This research aims to find out how to develop animated video learning media to improve the mathematical problem solving abilities of class VI students. This research is based on several problems, namely students who do not understand the discussion of learning material because mathematics is considered boring and it is difficult to memorize formulas. This made students unable to solve problems in the learning process. This research used research method and development using 4D research model. The sample of this research consisted of 25 students, with the first step not using animated videos and the second step using animated videos. The research instruments used in this research were tests (essays) and questionnaires. The research results showed that the feasibility level was 92% in the "very valid" category, the practicality level was 92% in the "very practical" category, and the effectiveness level was 88.52% in the "effective" category. These results can also be seen from the pretest with an average value of 34 and posttest with an average value of 92, so the average N-Gain Score was 88.52%. So, it can be concluded that the development of animated video learning media can improve the Mathematical problem solving abilities of 6th Grade of Elementary School students.

The purpose of this study is to assess the computational thinking skills of fourth-grade elementary students within the framework of mathematics instruction. Computational thinking is a crucial 21st-century competency that should be cultivated from an early age, particularly in solving mathematical problems. This study adopts a descriptive quantitative method using a written test instrument developed based on four key computational thinking components: decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction, and algorithmic processes. The participants in this research were fourth-grade students from a selected elementary school. The results indicate that most students demonstrate a moderate level of computational thinking. Among the assessed indicators, decomposition was the most successfully achieved, while algorithmic thinking was the least mastered. These results highlight the importance of integrating contextual and problem-based learning strategies to further enhance students’ computational thinking abilities in mathematics education.

This article aims to examine the role of digital learning media in supporting mathematics learning that is aligned with the spirit of the Merdeka Curriculum. The research was conducted using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method on twenty scientific articles that discuss the use of digital media in learning mathematics at various levels of education. The results of the study show that digital learning media such as the Canva application, Wordwall, digital comics, animated videos, and educational games can significantly improve concept understanding, learning motivation, and student engagement. Digital media also supports the differentiated and contextual learning approach that is the main characteristic of Merdeka Curriculum. This study concludes that digital media is not only effective in conveying abstract material visually and interactively, but also encourages the development of students' 21st century skills, such as critical thinking, independence, and creativity. The findings are expected to be a reference for teachers, researchers, and policy makers in designing innovative and adaptive mathematics learning strategies in the digital era.

Human decision-making often occurs under conditions of uncertainty, where understanding probabilities is essential for making informed choices. This study investigates how people perceive and apply probabilistic information in various decision-making contexts. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was used to analyze the decision patterns of 200 individuals from diverse backgrounds through scenarios involving uncertainty. The results show that most participants prefer relying on intuition or personal experience rather than using statistical reasoning. Several cognitive biases, such as ignoring probability, overestimating confidence, and relying on readily available information, were commonly observed. However, participants with a stronger grasp of probability concepts demonstrated more logical and beneficial decision-making, particularly in financial and organizational settings. The study highlights a clear link between probability literacy and decision quality. Improving public understanding of probabilistic thinking could enhance decision outcomes, especially in situations involving risk. Educational efforts to integrate probability awareness into learning environments are recommended to support better decision-making both individually and collectively.

Learning evaluation plays a central role in ensuring the success of the educational process, especially in mathematics learning at Vocational High Schools (SMK) that require integration between theory and practice. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the implementation of formative and summative evaluations at SMK N 6 Padang. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data was obtained through observations, in-depth interviews, and document analysis. The results show that formative evaluations are carried out systematically through essay tests, contextual quizzes, discussions, and observations of student participation. This evaluation can monitor learning progress, encourage active engagement, and strengthen students' conceptual understanding. Meanwhile, summative evaluations are consistently applied using multiple-choice questions that encompass low-order thinking skills (LOTS) to high-order thinking skills (HOTS). in line with the learning objectives and curriculum. Both forms of evaluation have proven to be very effective, based on teacher observations and feedback. Although not all aspects were followed up explicitly, the assessment mechanisms applied reflect the principles of modern evaluation that are adaptive, fair, and competency-based. It can thus be concluded that the evaluation is running very effectively at 88.88%, and the evaluation implementation at SMK N 6 Padang not only succeeded in measuring student achievement but also became an instrument to strengthen the quality of learning relevant to the demands of industry and the developments in 21st-century education.

This article explores the significance of gaining a clear understanding of the topic concept addition as the main foundation in mathematical literacy. This study examines various pedagogical approaches in introducing the concept of addition to students, emphasizing the importance of conceptual understanding compared to procedural learning. Analysis of several learning methods shows that the use of manipulative objects, visual representations, and the application of real contexts significantly improve students' understanding of the idea behind addition. The results of the research also indicate that difficulties in understanding the concept of addition at the early stage of Learning may affect the progress of advanced mathematical abilities. This article concludes that a learning approach that emphasizes conceptual understanding of addition as a quantity combination operation will establish a strong basis for the advancement of students' mathematical abilities in the future.

Study This aim For analyze system queue at the Population and Registration Service Civil ( Disdukcapil) Bone Bolango Regency as well as apply the M/M/C (Multi Channel Single Phase ) queuing model optimizing performance system and upgrade effectiveness service to public . Arrival data visitors and time service collected for 5 days through observation . Analysis results show system applied queue moment This is the model (M/M/4 ): (FIFO/?/?) with level arrival visitors Poisson distribution , time service distribute Exponential , 4 counters service , discipline first-come first-served (FCFS) queues , as well source arrival and capacity queue No limited . Size performance the system in existing conditions shows time wait for the average visitor in system amounting to 26.4 minutes and time Wait in queue amounting to 44.4 minutes . For optimizing performance , research recommend application of the model (M/M/7 ) : (FIFO/?/?) with add amount counter service into 7 counters . In this model , level utility system (?) is below 50 % ie about 41%, which is considered effective Because enter in range level utility low (5%-10%). Application of the queuing model with 7 counters projected can shorten time wait for the average visitor in system to 18.42 minutes and time Wait in queue to 18 minutes . Findings This expected can increase effectiveness service and satisfaction public to service Disdukcapil Bone Bolango Regency.

Generally, students stated that the concepts in physics, especially on the material of distance, speed, and acceleration, are difficult to understand. This causes low student motivation and learning outcomes. In order to increase student motivation, understanding of concepts, and learning outcomes, it is necessary to use visual media so that learning is active and enjoyable. The use of visual media, one of which is education game-based learning media, is very helpful for students in understanding physics concepts, especially on the material of distance, speed, and acceleration. The purpose of this study was to determine the study of the use of visual media based on education games that can improve students' understanding of the material of distance, speed, and acceleration. This research method uses the library research method. The form of research uses literature studies with qualitative data acquisition. To obtain data using two databases, namely Google Scholar and Sinta, with document analysis first carried out to identify relevant literature studies. Based on the results of the preliminary study conducted, it was obtained that the use of visual media based on education games is good and flexible. With the use of visual media based on education games, students find it easier to understand the material of distance, speed, and acceleration. In addition, it makes it easier for teachers to carry out learning activities. Learning is more interesting, students are more motivated so that students' understanding, abilities, and learning outcomes increase.

