Purpose: This study explores diabetic retinopathy (DR), a complication of diabetes leading to blindness, emphasizing early diagnostic interventions. Leveraging Macular OCT scan data, it aims to optimize prevention strategies through tree-based ensemble learning.
Methods: Data from RSKM Eye Center Padang (October-December 2022) were categorized into four scenarios based on physician certificates: Negative & non-diagnostic DR versus Positive DR, Negative versus Positive DR, Non-Diagnosis versus Positive DR, and Negative DR versus non-Diagnosis versus Positive DR. The suitability of each scenario for ensemble learning was assessed. Class imbalance was addressed with SMOTE, while potential underfitting in random forest models was investigated. Models (RF, ET, XGBoost, DRF) were compared based on accuracy, precision, recall, and speed.
Results: Tree-based ensemble learning effectively classifies DR, with RF performing exceptionally well (80% recall, 78.15% precision). ET demonstrates superior speed. Scenario III, encompassing positive and undiagnosed DR, emerges as optimal, with the highest recall and precision values. These findings underscore the practical utility of tree-based ensemble learning in DR classification, notably in Scenario III.
Novelty: This research distinguishes itself with its unique approach to validating tree-based ensemble learning for DR classification. This validation was accomplished using Macular OCT data and physician certificates, with ETDRS scores demonstrating promising classification capabilities.

This research was conducted at the Baun weekly market. The background to this research is markets that should provide quality, clean and halal food, however carrying out trade in animal meat that does not comply with sales standards. The problem studied is animal husbandry procedures in selecting livestock for farming slaughter at the baun market and the role of supervisor and responsibilities of the district livestock service Kupang, the role of breeders in terms of consumer protection regarding the sale of animal meat (Cow and Pork) at the baun market. This research uses empirical methods or methods with data obtained from direct interviews in the field. 1) Procedures for cattle breeders and pigs to be slaughtered according to procedures and supervised directly by the livestock service Kupang Regency and the quality of the meat produced is safe and high quality at the Baun market. 2) Supervision of animals and animal meat (beef and pork) is carried out by veterinarians, breeders, Kupang district livestock service, BPOM, health service, (LPPOM MUI), (BPKN), (LSPK), market foremen, and sub-district/district governments.

This article investigates the adverse impacts of unintentional or operational ship discharges on marine ecosystems and elucidates the significance of Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSA) as an approach to safeguard the marine environment from international shipping activities. Focusing on IMO resolutions and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) framework, the article analyzes the PSSA concept, underscores its role in pollution prevention, and explores inherent limitations. Specifically, it delves into the legal status of PSSA, the binding nature of IMO resolutions, and implementation challenges. Through in-depth analysis, the author concludes the necessity for revising PSSA resolutions to enhance legal clarity and effectiveness in marine environmental protection.
 
 

The implementation of teaching and learning activities in Indonesia is guided by the Curriculum. The curriculum is developed and refined in line with the rapid development of science and technology and the evolution of society. In the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, major changes have occurred in the world of education, especially in Indonesia, with a shift from direct learning in classrooms to distance education based on digital technology. The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of implementing the Independent Curriculum at SDN 060826 Kec. Medan Area. Through this approach, it is hoped to obtain a clearer picture of the effectiveness of the curriculum in improving the quality of education as well as identifying obstacles and opportunities that arise in its implementation. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method to analyze the effect of implementing the Merdeka Curriculum at SDN 060826 Kec. Medan Area. Research conducted by researchers at SDN 060826 Kec. Medan Area, it can be seen that they always regularly attend training from both the principal and teachers and to strengthen teachers' understanding of the Independent Learning Curriculum, teachers always hold monthly meetings with the Teacher Working Group (KKG) to resolve various problems related to the Independent Learning Curriculum. as well as to increase teacher competence in the process of teaching and learning activities.

In a business, there must be characteristics of each business actor so that legal protection can be given to the works they sell. Physically, the work or product must have a differentiator from the products of other business actors in order to avoid disputes. This literature article will examine the effect of trademark rights on marketing strategies and product differentiation in Indonesia. It will certainly provide results on the level of effectiveness of the marketing strategy by maximizing the concept of product differentiation. Therefore, of course it has factors that influence Trademark Rights on Marketing Strategy and Product Differentiation.
 

