This research aims to review the teaching tools used at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 2 Kota Padang in order to support the implementation of the Independent Curriculum. Observations were carried out for two months, focusing on analysis of learning documents, interviews with teachers, and direct observation of the learning process in the classroom. Observation results show that the teaching tools at MAN 2 Padang City have been prepared in accordance with the principles of the Independent Curriculum, including teaching modules, student worksheets, and formative assessments that support differentiated learning. The teachers at this madrasa show good adaptability to curriculum changes, by applying varied and contextual learning methods. Students also show a positive response to learning that is more interactive and relevant to everyday life. However, several challenges were found, such as the need for further training for teachers and the provision of more diverse learning resources. Overall, the teaching tools at MAN 2 Padang City support a more meaningful and student-centered learning process, in line with the objectives of the Independent Curriculum.
 

This article provides an in-depth overview of the relationship between philosophy and sources of business law in establishing ethical and fair business practices, with an emphasis on Islamic principles. Using a normative approach through library research, the article highlights various elements that form the foundation of business law, including legal theories, regulations, and existing legal practices, while also incorporating Islamic perspectives on justice, fairness, and ethics in business. Additionally, it explains how sources of law such as written law (statutes), customary law, jurisprudence, doctrines, and Islamic legal principles (fiqh) play a crucial role in creating a strong legal framework.Keywords: Business Law, Islamic Law, Islamic Business Ethics, Business and Law, Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence)

Rendahnya pembiasaan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat (PHBS) pada anak usia 5-6 tahun menjadi salah satu masalah utama di PAUD, termasuk di TK Baiturrahman Kabupaten Gowa. Observasi menunjukkan perilaku kurang baik seperti membuang sampah sembarangan dan rendahnya kesadaran mencuci tangan, meskipun kampanye kesehatan telah dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pembelajaran menjaga kebersihan lingkungan terhadap PHBS anak usia 5-6 tahun. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain eksperimen non-ekuivalen group test dengan pendekatan kuantitatif, melibatkan kelompok eksperimen yang diberikan intervensi pembelajaran kebersihan lingkungan dan kelompok kontrol. Teknik purposive sampling digunakan dengan jumlah sampel 10 anak, dibagi menjadi dua kelompok: 5 anak eksperimen dan 5 anak kontrol. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi langsung dan dokumentasi. Uji Paired Sample t-Test digunakan untuk analisis data. Hasil menunjukkan rata-rata pre-test kelompok eksperimen 32.7 dan post-test turun menjadi 8.4, mencerminkan peningkatan kebersihan. Kelompok kontrol memiliki pre-test 33.6 dan post-test 8.4, dengan sedikit perubahan. Uji t independen menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan (pre-test: t = 10.52, p = 4.09 × 10??; post-test: t = 10.90, p = 2.32 × 10??). Hasil ini menunjukkan pembelajaran kebersihan yang terstruktur efektif meningkatkan PHBS anak. Keterlibatan orang tua, guru, dan teman sebaya direkomendasikan untuk mendukung kebiasaan PHBS.

Islam merupakan agama satu-satunya yang berada di sisi Allah swt. Di mana dalam proses penyebarannya Allah mengutus seorang utusan bernama Mu?ammad saw, pada awal penyebaran agama Islam Allah memerintahkannya untuk menyebarkan Islam atau berdakwah secara sembunyi-sembunyi, sampai pada akhirnya Rasulullah diperintahkan untuk berdakwah secara terang-terangan. Islam terus saja berkembang, meskipun Rasulullah saw telah wafat dan perjuangan dakwah Islam diteruskan oleh para Khulafa` al-R?shid?n yang dipimpin oleh Abu Bakr, ’Umar ibn al-Kha??ab, ‘U?man ibn ‘Affan dan yang terakhir ‘Ali ibn Abi ?alib. Namun siapa sangka bahwa Islam yang sangat diperjuangkan oleh Nabi dan para sahabat akan terpecah-pecah menjadi banyak perpecahan. Awal mula dari terjadinya perpecahan tersebut ditandai sejak kepemimpinan Khalifah yang terahir yaitu ‘Ali ibn Abi ?alib dan kelompok perpecahan tersebut diistilahkan dangan sebutan Sy?’ah. Sy?’ah secara bahasa diartikan sebagai penganut atau pendukung, sedangkan secara istilah Sy?’ah diartiakan sebagai golongan yang mendukung ‘Ali. Pada mulanya Sy?’ah hanyalah kelompok biasa yang masih berfaham Ahl al-Sunnah, namun seiring berjalannya waktu faham tersebut mulai terkontaminasi sehingga kelompok Sy?’ah pun terpecah hingga makin ekstrem. Sejak saat itulah perkembangan hadis di kalangan Sy?’ah pun mlai menyalahi Syara’, bahkan sampai menuju arah tersesat.

Literary works are the identity of a nation, including Indonesian literary works. Indonesia, with its diverse culture, has created many literary works that are already global, and are born from regional writers and progressively become widespread in the world of literature. This article examines how the effects of Indonesian government’s literary development influence the quality and quantity of literary works. Through qualitative method, this paper analyzes that the government’s policy plays an important role because it contains plans that are arranged and realized by the experts for the important benefit of society. It may also improve the quality and quantity of literary works from authors’ and publishers’ sides. In conclusion, such policy should be pushed forward to build an awareness of the cultural forms and to preserve Indonesian culture to the international scope.