This study uses a qualitative method with a literature review approach to examine the effectiveness of the two-phase method in solving linear programming problems. The two-phase method is one of the techniques in linear programming used when the objective function does not have a feasible initial solution directly. Through the exploration and analysis of various scientific literature sources from 2019 onwards, this study finds that the two-phase method can systematically provide optimal solutions, especially in complex problems with multiple constraints. Previous research has shown that this method is effective in accelerating the identification of basic feasible solutions and minimizing unnecessary iterations compared to the standard simplex method. Additionally, the two-phase method offers better numerical stability and high reliability in both industrial and educational applications. However, its effectiveness largely depends on the understanding of the algorithm and the ability to design an appropriate mathematical model. The results of this study are expected to contribute theoretically to the development of efficient solution techniques for linear optimization problems.

The purpose of this study is to examine how deep learning influences students’ mathematical critical thinking skills. In mastering mathematics—which requires reasoning, analysis, and systematic review—critical thinking is essential to address the challenges of the 21st century. This research employs a quasi-experimental design using a pretest-posttest control group model. The subjects of the study were eighth-grade junior high school students, divided into an experimental group and a control group. The main instruments used were a mathematical critical thinking skills test and a learning activity observation sheet. The findings indicate that students who participated in instruction based on a deep learning approach showed a significant improvement in critical thinking skills compared to those who received conventional instruction. Unlike students who underwent standard learning methods, those exposed to deep learning strategies experienced a notable enhancement in their critical thinking abilities. Based on these findings, the implementation of deep learning is recommended more broadly in mathematics classroom instruction.

This study aims to identify the numeracy ability of grade I students of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Based on Cognitive Level. The research method used is quantitative with a descriptive approach. The population used by all students of MIN 4 Medan. Sampling from the population used the Issac Michael technique which obtained a result of 249 from the entire population. Furthermore, samples were taken using cluster sampling which was specifically for classes I, A and I B, a total of 56. The test instrument is in the form of an objective description of the "filling" and the results are in the form of scores. The data analysis in this study is a descriptive quantitative data analysis. The results showed the numeracy ability of students in class I MIN 4 Medan, namely: 1) the level of remembering for the "high" category was 37 students or 75.51%; for the "medium" category: there are 4 students or 8.16%; and the "low" category there are 8 students or 16.32%. 2) the level of understanding for the "high" category was 28 students or 57.41%; the "medium" category has 16 students or 32.65%; and the "low" category there are 5 students or 10.20%. 3) the application rate for the "high" category was 18 students or 36.73%; the "medium" category has 29 students or 59.18%; and the "low" category has 2 students or 4.08%. The implication in this study is to increase the practice of contextual questions and carry out game-based learning.

This article explores the nature of the philosophy of Islamic education and its integration with the philosophy of mathematics in the learning process. The philosophy of Islamic education is rooted in the Qur’an and As-Sunnah and is further reinforced by the thoughts of Muslim philosophers. It encompasses three main aspects: ontology (the nature of existence), epistemology (the sources and methods of acquiring knowledge), and axiology (values and purposes). Islamic education aims not only to shape individual character but also to build a holistic educational system based on Islamic values. In this context, education is not merely a process of knowledge transfer but a means of fostering moral and spiritual development in learners. On the other hand, the philosophy of mathematics from the perspective of Islamic education emphasizes that mathematics is not solely an exact science of arithmetic, but also a discipline closely related to ethical and moral values in Islam. Mathematics is viewed as part of the divine order of Allah’s creation, reflecting His greatness. Therefore, the integration of Islamic educational philosophy and mathematical philosophy in learning offers a deeper approach to mathematical concepts. This approach not only enhances students’ cognitive understanding of the material but also instills spiritual awareness and values of faith and piety. By combining scientific and religious aspects, the learning process becomes more systematic, meaningful, and aligned with the comprehensive goals of Islamic education.

Mental health disorders, particularly depression, are becoming an increasing concern among university students. This study aims to analyze the comparative levels of depression among students from the 2022 and 2024 cohorts in the Biology Department at Universitas Negeri Medan. The research employs a mixed-method approach, integrating both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 51 active students. The results indicate that students from the 2022 cohort exhibit higher levels of depression compared to those from the 2024 cohort, due to academic pressure, social factors, and lifestyle habits. These findings highlight the importance of preventive strategies and interventions to mitigate depression risks, such as stress management, promoting healthy lifestyle habits, and strengthening social support in academic environments. Therefore, educational institutions must prioritize student mental health to foster a more conducive learning environment.

Efficient resource allocation is a major challenge in various sectors, especially when faced with limitations in quantity, time, and cost. This study aims to examine the application of linear programming as an optimization method in solving assignment problems, where a number of resources must be optimally allocated to a number of specific tasks. Through a literature study approach, this study examines various relevant previous study results, especially in the Indonesian context. The results of the study indicate that linear programming is able to improve operational efficiency, reduce costs, and produce a more balanced task distribution. However, this model has limitations in dealing with non-linear conditions and data uncertainty, so integration with other methods such as fuzzy logic or genetic algorithms is needed. This study is expected to broaden the understanding of the benefits of linear programming and encourage its wider application in quantitative-based decision making.

This study aims to apply integral calculus methods to calculate the volume and arc length of an ice cream cone design shaped like a flower petal. The cone design is modeled using a quadratic function derived from three reference points on the petal curve. Using the solid of revolution method around the y-axis, the calculated petal volume is 150.8 cm³, and the arc length is 7.14 cm. The results demonstrate that calculus-based modeling supports efficient material usage while enhancing aesthetic and functional aspects of packaging. This research highlights the connection between mathematical concepts and practical product design in the food industry

This study aims to develop learning media based on the Wordwall application in mathematics learning for grade 3 at MI Salafiyah 1 Kauman. The background of this study is the low interest and motivation of students in participating in mathematics learning, which is caused by less interesting learning methods and the lack of use of interactive media. By utilizing the Wordwall application, it is expected to increase student involvement through fun educational games. The method used in this study is Research and Development (R&D) with the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). The development process begins with needs analysis, learning media design, media development using the Wordwall application, media implementation in learning, and evaluation of the effectiveness of the media developed. The results of the study showed that the Wordwall-based learning media developed had high validity with an average score of 90% from material and media experts. The practicality of the media was also obtained with an average score of 85% from teachers and students. The trial of media implementation in mathematics learning showed an increase in student motivation and learning outcomes. So, students will be more active in participating in learning and show a better understanding of the material being taught. Thus, Wordwall-based learning media has proven effective in increasing the motivation and learning outcomes of grade 3 students at MI Salafiyah 1 Kauman.

