Literary works, especially drama, often reflect the complexity of human psychology through character development and internal conflict. One of the most profound ways to explore this complexity is through psychoanalytic theory, which reveals how unconscious forces shape human behavior. The objective of this study is to analyze personality development in William Shakespeare’s drama Macbeth through the lens of Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. This study employs descriptive qualitative method to explore the inner conflicts experienced by the main character, Macbeth, which are categorized into Freud’s structural personality model: the id, ego, and superego. The results of the data were found that the most dominant component was the id (50%), followed by the ego (30.56%) and the superego (19.44%). The dominance of the id appears in Macbeth's ambition and unconscious desires that lead him to commit murder and violence to gain power. The ego appears when Macbeth tries to think rationally and consider the consequences of his actions, especially when he hesitates or plans strategically before taking any steps. The superego is found in Macbeth’s feelings of guilt and remorse after killing King Duncan, which show his moral awareness and internal punishment. The psychological tension caused by the conflict among the three components of personality reflects Macbeth’s mental transformation from a noble man to a tyrant driven by fear, guilt, and obsession. The final conclusion is that the id is the most dominant factor influencing Macbeth’s downfall, as his uncontrolled desires overpower his rational mind and moral conscience, causing his psychological destruction. This study shows that psychoanalytic theory can be a powerful tool to uncover the internal struggles of literary characters and explain how hidden psychological forces shape their fate.

This study aims to compare the advantages and disadvantages of the Islamic economic system and the conventional economic system, with a descriptive qualitative literature study approach. The Islamic economic system is based on sharia principles such as justice, mutual assistance, balance, and prohibition of usury, gharar, and maysir practices. This system issues a fair distribution of wealth based on ethical values. Meanwhile, the conventional economic system, both capitalist and socialist, places more emphasis on market efficiency, individual freedom, and varying state interventions. The results of the study indicate that the Islamic economic system excels in aspects of social justice and economic ethics, while the conventional economic system is more flexible and innovative, but tends to create economic inequality. This study is expected to provide insight into making fairer and more sustainable economic policies.

This research aims to test whether the use of the problem based learning model assisted by the Kahoot application has an effect on the learning outcomes of class X students. The research sample consisted of 50 students in classes X A and X B using Shapiro Wilk. This research uses quantitative methods with a Quasi Experimental Design and a Nonequivalent Pretest-Posttest control group design scheme. Data was collected through pretest and posttest to obtain the N-Gain Score value between the experimental class and the control class. with a sampling technique using a purposive sampling method. Data analysis was carried out using parametric statistical tests, namely the independent sample t-test. Data analysis results Based on the results of data analysis obtained during the research, it shows that the N-gain score for the experimental class got an average score of 79.99 (80%) which was categorized as effective in using the problem based learning model assisted by the Kahoot application, while the control class got an average score of 15.13 (16%) which was categorized as ineffective in using conventional learning (lectures, discussions and questions and answers). When the hypothesis test was carried out using the independent sample t-test, Sig was obtained. (2-tailed) 0.000 ≤ 0.05 so there is a significant difference between the experimental class and the control class. Thus Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. So it can be concluded that there is a significant influence of the PBL model assisted by the Kahoot application in geography subjects on the learning outcomes of class X SMA Sinar Pancasila students.

In the era of rapidly developing e-commerce, one of which is the Shopee platform, consumers are often faced with a variety of seemingly unlimited product choices. The Paradox of Choice is a psychological phenomenon that explains how too many choices can cause confusion and dissatisfaction, even inhibiting purchasing decisions. The development of e-commerce has increased the number of product choices available to consumers. This study shows that too many choices can cause a paradox of choice, which can affect consumer decisions. This study aims to investigate the effect of the paradox of choice on consumption in e-commerce, especially Shopee. This article uses a quantitative research method that is strengthened by primary data based on the results of a questionnaire given to several respondents. The results of the study show that the paradox of choice can affect consumer decisions and reduce consumption. Therefore, this study concludes that e-commerce needs to develop strategies to reduce consumer cognitive load and improve the overall shopping experience.

