Pain is an unpleasant sensation that can interfere with an individual's quality of life and requires effective management. Synthetic analgesics such as ketorolac, codeine, etoricoxib, and celecoxib are commonly used to relieve pain, but long-term use can cause adverse side effects, including gastrointestinal disturbances, dependence, and cardiovascular risks. Therefore, it is important to find safer, natural alternatives. One promising alternative is the extract of the dragon’s tail leaf (Rhaphidophora pinnata), a plant traditionally used in Indonesian medicine as a pain reliever. This study aims to evaluate and compare the analgesic effects of Rhaphidophora pinnata leaf extract with several synthetic drugs using the writhing test on male mice (Mus musculus). The mice were induced with pain by injecting a 0.5% acetic acid solution. The treatments included ketorolac, codeine, etoricoxib, celecoxib, and Rhaphidophora pinnata leaf extract. The results showed that all treatments, including both synthetic drugs and Rhaphidophora pinnata leaf extract, produced significant analgesic effects compared to the negative control (Na CMC 0.5%). Ketorolac showed the highest effectiveness, followed by codeine, etoricoxib, and celecoxib. Although the Rhaphidophora pinnata leaf extract showed potential as a natural analgesic, its effectiveness varied among individual test animals. Some mice showed a better response to the leaf extract, but overall, the analgesic effect was still lower than that of synthetic drugs. These findings support the use of medicinal plants as a safer alternative to synthetic analgesic drugs. Moreover, this study provides a foundation for further research aimed at isolating active compounds from Rhaphidophora pinnata leaf extract to develop more effective and safer pain-relieving medications.

Lip balm is a cosmetic product designed to protect and maintain the moisture of the lips, especially from environmental factors that can cause dry, cracked, or irritated lips, such as low temperatures and wind. Dry lips can interfere with comfort and appearance, making protection with lip balm essential. This study aims to formulate and evaluate a lip balm preparation made from a combination of natural and chemical ingredients, such as cera flava, oleum cacao, nipagin, glycerin, lanolin, and the addition of powder dye. These ingredients were chosen because of their ability to maintain lip moisture, provide protection against external factors, and ensure long-term safety for use. The lip balm manufacturing process begins with heating the primary ingredients, cera flava and oleum cacao, which are melted first. After the primary ingredients have melted, additional ingredients such as nipagin, glycerin, lanolin, and powder dye are added gradually. The mixture is stirred carefully to ensure that all ingredients are evenly blended. Once all the ingredients are well-mixed, the liquid mixture is poured into molds and allowed to cool and harden. This process is crucial for achieving the desired lip balm texture, which should not be too hard or too soft and should facilitate easy application to the lips. Based on the analysis results, the formulated lip balm demonstrates good physical stability, without significant changes in color, odor, or texture during testing. The lip balm also provides ease of use, with a smooth texture that is easy to apply to the lips. The results of this study show that the combination of ingredients used can produce an effective lip balm product that maintains lip moisture and provides optimal protection against harsh environmental conditions, such as low temperatures.

This study aims to design and evaluate lipstick preparations by utilizing solid paraffin as the base ingredient and lanolin as an emollient and stabilizer. Solid paraffin was chosen because of its dense properties at room temperature and having the ability to form a stable lipstick structure. In addition, paraffin can provide a smooth, durable surface, and provide good smearing power. On the other hand, lanolin is known as a natural emollient ingredient that functions to moisturize and protect the lips from dryness. Lanolin also has water-retaining properties (occlusive) so that lip moisture is maintained even if the lipstick is used for a long time. The process of making lipstick is carried out by the melting method using indirect heating to maintain the stability of the material and prevent color and aroma degradation. All materials are accurately weighed, then put into beaker glass and heated over three legs using a Bunsen lamp. During heating, the ingredients are gently stirred so that all the components, including solid paraffin and lanolin, melt and mix homogeneously. Once the mixture reaches the desired consistency, the formula is poured into the lipstick mold and allowed to set at room temperature until ready for use. The results of the evaluation test showed that the combination of solid paraffin and lanolin was able to create lipstick with an optimal solid texture, even color, not easy to crack, and had a smooth application power on the surface of the lips. Lanolin plays a big role in providing a soft, moisturizing effect and adding a natural shine to the lips. Meanwhile, solid paraffin helps maintain the shape of the lipstick so that it doesn't break easily when applied. This study also highlights the importance of comparing the composition of ingredients to produce lipsticks that have a stable melting point, good application power, and appropriate adhesion.
 