Energy is the ability to do or change something. It can be found in various forms in everyday life, such as electrical energy flowing through cables, thermal energy produced by stoves, or kinetic energy generated by vehicles. Energy can also come from natural sources, such as the sun, wind, and water. This research aims to enhance students' ability to think critically in understanding the material on energy and its changes. This research uses a quantitative method; data were collected from 27 students through 10 questions discussing the concept of energy. Effective education not only helps students better understand what they are doing, but also prepares them to face environmental issues in the future. In addition, innovative learning methods such as project-based learning should be incorporated into the curriculum to build critical thinking skills. Therefore, it is expected that this research will help improve the energy education curriculum in elementary schools and encourage students to participate more actively in sustainability issues.

This research aims to review the teaching tools used at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 2 Kota Padang in order to support the implementation of the Independent Curriculum. Observations were carried out for two months, focusing on analysis of learning documents, interviews with teachers, and direct observation of the learning process in the classroom. Observation results show that the teaching tools at MAN 2 Padang City have been prepared in accordance with the principles of the Independent Curriculum, including teaching modules, student worksheets, and formative assessments that support differentiated learning. The teachers at this madrasa show good adaptability to curriculum changes, by applying varied and contextual learning methods. Students also show a positive response to learning that is more interactive and relevant to everyday life. However, several challenges were found, such as the need for further training for teachers and the provision of more diverse learning resources. Overall, the teaching tools at MAN 2 Padang City support a more meaningful and student-centered learning process, in line with the objectives of the Independent Curriculum.
 

This study aims to analyze students' difficulties in understanding algebraic concepts in the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum. This type of research uses a descriptive research method with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques include interviews, questionnaires, and three written tests. Based on the results of interviews and questionnaires conducted by teachers with the school principal and mathematics teachers, the school has implemented the Merdeka Curriculum despite limitations in resources. The Merdeka Curriculum contributes to teachers in terms of teaching modules and freedom in creativity in learning, although training is still needed. The results of the student questionnaire indicate that the majority of students have difficulty understanding algebra, especially in identifying variables, but the majority of students feel that classroom learning is interactive and enjoyable. Most students feel helped by the example questions provided by the teacher. The written test results show that students have difficulty with the use of positive and negative signs, coefficients, constants, algebraic operations, and determining variable values. This indicates that the majority of students have not yet achieved mastery of the algebra material. It can be concluded that the implementation of the independent curriculum at SMP IT Az-Zahira Khatulistiwa supports teachers in the algebra learning process through the use of teaching modules, but students still struggle to understand algebraic concepts due to the limited use of educational media, which is constrained by the school's facilities.

Orthosiphon aristatus is a medicinal plant that has the potential as a natural antibacterial agent. This study aims to evaluate the effect of cat's whiskers leaf extract on microbial growth using Nutrient Agar (NA) media with variations in extract concentrations of 100 gr, 50 gr, and 25 gr. Antibacterial activity tests were carried out using the well diffusion paper disk method, and observations of microbial growth inhibition zones were carried out after incubation for 24 hours at 37°C. The test results showed that there was inhibition of microbial growth that varied according to the concentration of the extract used; a concentration of 100 gr gave the largest inhibition zone compared to 50 gr and 25 gr. Data analysis showed that increasing extract concentration was directly proportional to increasing antibacterial effectiveness. These findings indicate that Orthosiphon aristatus leaf extract has the potential as a natural antibacterial that is effective in inhibiting microbial growth in NA media, so it has the potential to be developed as an active ingredient in pharmaceutical formulations.

The difficulties students experience when solving problems that require calculation indicate a need to improve their arithmetic skills. This research aims to describe students' numeracy skills in solving number problems while also identifying the obstacles they encounter in developing these skills. Specifically, this study explores the mathematical numeracy literacy abilities of fourth-grade elementary school students in facing the Minimum Competency Assessment (AKM) questions on number material at one elementary school in Indonesia. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques including AKM numeracy tests, observation, interviews, and documentation. The research findings show that students' mathematical numeracy literacy ability is in the moderate category, with an average achievement of 65.8%. The main difficulties experienced by students include: (1) recognizing mathematical information from contextual problems, (2) performing numerical calculations, (3) interpreting calculation results in the context of real-world problems, and (4) communicating mathematical reasoning in writing. Based on these results, this research recommends strengthening numeracy learning that connects material with everyday life contexts, as well as improving students' mathematical reasoning abilities through problem-based learning approaches, to optimize the mathematical numeracy literacy of elementary school students.

Fractions and decimals are basic mathematical concepts that have an important role in various aspects of daily life. This article discusses how fractions and decimals are used in daily activities such as measuring, calculating, and carrying out financial transactions. For example, in cooking, fractions are used to measure food ingredients, while decimals often appear in weight and length measurements. In economic transactions, decimals are key in rounding numbers and calculating prices. This article also explains the importance of understanding conversions between fractions and decimals to make decision making easier, both in personal and professional contexts. By providing applicable examples, it is hoped that this discussion can increase appreciation of the role of fractions and decimals in real life and encourage deeper mastery of these concepts.

This study aims to explore the structure and uniqueness of Earth through the lens of local wisdom that respects nature, and to investigate how traditional knowledge can offer valuable insights into our planet and the relationship between humans and the environment. A qualitative approach was employed, involving a literature review and analysis of traditional texts, myths, folktales, and cultural practices related to the understanding of the universe, Earth's structure, and human interaction with ecosystems. The findings reveal that many indigenous cultures around the world view Earth as a living entity, with an interconnected relationship between humans and the surrounding environment. This understanding is reflected in various rituals, agricultural systems, and environmental policies that emphasize balance and sustainability. Furthermore, local wisdom often stresses the importance of respecting nature as an integral part of harmonious living on Earth. The implications of this research highlight the importance of integrating local wisdom into environmental education, sustainable development policies, and natural resource management to foster a more harmonious and sustainable relationship between humans and the Earth.
 
 

 This research aims to analyze the effect of storage duration on the quality of flying fish soaked in coconut shell liquid smoke. The main focus of the research includes testing water and phenol content, as well as evaluating the resistance of liquid smoke to sensory qualities, such as taste, aroma and texture of flying fish. The research used liquid smoke with varying concentrations of 0%, 3%, 5% and 7%, with a soaking time of 30 minutes. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 26 with the ANOVA test method. The results showed that the addition of liquid smoke with different concentrations had a significant influence on water content, phenol content and organoleptic parameters of flying fish.
 