The implementation of the death penalty remains controversial, especially when viewed through the lens of human rights such as the right to life and freedom from torture. In Indonesia, the death penalty is enforced for serious crimes, but not yet applied to corruption. This research explores the possibility of applying the death penalty to corruption cases and identifies the obstacles hindering its enforcement. Using a normative legal research approach, this study examines both primary and secondary legal materials. Corrupt acts in Indonesia are punishable by imprisonment, restitution, and in severe cases, the death penalty. The enforcement of penalties is part of Indonesia's criminal justice system, encompassing legal substance, legal structure, and legal culture. From a criminal policy perspective, the death penalty may serve as a deterrent and contribute to social welfare. However, its implementation faces challenges, including weak legal foundations, concerns over human rights, and pressure from international human rights agreements.

Digital transformation has led companies to adopt digital attendance systems to improve administrative efficiency. PT. Abdai Indonesia has implemented a web-based attendance system, but several issues have emerged, including a non-intuitive interface, confusing navigation, and features that do not meet user needs. This study aims to analyze and evaluate the system’s usability using the Web Usability testing method. A descriptive quantitative approach was used, with data collected through the System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaire, direct observation, and structured interviews. The sample consisted of 21 active users from various divisions. The findings show an average usability score of 2.23 out of 5, indicating a low level of system usability. Most respondents expressed dissatisfaction and difficulty using the system, particularly in terms of interface design, navigation, and operational efficiency. Evaluation based on Jakob Nielsen’s five usability components—Learnability, Efficiency, Memorability, Error Handling, and Satisfaction—revealed that none achieved a satisfactory score. These results suggest that the system requires significant improvements, especially in user interface design and overall user experience. This research is expected to serve as a reference for enhancing the digital attendance system in the future, making it easier to use and better aligned with user expectations.

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the family in the formation of character values of responsibility in early childhood at Al-Mahri Kindergarten Medan. This type of research is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The subjects in this study were parents of early childhood, educators, and early childhood at Al-Mahri Kindergarten. Al-Mahri Kindergarten is located at Jl. Pertahanan Komp. Villa Permata Indah Block F no. 3, Marindal Dua, Patumbak District, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra. The sample taken was 11 people. Data collection techniques were by interview with a questionnaire and documentation instrument. The results of the study obtained: 1. Based on the results of the study that has been conducted, the family has carried out its role in the formation of character values of responsibility in early childhood at Al-Mahri Kindergarten Medan. 2. The character values of responsibility have grown in early childhood at Al-Mahri Kindergarten Medan. 3. Parents act as role models, givers of direction, and reinforcers of positive values in children. Some character values that are emphasized in the family include honesty, responsibility, politeness, and cooperation. 4. Cooperation between family and school is very important in the formation of character in early childhood. Schools can provide programs that support character formation, while the family plays a role as a reinforcer at home.

Film plays a significant role in shaping perceptions and behaviors, particularly among adolescents. Action films with themes of teenage life and inter-gang fights, such as Crows Zero, are compelling to watch and have the potential to be a source of inspiration. This study aims to analyze the meaning of the messages contained in the film Crows Zero, focusing on understanding that the name "Genji" is not just the main character's identity but also holds a deep symbolic meaning. Employing a qualitative approach with semiotic analysis, this research seeks to describe, analyze, and record the meanings and symbols present in the film. The findings indicate that despite depicting violence, Crows Zero conveys moral messages about true strength, the importance of self-discovery, the value of friendship, and perseverance. The character of Genji has a significant influence on the audience, especially teenagers, who emulate his speech and behavior as a source of motivation and inspiration. Overall, the name "Genji" in the film represents leadership, spirit, and the search for identity, which are highly relevant to adolescent life, while also demonstrating the effectiveness of film as a tool for conveying messages and shaping the audience's character..

This study aimed to determine the Role of Village Government in developing UMKM and factors influencing the development of UMKM in Torosiaje Village, Popayato Subdistrict, Pohuwato Regency. The study used a descriptive method with qualitative research in which its data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, and documentation. Meanwhile, the data analysis was carried out through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The study findings indicated that the role Of government was crucial in the development of UMKM, where it ensured acces to capital, expanded market access, regulation,and digitalization. In addition UMKM also had several factors influencing their development, including internal, external.

This study aims to analyze the impact of human resource (HR) development strategies on improving the performance of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). The strategies studied include skills training, marketing digitalization, and cross-sector collaboration and partnerships. The research method used is Systematic Literature Review with a content analysis approach to scientific literature published in the last five years. The results show that the strategy has a positive impact on increasing the competence of MSME actors, expanding markets, and strengthening competitiveness. However, several challenges such as the lack of digital literacy and limited training are still significant obstacles. Therefore, integrated policies, expanded access to training, and digital ecosystem support are needed to support the sustainable growth of MSMEs.