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease caused by impaired insulin function, impaired insulin secretion, or both, resulting in a hyperglycemic condition. Patients with type 2 DM generally exhibit characteristics such as a Random Blood Glucose level exceeding 200 mg/dL and an HbA1c  level exceeding 6.5%. The accuracy of medication administration to patients must also consider the rationality of antidiabetic therapy in order to influence the success rate of optimal therapy. This study aims to evaluate the rationality of patient appropriateness and indication appropriateness in outpatients with type 2 DM at Tabanan Regional Public Hospital (RSUD Tabanan). This study employed a semi-quantitative observational research design with a retrospective approach by reviewing patient medical records from the initiation of therapy. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling, whereby samples had to meet predetermined inclusion criteria. The results indicated that the age group with the highest prevalence of DM patients at RSUD Tabanan was over 56 years old (74%), with a predominance of females (63%). The most common comorbidity among DM patients was hypertension alone (24.5%). Based on the findings, the percentage of patient appropriateness rationality among DM outpatients at RSUD Tabanan was 97.5%, while the percentage of indication appropriateness rationality in type 2 DM outpatients at RSUD Tabanan was 98.5%.

Oxidative stress is caused by regular smoking. If oxidative stress is higher than the level of antioxidants, there is said to be oxidative stress. SOD, CAT and GPx enzymes in the plasma help to reduce the harm caused by oxidative stress. This study aimed to discover if smoking regularly had any impact on the enzymes found in adults. A total of 120 people, with 60 chronic smokers and 60 nonsmokers, took part in the study and each group of 60 had equal numbers of men and women. All donors of blood and plasma had their levels of SOD, CAT and GPx checked using regular spectrophotometric procedures. I carried out the analysis using SPSS software version 26.0. The levels of SOD (1.82 ± 0.29 U/mL), CAT (31.5 ± 4.8 IU/mL) and GPx (3.21 ± 0.52 IU/mL) were lower in smokers compared to non-smokers. The gender levels showed the same effect on the study results as the smoking levels and did not interact with one another. Generally, regular smoking can decrease the amount of this enzyme working in plasma, so the body becomes less able to protect itself from oxidation for both men and women. It indicates that smoking leads to a health issue and advises taking actions to decrease risks for smokers.
 

Wasting affects health and threatens children potential. Direct factors such as food intake need to be maximized to improve nutritional status. This study aims to determine the differences in energy and macronutrient intake, food parenting, and exclusive breastfeeding history in wasting and non-wasting toddlers in the working area of Sidotopo Wetan Health Center Surabaya. This study is a case control study. Total respondents were 88 toddlers aged 7-60 months, consist 44 wasting toddlers taken with total sampling technique and 44 non-wasting toddlers taken with purposive sampling technique with age and gender matching. Energy intake and macronutrients were obtained by 3x24 hour food recall questionnaire, food parenting patterns obtained from filling out FPSQ (Feeding Practices and Structure Questionnaire) and FPSQ-M (Milk Version) questionnaires, exclusive breastfeeding history obtained through interviews with questionnaires, anthropometric data measured using digital scales and microtoas. Data analysis used independent t-test and Mann Whitney test. The results of this study showed there were significant differences in energy intake (p=0.000), carbohydrates (p=0.023), protein (p=0.000), fat (p=0.000), and exclusive breastfeeding history (p=0.003) and there was no significant difference in food parenting (p=0.632) between wasting and non-wasting toddlers. Parents are expected to pay attention to food intake and provide exclusive breastfeeding.