 

With the advancement of technology and computing capabilities of computers, various applications and algorithms that were previously not applicable to portable devices such as laptops and smartphones can now be applied. Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the increasingly popular techniques that are now a part of everyday life. AI is an umbrella term that refers to the simulation of human intelligence by machines that use big data to perform various tasks. AI has benefited many aspects of human life, including education. However, AI also has significant negative effects. This study aims to study the influence of artificial intelligence on students' critical thinking skills. This study uses qualitative research and literature analysis. However, the study also identified several negative impacts, including reliance on technology, unassured information quality, social isolation, and ethical and privacy concerns. Therefore, a balanced and strategic approach is needed in integrating AI in education to ensure that its benefits can be maximized, while its negative impact is minimized.

Science Education (IPA) has a very important role in the development of science, technology, and in forming critical and analytical thinking patterns of students. Through science learning, students not only gain knowledge about scientific concepts, but are also trained to think critically, systematically, and creatively in dealing with various problems. One aspect that influences the success of science learning is cognitive psychology, which focuses on how individuals process, store, and remember information. Cognitive psychology plays an important role in designing effective learning strategies, which are tailored to the way students understand and manage information. In addition, the learning paradigm used in science education also greatly influences the success of learning. The two main paradigms that are widely considered in science learning are absolutism and constructivism. The absolutism paradigm argues that knowledge is absolute and must be accepted without change, while the constructivism paradigm assumes that knowledge is built through experience and active interaction with the environment. This article aims to explore how the tradition of cognitive psychology influences science learning and examines the differences in the impact of the two paradigms in the context of science education in Indonesia. This discussion is expected to provide a deeper understanding of the importance of applying cognitive psychology and selecting the right learning paradigm in improving the quality of science education.

Mathematics is one of the main skills taught from elementary school to college, playing a role in developing critical and logical thinking patterns of students. However, many elementary school students have difficulty understanding mathematical concepts, especially spatial figures, due to the lack of supporting learning media. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of using Trimatra (three-dimensional) media in mathematics learning in elementary schools. Trimatra media, such as three-dimensional models of spatial figures, allows students to visualize and understand the characteristics and relationships between spatial figures in a concrete manner. The results of the literature study show that Trimatra media not only increases students' knowledge of mathematical concepts, but also motivates students to be actively involved in learning, increases critical thinking skills, and overall learning outcomes.
 

Improving teacher competency is a key factor in improving the quality of education. One of the latest innovations in teacher professional development in Indonesia is the Merdeka Mengajar Platform (PMM), a digital-based platform designed to provide flexible access to independent training. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of PMM in improving teachers' pedagogical and professional competencies, especially in the context of educational transformation in the digital era. The method used is a literature study, by collecting and analyzing relevant literature from reputable academic sources. The results of the study indicate that PMM significantly improves teacher competency through interactive modules, online learning communities, and digital resources designed for learning personalization. Teachers who participate in training through PMM show better ability in implementing innovative learning strategies compared to those who do not use this platform or participate in traditional training. However, the effectiveness of PMM can be influenced by teachers' technological readiness and digital literacy, especially in areas with limited infrastructure. This study highlights the importance of supporting technology-based education policies to ensure that the benefits of PMM can be felt inclusively and sustainably. In conclusion, PMM is a promising solution to address the teacher training gap in Indonesia, but requires a strategic approach to improve its access and effectiveness. Further research is needed to evaluate the long-term empirical impact of this platform on teacher professional development and student learning quality.

Inappropriate learning models and lack of student interest and attention to physics learning result in unsatisfactory learning outcomes. The purpose of the study was to determine how the effect of Cooperative Learning model type Student Team Achievement Division (STAD) on student learning outcomes. The research method used is meta-analysis, data collection for this research by reviewing and browsing online articles. The results of the study found that the Student Team Achievement Division (STAD) type Cooperative learning model obtained an overall average effect size of 1.61, which means that the STAD type Cooperative learning model can influence student learning outcomes in Physics subjects. Learning material that is very influential in the application of the STAD type is Circular Motion as seen from the effect size value which is in the high category with a value of 8.81. The grade level that obtained a high category in applying the Student Team Achievement Division (STAD) type learning model was SMK class X with an effect size value of 2.2.

Clustering is one of the fields of study that discusses data. Clustering is used to find and group data based on its traits or characteristics. Clustering can also be used for class-identified data. However, the clustering method automatically clusters the data before the class identifier is known. Based on the data obtained, the city of Medan, which has a population of approximately 2,460,858 people and an area of 26,510 hectares or 3.6% of the total area of North Sumatra Province, is classified as Flood-prone (BPS). Floods that occur almost 10 to 12 times a year in Medan City are influenced by the condition of the downstream Deli and Belawan rivers. Based on the results of the k-means clustering that has been carried out, the areas that are safe from flooding are the districts of Meddan Amplas, Medan Denai, Medan Area, Medan Kota, Medan Petisah, Medan Perjuangan, Medan Tembung, Medan Deli, and Medan Labuhan. Areas prone to flooding are Medan Tuntungan, Medan Sunggal, Medan Helvetia, West Medan, and Medan Marelan. Meanwhile, the areas most prone to flooding are Medan Johor, Medan Maimun, Medan Polonia, Medan Baru, Medan Selayang, Medan Timur, and Medan Belawan based on the evaluation of the accuracy of the silhouette method of 0.9 and can be declared significant.

The purpose of this study is to: find out the level of story questions in the Mathematics Student Book Grade VII Junior High School Level Curriculum 2013 Based on Bloom's Taxonomy. The place in this study is SMP Negeri 4 Parungpanjang, Bogor Regency, for the 2019-2020 school year. This research method uses a qualitative or descriptive method because it is carried out under natural conditions. The object of this research is a class VII student math book Revised Edition 2017 by Abdul Rahman As'ari, et al. The data collection method is carried out by means of documentation. The data analysis technique refers to the Bloom revised table of cognitive domains of Anderson and Krathwohl. The implementation of data validity uses 4 criteria, namely: (1) Degree of credibility, (2) Transferability, (3) Dependability, and (4) Certainty (confirmability). The results of the study show that those who contain the C1 category level 0%, those that contain the C2 category 4%, those that contain the C3 category 43%, those that contain the C4 category 24%, which contains the C5 category 16%, and which contains the C6 category 13%. The four dimensions of the cognitive process in question are the cognitive process "Understanding" / C-2, the cognitive process "Applying" / C-3, the cognitive process "Analyze" / C-4, the cognitive process "Evaluating" / C-5, and the cognitive process "Creating" / C-6. The suggestion for other researchers is to set the time when the research, because this research takes a long time. And it is also expected to choose a teacher who really understands Bloom's Taxonomy, and it is recommended to choose the right teacher because many teachers are busy (do not have free time)

Education plays an important role in shaping students' character and competence. One of the challenges faced by the world of education is how to build students' understanding of subject matter that is relevant to the context of their daily lives. In this case, ethnomathematics is a very potential approach to be applied in mathematics learning. The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of ethnomatics-based mathematics learning to strengthen cultural values. This study uses a Qualitative research method with a case study approach. This approach allows researchers to explore the experiences, perceptions, and impacts of ethnomathematics learning on students and teachers. The research subjects consisted of: students, teachers and parents. The results of this study indicate that ethnomathematics can improve students' mathematics learning achievement, especially in terms of identifying, translating, understanding the meaning of symbols, understanding and applying mathematical ideas, and making an exploration (estimate) related to mathematical concepts that is better than conventional learning.

