in developing approaches to improve pro-environmental behavior among secondary school students.

Education is a critical determinant of a nation's intellectual development and plays a pivotal role in enhancing the skills and capabilities of its human resources. However, a lack of collaboration or teamwork among students during discussions often hinders the learning process from achieving its intended outcomes. This study aims to identify media that can foster students' cooperative attitudes.  The research employs a descriptive method with a qualitative approach, seeking to describe the application of the card sorting media in promoting students' collaborative attitudes during science lessons at MI Nurul Islam Mayangan. The study participants consist of all 15 fifth-grade students at MI Nurul Islam.  The implementation of science lessons using card sorting media has proven highly effective, as evidenced by the students' engagement and active participation during the activities. The findings indicate that the use of card sorting media in science learning at MI Nurul Islam positively impacts students, particularly by enhancing their collaboration and active involvement. Based on these findings, it is recommended that teachers integrate card sorting media more frequently in their lessons to support the development of students' cooperative attitudes, especially in science subjects.