The modulation of the structures and electronic properties of transition metal complexes by multi-ligands coordination has been widely exploited to enhance the catalytic?efficiency in organic transformations. Here, we present synthesis, characterization, and catalytic performance of Cu(II), Ni(II) and Pd(II) complexes of multidentate ligands- EDTA, 1,10-phenanthroline and?N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). The Pd-NHC complex displayed the high catalytic activity for hydrogenation as well as?small-molecule activation, up to 450 h?¹ of turnover frequency (TOF) and total conversion of styrene to ethylbenzene at room temperature, and is higher efficient than Cu-EDTA (TOF =120 h?¹), Ni-Phen (TOF= 85 h?¹). The DFT calculation with Pd-NHC system showed that the small HOMO-LUMO gap (3.2 eV) and the short Pd–C bond (1.95 Å) of Pd-NHC,?which could facilitate the transfer of the growth species, contributed to the low energy of activation (28 kJ/mol). Mathematical?model also discussed its high catalytic activity (TOF/Ea = 16.07 h?¹·kJ?¹·mol) due to the strong ?-donor ligands and proper geometry. These findings underscore the influence of ligand architecture to secure transition states and modulate electron density in designing efficient sustainable catalysis that is?industrially relevant.

Nanotechnology is the science of present and future, it has different physical, chemical, biological preparation methods, it has many applications in green chemistry, agriculture, industry, electronics, environmental pollution. Gold, silver, zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles are among most important particles that have many advantages and uses.

Skin damage can adversely affect a person's health and physical appearance. One of the factors causing is exposure to free radicals that can trigger various skin problems such as premature aging, hyperpigmentation, to skin cancer. The combination of astaxanthin and carrot extract (Daucus carota L.) can be a natural approach that is promising for skin care because it contains antioxidant carotenoids. Astaxanthin and carrot extract are formulated in the form of emulgel preparations to optimize their effectiveness when used on the surface of the skin. The success of an emulgel preparation is not only determined by its active ingredient, but also by the physical characteristics of the preparation. This study aims to determine the optimum formulation of the combination of carbopol 940, triethanolamine, and aquadest in making emulgel preparations with active substances Astaxanthin and carrot extract in order to obtain physical properties that meet the standards. Optimization is carried out using the D-Optimal Mixture Design method through the Design Expert® software version 13.0.0. The evaluated parameters include pH, viscosity, scattering power, and adhesion. This study produced an optimum formulation of emulgel with a composition of 940 1.5% carbopol as much as 40.697 grams, TEA as much as 0.5 grams, and aquadest amounted to 15,188 grams. This formula shows a pH of 5,783 ± 0.0249, viscosity 24,856.7 ± 2,829.61 cps, 5,113 ± 0.4216 cm spread power, as well as the adhesion of 1,873 ± 0.1641 seconds. Based on the analysis using the D-optimal method, Tea is known as the most influential component of the physical characteristics of the Astaxanthin combination emulgel and carrot extract.

Woodball was first introduced in 2006 and has since grown rapidly across the country. In addition, many woodball clubs and communities have emerged, and woodball has become an officially recognized competitive sport since 2016. In 2016, woodball even became part of the national sports week (PON) in West Java. Woodball is a sport that combines elements of golf and croquet, emphasizing the accuracy of shots to pass through the goal with a wooden ball. Hand-eye coordination is one of the key factors that can influence the quality of an athlete's shots. Objective: To determine the relationship between hand-eye coordination and shot quality in woodball athletes in Bali Province. An observational analytical study with a cross-sectional approach involving 42 woodball athletes in Bali Province. Hand-eye coordination was measured using a 30-second ball catch-and-throw test, while shot quality was assessed using a skill test based on the number of balls successfully passing through the gate. Analysis was performed using Spearman's rho correlation test. The analysis revealed a significant relationship between eye-hand coordination and swing quality in woodball athletes (P < 0.05). The positive correlation coefficient indicates that better eye-hand coordination leads to higher swing quality. There is a significant relationship between eye-hand coordination and shot quality. Improving visual-motor coordination skills can contribute to the performance of woodball athletes.