Pangan Jajanan Anak Sekolah (PJAS) is one of the foods consumed by people in Indonesia, especially by children and adolescents. This food is very vulnerable to contamination by microorganisms that can damage and can be toxic to the human body when consumed. Microbes can contaminate food through water, dust, air, soil, processing equipment (during the production or preparation process) as well as secretions from the intestines of humans and animals. The method used is literature review by collecting, evaluating, and synthesizing existing studies in the scientific literature. In this case using a search engine such as google scholar. The years obtained from articles from 2018 to 2024 are relevant to the topic of this research. The topic used is the identification of Escherichia coli bacteria in meatball meat samples as school snack food (PJAS), this method is used to gain an in-depth understanding of Escherichia coli bacteria in meatball meat samples as school snacks. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 600 million people globally (nearly 1 in 10 people) fall ill including diarrhea, kidney and liver failure, brain and nerve disorders, reactive arthritis and cancer from food-borne diseases, with 420,000 deaths reported in 2010. Food-borne illnesses arise from the consumption of contaminated food, which can be.
 

The diversity of macroalgae species in Indonesia's coastal ecosystems is important to understand and protect. Indonesia has a very long coastline and a variety of ecological conditions, from tropical to subtropical areas. This area provides a habitat that supports the growth of various macroalgae species. The method used is a qualitative research method analyzing the diversity of macroalgae species in Indonesian coastal ecosystems and the level of understanding of high school/MA level plant-like protists. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the level of understanding of SMA/MA students about plant-like protists is still low. Students have difficulty distinguishing between protists and true plants

This study aims to improve students' mathematics learning outcomes through the implementation of cooperative learning model using the Think Pair Share (TPS) technique. The subjects of the study were the students of class VII-A at SMPN 3 Surabaya. This Classroom Action Research (CAR) was conducted in two cycles, each consisting of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection stages. Data were collected through tests, namely formative tests and post-tests. The results showed a significant improvement in students' mathematics learning outcomes after the application of the Think Pair Share technique. In the first cycle, the average student scores increased significantly compared to before the intervention, with even greater improvements observed in the second cycle. Besides improving learning outcomes, the application of the Think Pair Share technique also had a positive impact on student participation and interaction during the learning process. Students became more active in discussions and helped each other understand the lesson material. Therefore, the Think Pair Share technique has proven effective in enhancing the mathematics learning outcomes of students in class VII-A at SMPN 3 Surabaya.
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This article examines the development of mathematics learning design using the Dick and Carey model in material simplifying algebra forms for class VII SMPN 217 Jakarta. Learning design refers to the process of planning and developing effective learning structures, strategies and activities to achieve desired learning goals. The purpose of writing this article is to explain the steps for developing learning design by applying the Dick and Carey model in designing mathematics learning on material that simplifies algebraic forms. The results of developing designs using the Dick and Carey model in developing mathematics learning designs can help teachers in designing and implementing learning.

This study analyzes the effect of atmospheric drag perturbation at two different magnetic index  (active and severe storm) conditions, on the motion of NOAA 15 weather satellite, the Celestial Mechanics software results were plotted with the assistance of the MATLAB program. From the results it is noticed that for short period of time the effect of atmospheric suppression disturbance at different geomagnetic activity had the same effect on the orbital elements and orbital motion components ,  for a long period there is a slight variation in the effect of the perturbation at two different geomagnetic activities, which can be seen in the orbit's inclination as well as its size and shape. The results demonstrated that motion components were significantly impacted by geomagnetic activity over relatively extended time scales.

This study aims to determine the difficulties of students in solving Higher Order Thingking Skills (HOTS) problems by using the Polya method in Trigonometric comparison materials. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. The subjects of the study were 36 students in class X.1 of SMA Negeri 2 Situbondo. Data collection techniques use test questions, interviews and documentation. The test in the form of Higher Order Thingking Skills (HOTS) questions is carried out to measure students' abilities. Interviews were conducted on 6 students based on the category of ability level of test results. Data analysis was carried out using data induction and reduction theory. The test results showed that those who scored in the high-level category were 10 students (28%), the moderate-level category was 14 students (39%) and the low-level category was 12 students (33%). The conclusion of this study states that the difficulty of students in solving Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) questions using the polya method, namely subjects with high-level categories, experience difficulties at the re-examination stage. Subjects with a moderate level category, experienced difficulties at the stage of implementing the plan and re-examining. Subjects with low-level categories experienced difficulties at all stages of polya, namely at the stage of understanding the problem, making a plan, implementing the plan and re-examining.

Mathematics plays a crucial role in developing students' problem-solving abilities and independence. Educators need to consider the varying characteristics of students when it comes to solving problems, one of which is their adversity quotient (AQ) level. The adversity quotient relates to a student's ability to handle complex problems or to overcome challenging situations. This research aims to analyze the mathematical problem-solving abilities of Class X students in the context of Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables (SPLDV) based on their Adversity Quotient (AQ). This qualitative, descriptive study involved selecting research subjects using an AQ questionnaire and was conducted in Class X. Data collection methods included testing, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques included data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results indicate that subjects with the Climber type can understand problems, develop problem-solving plans, solve problems with accurate and appropriate steps, and use available information to re-check their answers. Subjects with the Camper type can understand problems, develop problem-solving plans, solve problems with accurate and appropriate steps, but often cannot use available information to re-check their answers. Subjects with the Quitter type can understand the problem and formulate a plan but struggle to solve the problem accurately and appropriately, and tend not to use available information to re-check their answers.

This research aims to analyze the ability of FMIPA Mathematics students at Medan State University (Unimed) in solving problems of convergence and divergence of real number sequences, as well as evaluating the effectiveness of using MATLAB software in supporting understanding of these concepts. This research is based on the aim of overcoming students' difficulties in understanding the concepts of convergence and divergence. The research method used was qualitative, with a sample of 20 students selected using purposive sampling. Data was collected through written tests and observations of the use of MATLAB which were distributed via Google Form in solving questions. The results show that 55% of students are in the "very understanding" category, with MATLAB proving to be very effective in making problem solving easier and deepening understanding.