Purpose: This study aims to estimate and evaluate per capita expenditure at the subdistrict level in Garut Regency by employing unit-level Small Area Estimation (SAE) techniques, specifically utilizing the Empirical Best Linear Unbiased Predictor (EBLUP) and the Empirical Best Predictor (EBP) methods.
Methods: The data used in this study are socio-economic data, specifically per capita household expenditure in Garut Regency. Socio-economic data generally skew positively rather than the normal distribution, so a method that can approximate or come close to the normal distribution is needed, for example, log-normal transformation. To improve the performance of EBLUP, which may lead to inefficient estimators because of violation of the assumption of normality, this study proposes the Empirical Best Predictor (EBP) method. It handles positively skewed data by applying log-normal transformation to sample data so that it more closely conforms to the desired distribution.
Result: The EBP results are more stable than EBLUP since EBLUP is highly sensitive to outliers, and in cases where the normality assumption is violated, it produces a significant mean square error and inefficient estimators. Evaluating the estimates with both EBLUP and EBP shows Relative Root Mean Squared Error (RRMSE) values above 25%, especially in the subdistricts of Pamulihan, Sukaresmi, and Kersamanah. This is probably due to the household samples being taken in these three subdistricts being comparatively small compared to the other.
Novelty: In this research, we use EBP to improve the performance of EBLUP, which produces inefficient estimators when the normality assumption is violated.

This study aims to critically examine the potential violations of the constitutional right to a good and healthy environment arising from the government’s policy of granting Special Mining Business Permit Areas (WIUPK) to religious community organizations. The urgency of this research is based on concerns that these organizations, lacking adequate technical competence, may exacerbate environmental degradation, perpetuate violations left by previous permit holders, hinder the transition to renewable energy, and obstruct access to justice for victims of environmental harm. Using a normative juridical method with legislative and conceptual approaches, this study analyzes the policy from the perspective of environmental human rights, a focus absent in prior research. The findings reveal that the policy has a strong potential to violate the right to a good and healthy environment and contradicts the state’s obligation to protect human rights as guaranteed by the 1945 Constitution. The novelty of this research lies in its emphasis on the conflict of interest between the traditional role of religious organizations as community advocates and their new role as mining operators. Therefore, it is recommended that the government review and revoke the priority granting scheme for WIUPK and consider alternative participation models for religious organizations through non-operational mechanisms such as community development funds or minority non-controlling share ownership.

Amid the expansion of extractive industries that threaten ecosystems and marginalize indigenous communities, the Awyu Tribe in South Papua faces increasing pressure over the ownership and protection of their customary forests. This study aims to explore the ownership conflict of Awyu customary forests, assess the effectiveness of national and international legal frameworks, and evaluate the implementation of state policies in securing indigenous rights and ecological justice. The urgency of this issue lies in the persistent neglect of the Awyu people's legal standing, where regulations often fail to reflect their lived realities and cultural values. Using a normative legal method, the research applies statutory, conceptual, comparative, and case-based approaches, relying on secondary data sourced from literature and analyzed through qualitative-descriptive techniques. Findings indicate that although both national and international law recognize indigenous rights, implementation on the ground is obstructed by bureaucratic inefficiencies and competing economic interests. The principle of Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) is frequently disregarded, resulting in systemic land dispossession and environmental degradation. This research offers a novel perspective by integrating fragmented legal mechanisms into a cohesive approach to indigenous forest protection. As a normative recommendation, the study calls for stronger enforcement of FPIC, institutional reform to reduce regulatory bias, and the meaningful inclusion of indigenous voices in policy formulation and implementation.

This study aims to analyze the application of psychoanalytic and empiricist learning theories in human resource (HR) development and to examine the function of law in fostering compliance through the Integrity Zone at the Trenggalek District Attorney's Office. The urgency of this study lies in the importance of the integrity and professionalism of prosecution officials as a foundation for ensuring just legal certainty. This research employs a normative legal method with a statutory and conceptual approach. The findings indicate that effective HR management reflects a psychoanalytic aspect (internal mentality) influenced by empirical factors (work environment and infrastructure) as a driving force. This driving factor is then engineered through law to shape behavior. The novelty of this research is positioning the Integrity Zone not merely as an administrative program, but as an instrument of legal engineering that consciously applies learning theories to control and prevent behavioral deviations. In conclusion, administrative law, through the declaration of an Integrity Zone, serves as a strategic tool for building a culture of compliance and accountability within law enforcement institutions.

The development of digital technology has transformed the work landscape, especially with the increasing prevalence of remote work systems in Indonesia’s digital sector. However, the high intensity of technology use in the remote work context also poses the risk of digital burnout, which is mental and emotional exhaustion due to excessive exposure to technological demands. This phenomenon potentially affects employee behavior, including extra-role behaviors known as Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). This study aims to explore the relationship between digital burnout and OCB among remote workers in the digital sector, while also understanding how technological pressure influences work dynamics and employee contributions beyond formal tasks. The research method uses a quantitative approach with purposive sampling technique, targeting 150 to 300 remote workers who work at least three days per week and heavily rely on digital platforms such as Zoom, Slack, and Google Workspace in their daily activities. Data were collected through online surveys and analyzed using SmartPLS to test the relationships between variables with Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicate that although digital burnout is quite prevalent, employees still demonstrate positive OCB, indicating the presence of adaptation mechanisms and strong organizational commitment. These findings enrich the understanding of how remote workers manage technological pressure while maintaining extra contributions in a dynamic digital work environment. The contribution of this study lies in providing new insights into the interaction between digital burnout and OCB in the digital work era, as well as practical implications for human resource management in designing strategies to support the well-being and productivity of remote employees. This study encourages the development of more humane and sustainable work policies in facing the challenges of digital transformation.