Household waste is one of the major contributors to environmental problems. Waste management based on the 3Rs is an important strategy in reducing negative impacts on health and ecosystems. This study aims to review the literature on the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the community in managing household waste based on the 3R principles. The method used was a literature study by collecting literature from Google Scholar and Science Direct. The results showed that good knowledge encourages positive attitudes and more effective waste management practices. Education, especially to housewives, is proven to increase awareness and active participation in sorting and processing waste. Successful waste management requires active community involvement, infrastructure support, and ongoing mentoring. In conclusion, the strong relationship between knowledge, attitude and practice shows the importance of an integrated approach to household waste management based on the 3R principles to create a clean, healthy and sustainable environment. The contribution of this research to science is through the review of various field studies from a number of regions in Indonesia, and emphasizes the urgency of community-based education, especially for strategic groups such as housewives. Educational efforts to increase active participation and awareness of the 3R principles can be used as a reference in designing intervention programs by both the government and non-governmental organizations.
 

Background: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory cardiovascular disorder strongly associated with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and serves as a major predictor of adverse cardiovascular events. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between inflammatory markers (adiponectin and TNF-?) and key biochemical parameters in atherosclerosis patients. Methods:  A case-control study was conducted on 60 participants (aged 40–65 years) recruited from private cardiac clinics in Fallujah, Iraq, between October and December 2024. Subjects were stratified into two groups: 30 atherosclerosis patients (diagnosed by specialists) and 30 age-matched healthy controls. Blood samples were collected, centrifuged, and analyzed for CRP, TNF-?, adiponectin, PAI-1, MDA, GSH, sodium (Na), and magnesium (Mg) levels using standardized biochemical assays. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, with significance set at *p* ? 0.001. Results: Atherosclerosis patients exhibited significantly elevated serum levels of CRP (2.21 ± 14.46 vs. 1.07 ± 7.76 mg/dL), TNF-? (15.14 ± 120.86 vs. 4.27 ± 65.16 pg/mL), PAI-1 (6.52 ± 0.82 vs. 2.02 ± 0.42 ng/dL), MDA (590.26 ± 29.64 vs. 155.52 ± 25.19 ng/mL), and Na (140.16 ± 1.18 vs. 125.46 ± 6.17 nmol/L) compared to controls (*p* ? 0.001). Conversely, adiponectin (0.18 ± 1.81 vs. 0.67 ± 4.18 mg/dL), GSH (22.79 ± 1.37 vs. 40.81 ± 3.05 ?g/mL), and Mg (1.46 ± 0.175 vs. 1.84 ± 0.67 nmol/L) were markedly reduced in patients. ROC curve analysis demonstrated perfect diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 1.0) for CRP, TNF-?, and adiponectin in distinguishing patients from controls. Conclusion: The study highlights pronounced dysregulation of inflammatory, oxidative, and metabolic pathways in atherosclerosis, with CRP, TNF-?, and adiponectin serving as robust discriminative biomarkers. These findings underscore the potential of targeting these pathways for therapeutic intervention and early diagnosis.

Biochemical pathways are the complex pathways of chemical reactions vital to maintain cellular homeostasis, control metabolism and modulate responses to physiological stimuli. Recent developments in the omics technologies, gene editing tools, and systems biology have significantly deepened our understanding of these pathways, changing the scientific paradigm from linear reactions to complex and interrelated regulatory networks. This review examines the changing face of metabolic and signaling pathways including but not limited to glycolysis, TCA cycle, MAPK, PI3K/AKT and JAK/STAT and their role in health and disease. Particular attention is paid to pathway analysis innovations, including CRISPR/Cas9, single-cell and spatial transcriptomics, and computational modelling and their revolutionary effect on discovery of new drug targets and pathway specific therapeutics. In reviewing the most recent advances in cancer metabolism, immune signaling, and cross-pathway interactions, this paper emphasizes the translational promise of pathway-centric research for personalized medicine, especially in oncology, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular, and autoimmune diseases. The review attempts to bridge basic biochemical research with clinical applications, and provides a window into the manner in which pathway-based interventions are influencing the future of precision therapeutics.