Teacher learning communities are regarded as essential means to improve education quality through collaboration and professional development. However, implementation within formal school contexts faces challenges, such as time constraints, limited structural support, and low awareness of the benefits of learning communities. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of learning communities in enhancing teacher quality in schools and to identify factors influencing teacher participation. The research method employed is a literature review, encompassing analysis of 25 articles from various relevant academic journals. Thematic analysis highlights key topics, including effectiveness, challenges, and opportunities for the development of learning communities. Findings indicate that learning communities have a positive role in enhancing teacher competence and work motivation. However, significant obstacles remain, such as lack of support from school management and limited understanding. The study also emphasizes the potential for digital technology-based learning communities, which could increase teacher participation by providing more flexible access. This study concludes that stronger policy support and further research are needed to address implementation barriers and maximize the potential of learning communities to enhance teaching quality in schools.

The development of technology in the world at this time is very influential and has an impact on education. Therefore, interactive learning media is needed with the aim of attracting the attention of students. The purpose of this research is (1) Producing learning media in the form of board games with three-dimensional material for students 12th Grade SMA Negeri 51 Jakarta. (2) Knowing the effectiveness of learning media for students 12th Grade SMA Negeri 51 Jakarta. The research method used is the model ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluate). because the research method with the ADDIE model has systematic and specific steps in each stage

This research uses the Polya problem-solving procedure to describe students' difficulty in problem-solving in the material about systems of linear equations in two variables. The method in this research is descriptive research. The subjects in this research were three students in Class VIII of SMP Negeri 6 Tondano. The data analysis techniques used are data presentation, data reduction and conclusion. The results of this research show that of the four stages of Polya problem solving, students who have the highest scores can fulfil all stages of Polya problem solving, students who have medium scores can fulfil three stages of Polya problem solving, and students who have high scores can fulfil two stages of Polya problem-solving.

Market Basket Analysis (MBA) is an analytical technique used to identify relationships between items in purchasing transactions. This notebook uses retail transaction datasets and the Apriori algorithm to discover hidden associations and patterns that retailers can leverage in optimizing marketing strategies, store layouts, and product recommendations. Through initial data processing, data exploration, and application of the Apriori algorithm, this analysis succeeded in identifying various significant associations between items that are frequently purchased together. The results provide valuable insights for retailers to develop targeted promotions and improve customer shopping experiences, while emphasizing the importance of selecting the right parameters to obtain accurate and relevant results.

In everyday life, three-dimensional shapes are ubiquitous, manifesting in structures such as houses, bottles, and vehicles. These shapes, characterized by length, width, and height, represent the application of functions of two variables, particularly within spatial domains. This research employs Python programming to model functions of two variables, specifically focusing on spatial surfaces. Leveraging the Matplotlib module, graphical representations of these functions are generated, while the NumPy module facilitates mathematical analyses, including identifying extremal values, critical points, and tangent lines. Results demonstrate the efficacy of Python in efficiently modeling functions of two variables. Through this approach, readers gain insights into the inherent characteristics and behaviors of such functions within spatial contexts, thereby simplifying mathematical analyses and enhancing comprehension.

Moss plants (Bryophyta) are bioindicators of environmental pollution. Identification of moss plant diversity has never been carried out at Medan State University. The research design used to obtain field data is by using the exploratory method. Sampling was purposive sampling in the humid environment around Medan State University, especially in parts that have lots of trees. The results obtained in this study show that there are two types of moss plants, namely leaf moss and liverworts. There are three species of leaf moss found, namely, Sphagnum moss, Entondon seductrix, Andreaea rupestris while the liver moss found is the Bozzania trilobata species.

The solutions of limit problems is one of fundamental concepts in real analysis, applicable in various fields of mathematics and other sciences. However, determining limit can sometimes present challenges, particularly when the fuction in question is complex and difficult to solve manually. This study demostrates the use of MATLAB as a tool to assist in solving such problems numerically. The findings show that MATLAB is realible in calculating the limits of specific fuctions, offering accurate solutions more efficiently and quickly compared to manual methods.

This research studies the application of the nth order Runge-kutta method as a numerical solution to ordinary differential equations. This method was chosen because it is able to provide high accuracy and flexibility in various PDB problems. We implement the nth-order Runge-Kutta algorithm in MATLAB and compare with other numerical methods, such as Euler's method. The results show that the nth order Runge-Kutta method is able to produce more accurate solutions, especially for nonlinear systems. This research makes a significant contribution to the development of numerical solutions for PDB and shows the potential of MATLAB as an effective tool for numerical simulation. Sensitivity analyzes of parameters and time steps were also performed to understand the impact of variations on stability and convergence.

Engineering is a science that studies the skills of creating tools and processing methods to perform various human tasks. Education is the conscious effort to prepare students for future tasks through teaching, learning and/or training. Character is a set of qualities that are always admired as a sign of a person's goodness, virtue and moral maturity. The purpose of this research is to conduct a literature review, ie. to find out the importance of technology in the development of a student's character. The method used is the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) strategy. SLR is a research method that aims to systematically identify, examine and interpret information obtained from journals at certain stages. The research results show that the integration of technology into education not only supports the learning process, but also plays an important role in the development of the student's character. Technology-based education encourages students to think critically, collaborate and adapt to the rapid changes of the digital age. Therefore, technology is an important tool to develop students who are academically intelligent in accordance with the values of Pancasila, but also with strong character and noble morals.

The research was conducted based on the problem of students in class XI TITL 2 SMK N 5 Surabaya This research aims to improve student learning outcomes by using differentiated learning based on student learning styles with differentiated content aspects. This research uses the PTK (Classroom Action Research) method with a quantitative approach and data collection techniques using diagnostic assessments (prestest) and summative assessments (posttest). The results of research using differentiated learning based on students' learning styles with differentiated content aspects show that there is an increase in learning outcomes which can be seen from pre-cycle activities with the percentage of learning completeness increasing from 18% to 43% in cycle I, then increasing to 78% in cycle II. From these results it can be concluded that research using differentiated learning based on students' learning styles based on differentiated content aspects has succeeded in improving the learning outcomes of class XI TITL 2 SMK N 5 Surabaya in mathematics lessons simple linear regression analysis material.
 
 

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of inactivation treatment of silver barb eggs by UV irradiation for 30 seconds (the dose of 991,67 J/m2) or 50 seconds (the dose of 1652,79 J/m2) for damaging the genetic material of silver barb eggs as assessed by abnormal morphology or appearance of the larvae (or haploid), to determine the effectiveness of diploidization by heat shock at 40°C for 90 seconds to silver barb zygote at 10 or 15 minutes from fertilization time, in order to obtain diploid androgenetic of silver barb as assessed by normal morphological larvae (or diploid) similar to the positive control.Results showed that the average fertility among treatments were highly significant difference.