The purpose of this research is to analyze law enforcement against the crime of vigilantism (eigenrichting) committed by the community in the jurisdiction of the Malacca Resort Police 2019-2023. This research uses empirical legal research, where primary data is obtained through interviews and documentation at the Malacca Police Office, while secondary data is obtained through literature study. The author is interested in conducting research related to this issue because in Malacca district vigilantism occurs quite often, the proof is that in 2019 there were 1 case, in 2020 there were 3 cases, in 2021 there were 3 cases, in 2022 there were 6 cases, and in 2023 there were 2 cases. In this study, it was found that. There are several efforts made by the police, including repressive, preventive, pre-emtif efforts. And there are also other efforts made by the Malacca Police in handling the crime of vigilantism (eigenrichting) committed by the community in the Malacca Police jurisdiction, namely providing socialization about the law to the community, preventing the sale of alcohol, carrying out routine patrols. Then the following main problem is that in the efforts of the Malacca Police in handling vigilante crimes there are several factors, namely supporting and inhibiting factors. Supporting factors in the investigation and investigation of vigilante crimes (Eigenrichting) at Malacca Police Station Supporting factors include community involvement that provides important information to the police in revealing suspected criminal acts in the area and also internal support and external support. However, there are also inhibiting factors such as the distance between Malacca Police Station, the Court, and the Prosecutor's Office, the lack of knowledge about the law among the community, and the lack of public awareness of the obligation to comply with the law, which causes repeated violations of the law.

Sikap pemerintah yang otoriter pada masa orde baru menimbulkan berbagai pelanggaran HAM berat. Setelah dimulainya era reformasi penegakan keadilan transisional (transitional justice) mulai mendapat perhatian pemerintah. Lembaga penegak HAM seperti Pengadilan Ham (2000) dan KKR (2004) menjadi jawaban atas keadilan transisional tersebut. Namun melalui putusan MK No. 006/PUU-IV/2006 meniadakan lembaga KKR tersebut, dikarenakan tidak sesuai dengan ketentuan UUD 1945. Tulisan ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan Undang-undang dan konseptual. MK sebagai salah satu lembaga kehakiman mengakui eksistensi penegakan HAM melalui putusan-putusan MK lainnya yang diduga adanya pelanggaran HAM dan isi muatan peraturan perundang-undangan yang tidak sesuai dengan UUD 1945 sebagai dasar konstitusional. constitutional complaint bisa menjadi salah satu sarana bagi korban dalam mencari keadilan.

The problem in this research is that there is still a lack of nutritional intake such as milk provided by LPKA Class II Batam, this is due to a lack of budget. The aim of this research is to find out how children's food is implemented in fulfilling children's nutrition and providing milk to children at LPKA Class II Batam. The type of research approach used is empirical juridical, where research uses legal aspects (observation with reality in the field). Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that the implementation of providing milk for assisted children is still not going well, namely that assisted children are only given milk according to their needs and these children do not even receive milk regularly. This is because the budget given to LPKA Class II Batam is inadequate to provide milk to the children assisted regularly and comprehensively. To comply with the Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation, the LPKA Class II Batam has provided food to children in accordance with Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation Number 40 of 2017 concerning Guidelines for Food Administration. For Prisoners, Children and Prisoners. Assisted children are given food 3 times a day and the food provided contains good nutrition

State Administrative Law is a legal regulation regarding administration in a country, where the relationship between citizens and their government can run well and safely. In forest management, the need for permits is based on absolute legal provisions which have aspects that must be fulfilled beforehand and regarding the boundaries of each activity in managing forests, the government agrees to supervise them based on Law no. 41 of 1999 concerning Forestry Article 31 paragraph (1) To ensure the principles of justice, equity and sustainability, forest utilization business permits are limited by considering forest sustainability aspects and business certainty aspects. The aim of the research is to determine aspects of forest management. The research method used in this research is literature study by collecting data through articles, the web, books and other sources. The results of the discussion of this research are that forest utilization business permits are limited by considering forest sustainability aspects and business certainty aspects, where these aspects are determinants in managing forests which have been considered previously. The meaning of forest sustainability aspects and business certainty is contained in Article 31 Paragraph (1). What is meant by forest sustainability aspects includes: a. environmental sustainability, b. production sustainability, and c. implementation of social and cultural functions that are fair, even and transparent.  What is meant by aspects of business certainty include: a. area certainty, b. certainty of business time, and c. certainty of business legal guarantees.

Illegal mining itself is a mining activity or extracting agricultural products carried out by the community or a business entity or we can call it a company where this activity does not have a business permit and also does not use the principles regarding how to mine in accordance with existing regulations or not. use mining methods properly and correctly. The basic mining laws that apply in Indonesia are stated in the Mining UlUl Number 3 of 2020 concerning amendments to UlUl Number 4 of 2009 concerning Mineral and Coal Mining, mining excavation itself consists of several types. Starting from strategic minerals or group a minerals, vital minerals or group c, and finally, group c minerals. In Indonesia itself we can certainly find cases of illegal mining in various regions, that is why enforcement efforts should be carried out as best as possible in order to reduce the growth rate of existing illegal mining which of course is to guarantee or increase state income through existing mining businesses. certainly legal in the eyes of the law.