Drug packaging not only serves as a protective barrier for pharmaceutical products but also functions as a strategic element in conveying information and ensuring consumer rights. This study is a literature review of five journals that discuss packaging innovation, legal aspects of labeling, consumer protection, and packaging design from both technological and regulatory perspectives. The aim of this study is to compare the dimensions of innovation, information, and protection in drug packaging. A narrative review method with a qualitative descriptive approach was used. The results show that innovations such as the use of adsorbent plastic and efficiency in packaging systems significantly affect product stability and production speed. Meanwhile, the inclusion of composition details and halal labeling on packaging serves as a form of consumer protection from health risks and rights violations. It is concluded that a multidimensional approach to drug packaging is essential in creating a pharmaceutical distribution system that is efficient, safe, and ethical.

Anemia is a common health problem among adolescent girls, which can affect their growth and development. Thi study aims to identify factors that influence the occurrence of anemia in adolescent girls. Both biological and environmental factors contribute to anemia. The method used was a comprehensive literature review, by collecting data from various relevant sources including journals and research reports. The result emphasized the importance of knowledge about adolescent girls health, as well as lack of iron consumtion, irregular sleep patterns and long-duration or irregular menstruation, so there is a need for education n each village to reduce the risk of anemia in adolescent girls. The conclusion of this study shows that the impact of anemia  affects physical health, quality of life, productivity and social well-being. Addressing anemia should be a priority in public health policy.

This study synthesized novel sulfadiazine-imine derivatives (A1 and A2) using a microwave-assisted method by reacting sulfadiazine with orsellinaldehyde and 2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzaldehyde. The synthesis involved the nucleophilic addition of sulfadiazine to the aldehyde groups, forming imine bonds efficiently under microwave irradiation within 15 minutes. The antibacterial efficacy of the synthesized derivatives was tested against Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli using agar well diffusion methods. The derivatives A1 and A2 exhibited significantly improved antibacterial activities compared to sulfadiazine, with A1 showing the highest efficacy. Specifically, inhibition zones for Bacillus subtilis reached 26 mm (A1 at 100 mg/mL) compared to 20 mm for sulfadiazine, and similar trends were observed against E. coli and S. pneumoniae. Furthermore, the cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells revealed that both derivatives demonstrated dose-dependent cytotoxicity. For derivative A1, cell viability decreased to 19% at 320 ppm with an estimated IC50 between 40 and 80 ppm. Derivative A2 showed comparable cytotoxic behavior, with cell viability dropping to 12.6% at the highest concentration tested. The enhanced antibacterial and anticancer properties are attributed to increased lipophilicity and improved cellular penetration conferred by the imine functional group. This research highlights the potential of microwave-assisted derivatization of sulfadiazine to produce compounds with promising therapeutic applications.

Diabetes mellitus, especially type 2, is a growing epidemic with almost 90% of cases reported worldwide. Antioxidants are compounds that are in lower concentrations compared to the concentration of oxidizable compounds, can significantly prevent or inhibit the oxidation of the substrate. The formation of more stable oxidant compounds through intramolecular hydrogen bonds in the further oxidation process. Data collection was carried out using Google Scholar, Science Direct and PubMed databases. The literature sources used were in the form of research results that had been published in 2011-2021 in national and international journals. Providing antioxidants is an effort to inhibit the production of intracellular free radicals or increase the ability of defense enzymes against free radicals in order to prevent the emergence of oxidative stress and diabetes-related blood vessel complications. Various supplements containing antioxidants and/or factors that can increase the production of nitric oxide (NO) have the potential to improve endothelial dysfunction and mitochondrial function in cells, as well as reduce the activity of the NAD(P)H oxidase enzyme. 

Packaging plays an important role in maintaining the quality, stability, and effectiveness of medicines, both in the form of pharmaceutical preparations and herbal products. This review article aims to analyze the role of primary and secondary packaging materials through literature studies from various relevant journals. The method used was a literature review of four selected national and international journals that discussed the influence of packaging on product stability, information effectiveness, and product image in the eyes of consumers. The results of the study show that primary packaging functions to protect products directly from environmental influences, while secondary packaging functions in distribution, storage, and strengthening visual and branding aspects. Innovations such as the use of adsorbent plastics and visual redesign have been proven to increase stability and consumer confidence in the product. It can be concluded that packaging is a crucial aspect that not only maintains the physical-chemical quality of the product, but also shapes consumer perception and compliance.