This research was conducted to improve learning outcomes on number sorting material using numerical jersey media in grade II SDN 02 Rowoyoso. This study uses a class action research method that uses II cycles in which each cycle consists of planning, implementing, observing, and reflecting activities. The data collection techniques used are observation, tests, and documentation. The results of classroom action research found that numerical jersey media can improve student learning outcomes. In the first cycle student learning outcomes were 55.55% (10 students who completed) and 44.44% (8 students who were not completed). While in cycle II student learning outcomes increased to 86.66% (13 students who completed) and 27.77% (5 students who have not completed). So it can be concluded that students experience improved learning outcomes and achieve the minimum completeness criteria determined.

This study aimed to determine the stand structure and tree canopy cover in forest and parak ecosystems in Lubuk Kilangan District, Padang City. This is a descriptive research with a direct observation throught purposive random sampling method. Data were collected by making six of 20 x 20 m plots in each primary forest and parak ecosystem. Tree diameters ?10 cm were measured in each plot and canopy cover were collected using the Hemispherical Photography method using a mobile phone front camera equipped with a fish-eye lens. Data were analyzed in terms of stand density, basal area, Stand Basal Area (SBA), and percentage of canopy cover. The average tree density in the primary forest area was 913 individuals/ha, while the tree density in the parak was 467 individuals/ha. The SBA value in the primary forest was higher than in the parak, which was 64.10 m2/ha in the primary forest and 14,72 m2/ha in the parak. The average percentage of canopy cover in both areas shows that the percentage of primary forest canopy cover was greater than that of parak. The average value of the percentage of canopy cover in the forest area was 80.48%, while in the parak area was 71.23%. Correlation between tree density, canopy cover, SBA was only occured in primary forest area where the canopy cover negatively correlated with SBA. This study showed that the primary forest area and parak in Lubuk Kilangan Subdistrict have a good tree density, SBA and tree canopy covers.

This research aims to determine the increase in mathematical problem solving abilities in permutation material through the problem based learning (PBL) learning model. This research is classroom action research (PTK) with research subjects being students of class XI TPM 2 SMK Negeri 1 Madiun, totaling 34 students. In this research, the instruments used were problem-solving ability tests and observation sheets. In this research there are two cycles, where each cycle consists of planning, implementation, observation and reflection which follows the Lewin model procedure. In this study, the minimum learning completeness obtained was >75%. The analysis technique used in this research is descriptive qualitative which is adapted to the Hiles and Huberman technique, including data collection, data reduction, drawing conclusions and verification. The results of this research show that there is an increase in problem solving abilities using the problem based learning (PBL) learning model. This can be seen from the number of students who have achieved the very good problem solving ability category, namely 15.63% in the pre-cycle, then increasing to 25 % in cycle 1, and then increased in cycle 2, namely 53%, and in cycle 2 learning completion had reached 84.38%.
 

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of using comic media on students' reading interest at SD 1 Menawan. This research uses quantitative methods with the research method being Quasi Experiment (quasi experiment). Data collection techniques used in this research include interview guides, comics and questionnaires. The respondents in this study were all students in grades IV and V as the control and experimental classes at SD 1 Menawan. Data analysis techniques were processed and analyzed using SPSS 20 data processing software. The research data obtained was carried out by normality test, hypothesis test, and t-test. The sig value was obtained from the results of the t-test of the two variables of the experimental class and the control class of 0.000 < 0.05, it can be concluded that Ho was rejected, which means that the use of comic media as a teaching material has an effect on the increase in students' interest in reading at SD 1 Menawan.

This research aims to describe the results of exploratory learning about objects in the form of energy concepts on Para Island. The main research activities are exploring objects (Sun, ocean currents, sea waves, and wind), as well as scientific concepts and processes using the Thematic Exploration Learning in Democratic Interaction (HOTL-DI) type A model. Research at Tatoereng State Middle School Classes VII-VIII from June to July 2021. Exploration activities were carried out in three stages. The first stage is material exploration (objects, concepts, and scientific processes), carried out by the research team facilitated by the Pamong Teacher. The second stage is learning activities regarding energy concepts by class VII-VIII students. The results of the phase II assessment are used as a reference for going directly to the field to conduct exploration. Phase III exploration activities for target groups facilitated by mentors and researchers. The research results showed that at the beginning of the activity, all students experienced difficulties, but later, they developed the initiative to carry out their exploration. The exploration results show the development of the concept in the exploration step. Most students experienced improvement in identifying concepts and constructing a comprehensive network of energy concepts.

The part of the basil plant is the leaves which have various types of benefits if studied further. With the introduction of secondary metabolites, it can be said that basil leaves contain eugenol compounds. The eugenol compound can be used as a reducing agent in the synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles. The precursor used in the synthesis of TiO2 is titanium isopropoxide which has an oxidation state of +4. By utilizing the green synthesis method, TiO2 was reacted with basil leaf extract and then characterized using XRD and FTIR. The resulting particle size is 10.86 nm. And FTIR shows a wave number of 874.59 which represents the Ti-O functional group. Photocatalytic activity can take advantage of the synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles by placing the nanoparticles in a methylene blue solution which has a concentration of 20 ppm and varies based on contact time and adsorbent mass. Photocatalytic activity testing obtained a degradation percentage of 79%-84% which varied based on adsorbant mass and contact time. Varying the adsorbant mass and time results in a degradation percentage that increases with each additional mass but will not increase again if it has reached the optimum phase and can reduce the degradation percentage.

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of the bioactivator MOL Jermai Jackfruit (Artocapus integra merr) on the length of time for composting. Jackfruit straw is one of the wastes that has not been used properly and is thrown away so that it can cause environmental pollution. So to avoid this problem, the Jackfruit Straw is fermented into MOL as a compost material from organic vegetable waste, fruits are thrown away and produce a bad smell. MOL Jackfruit Straw was fermented for 7 days with a brown color and smell of alcohol. The research method used experimentally by using 3 variables, namely the independent variable (long composting time), the dependent variable (MOL Straw Jackfruit) and the supporting variables EM4 and control. The results of the research composting using MOL Straw Jackfruit, EM4 and control temperature of the compost 300C, pH 7, 70% content, blackish color, smooth texture and smell like soil. The final composting process in all treatment parameters has met the SNI for compost except the water content, namely the temperature according to ground water (300C), pH 6.80-7.49, maximum water content of 50% blackish color, texture and smell like soil. The length of time for composting using MOL Straw Jackfruit dose of 10 ml 24 days, EM4 10 ml 29 days and control 42 days. Data analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test obtained a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05, so H1 is accepted or there is an effect of the Jackfruit Straw MOL bioactivator on the length of time for composting.

The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method for solving the 1-D heat diffusion equation offers an efficient approach for resolving partial differential equations (PDEs) with various time steps . FFT is used to transform the 1-D heat diffusion equation into the frequency domain and back to the time domain through inverse FFT. Using mathematical modeling with initial and Dirichlet boundary conditions, the numerical solutions produced by FFT are compared with analytical solutions. The accuracy of the method is validated using MAE and MSE calculated in Matlab. At several time intervals , the obtained MAE and MSE values indicate a good agreement between the numerical and analytical solutions, with very small errors. Numerical stability analysis confirms the reliability of the FFT method across various  The variation in time step  has a significant impact on the accuracy and stability of the solution. Smaller time steps improve accuracy and stability but require longer computation times. The optimal time step selected in this study is  Increasing the number of discretization points  also enhances accuracy but implies an increase in computational load and memory usage. The FFT method demonstrates good numerical consistency with increasing
 

The purpose of this study was to determine the significant effect of the Contextual Teaching and Learning model on the learning outcomes of class IV students at SDN Murtajih 1 in the mathematic subject area of flat shapes. This study uses quantitative methods with a Pre-Experimental Design and One Group Pretest-Posttest Design model. The sample was 23 students using the Total Sampling technique. Data collection used test instruments for student cognitive learning outcomes and teacher activity observation sheets. Based on the paired simple t-test, tcount 15.495 > ttable 2.073 shows that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted or there is a significant effect of the Contextual Teaching and Learning model on the learning outcomes of class IV students at SDN Murtajih 1 in the Mathematic subject area of flat shapes. Based on the N-Gain test, the influence of the effect was 61.52%. The application of the Contextual Teaching And Learning model in mathematics learning about the area of flat shapes in class IV at SDN Murtajih 1 took place over 2 meetings with a duration of 70 minutes for each meeting and was carried out very well with an average implementation percentage of 100%.

This study seeks to identify learning models that affect students' mathematics learning outcomes. Students at SMPN 3 Paron have poor or low learning outcomes, especially in the field of Harmony in the Triangle, because the indicators of the learning process in the school have not been optimal. One of the learning models that can be used is the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) model with a contextual approach. This quantitative study used Postest only Control Design, with three samples selected using saturated sampling, one class as the experimental class and one class as the control class, and using one class, namely class VIII B as the test class. The samples have been distributed normally and homogeneousl. Data analysis using the T. Teams Games Tournament Test produced an average of 42.44, the conventional learning model produced an average of 62.39. Students who were taught using the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) model with a contextual approach obtained a better average and outperformed students who were taught using the convenive model or only the TGT model, as the calculation of this study obtained (Thitung = 3.024 is greater than Ttable = 2.120).

Water is a very important need for living creatures on earth. Humans, animals, plants and other living creatures need water, clean water is very much needed and is a source of life for living creatures. However, bacteria or germs that cannot be seen by the eye are still detected in the water. The bacteria that are mostly detected in water are; Escherichia coli bacteria. Escherichia coli forms colonies that are convex, smooth with distinct edges, and round. Method used The qualitative literature review research method is an approach used to collect, evaluate, and synthesize studies in the scientific literature that are relevant to a particular topic. Based on research results, Escherichia coli bacteria are found in various types of water such as refillable drinking water, well water and river water as well as swimming pool water

During the period of compulsory education in Indonesia, which is 12 years, the government requires mathematics as the main subject of external learning which will continue to have an impact on people's lives. The level of ability in a field of science must be measured to obtain valid data for the development of education in Indonesia. The use of Sagemath Mathematics Software in schools in Indonesia is not surprising at this time, technological developments have made the use of Sagemath Mathematics Software commonplace. The research method used in this research uses a literature study research method where researchers research the results of previous research. In groups There were 55.88% of experiments that experienced an increase (normalized gain) in the high category and 44.22% were in the medium category. Meanwhile, the average increase (normalized profit) in this group was 0.71, which is included in the high category. The results of this study concluded that students' abilities in mathematical computational thinking on Sagemath software are very high, this is due to several factors between the tendencies of students' desires and creativity of the teaching profession. Students' computing abilities when using Sagemath software can be done through students' mathematical algorithm features.
 
 

This research aims to determine the effect of the guided discovery learning model on student learning outcomes in class 12 using a scientific approach; in this research, the researcher used 2 learning methods, one of which is the conventional method; the researcher used 2 classes as samples, where each class was 15 students in each class, was coded as class A for the control class and class B for the experimental class. The research instrument used was a question in the form of a posttest. 

This literature review examines the increase in antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium that frequently causes infections in humans and animals. Although most E. coli strains are harmless, some pathogenic strains have shown resistance to various antibiotics, posing a significant challenge in the healthcare field. This study highlights the various resistance mechanisms found in E. coli, including the production of ?-lactamase enzymes that can inactivate antibiotics, modification of antibiotic targets, changes in membrane permeability, and increased activity of efflux pumps that expel antibiotics from bacterial cells. Additionally, this review discusses factors contributing to the spread of resistance, such as the excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics in medicine and livestock, and the transfer of resistance genes through mobile genetic elements. The literature highlights recent research efforts to address this issue, including the development of new antibiotics, the use of antibiotic combinations, and alternative therapies such as bacteriophages and specific enzyme inhibitors. This review emphasizes the importance of strict surveillance and prudent antibiotic use policies to prevent the further spread of antibiotic resistance in E. coli, ensuring the effectiveness of bacterial infection treatments in the future.

Learning for children with special needs has its own method according to their needs. Not only children with special needs have needs, but also all children have needs. One of them is education. The aim of this research is to find out how teachers work in handling children who have special needs, especially those who are Slow Learners in learning. The method used in this research is to use a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. In collecting data, researchers used interviews and observations conducted at Baddurih Elementary School. In the results of interviews that have been conducted, the teacher's efforts to handle children who are slow learners are by using special strategies, namely by using an individual approach and a remedial approach in the learning process.
 
 

Furniture raw materials are still a major challenge in the industry, in line with the wishes of consumers to get good quality raw materials and soaring export demand, so there is a need for a control process to monitor the value of products using forecasting. The purpose of this study was to predict gross domestic product in the furniture industry in Indonesia in 2022. This study used secondary data on the quarterly trend of gross domestic product in the furniture industry in Indonesia 2010-2021 taken from the research industry data processed by BPS and Bank Indonesia, The method used is Double Exponential Smoothing-Holt. The results of the calculation using the double exponential smoothing-holt method obtained a value of ? of 0.658 and ? of 0.008 where the forecasting results for the 2022 period, namely the 1 quarter of 7.602 billion rupiah, quarter 2 of 7.676 billion rupiah, quarter 3 of 7.749 billion rupiah, and quarter 4 of 7.822 billion rupiah. Where the MAPE value is 0.737% which means forecasting has very good results.