Background: Research of glucose detection is important in diabetes management and biosensor development. Taking into account the large amount of water retention, the biocompatibility of hydrogels makes them ideal candidates for glucose detection. The PBA groups, when grafted to hydrogel matrices, improve the glucose-related response of the hydrogels significantly. Objective: To create a novel PBA (phenylboronic acid) holographic glucose sensor, MAAm-co-4VPBA, for uninterrupted monitoring of blood glucose levels, which demonstrates the first successful glucose measurement in whole blood using PBA sensors. Methods: Methylacrylamide (MAAm) was copolymerized with 4-vinyl phenyl boronic acid (4-VPBA) by means of free radical polymerization employing 1,6-hexanedioldiacrylate (HDODA) as a crosslinker and the photoinitiator 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone. The responsive glucose behavior of the resulting polymer was characterized in terms of swelling dynamics, ex vivo flow tests, and error grid analysis mechanisms. Results: The MAAm-co-4VPBA polymer exhibits reversible glucose binding via PBA-diol interactions that allow complexation at different pH and concentration levels. Modulation of the responsive elements of the microcapsules by hydrophobic PBA and hydrophilic MAAm units yields maximum swelling and shrinking dynamics at 37 trail degrees. The sensor successfully detected glucose in opaque biological fluids, blood plasma, without any interference from antibiotics or other therapeutics or endogenous compounds. Ex vivo tests showed real-time glucose monitoring without hysteresis. Most importantly, this work is the first to report the use of PBA-based sensors in whole blood for measuring glucose.
Conclusion: The MAAm-co-4VPBA holographic sensor possesses outstanding features such as accurate records and strong resistance to chemicals and slow response to detection, confirming its effectiveness in continuous glucose monitoring. Moreover, the ability to operate in the real world enables the aid in clinical diagnosis of diabetes.

Pharmaceutical packaging serves not only as a means of protecting the product but also as a source of information and quality assurance for consumers. However, various studies indicate that packaging defects remain a significant issue in the pharmaceutical industry. This article is a literature review that examines several studies related to the analysis of the causes of packaging defects in pharmaceutical preparations. Based on the review of multiple scientific journals, it was found that packaging defects are generally caused by a combination of technical and non-technical factors, such as machine failure, operator error, inappropriate raw material specifications, and insufficient quality control.

The inventory of medicinal plants involves collecting and organizing data regarding natural resources for resource management planning and serving as a database to reveal the potential of plants in a given area. This study aims to inventory the types of medicinal plants found in the home gardens of the residents of Negeri Latu, Amalatu District, West Seram Regency. The data collection methods employed were exploration and descriptive surveys. The gathered data was subsequently analyzed to identify the benefits or uses of the plants based on relevant literature. The results indicate that 57 species of medicinal plants were found in the home gardens of the residents of Negeri Latu. These plants possess various properties, including antidiabetic, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticholesterol, anticancer, antidysentery, analgesic, antipyretic, and mosquito-repellent effects. This finding highlights the significant potential of home gardens in Negeri Latu as a rich natural resource of medicinal plants. The diversity of plant species reflects the local traditional knowledge of utilizing flora as a natural solution to various health issues.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Indonesia is one of the countries with the highest number of TB cases in the world. The key to successful TB treatment is treatment adherence. One factor that influences treatment adherence is stigma, which can result in incomplete treatment. This study aimed to determine the relationship between stigma and adherence to pulmonary TB treatment in the city of Lhokseumawe. The research method used was descriptive correlational with a cross-sectional approach. The sampling method was quota sampling with a sample size of 83 pulmonary TB patients. Data were filled in by filling out the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) scale and Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) questionnaires, and the data were analyzed using the Spearman correlation test (p = 0.05). The results of the bivariate test of age, gender, last education, occupation, and PMO did not have a relationship with adherence to pulmonary TB treatment, with a p value> 0.05. However, the duration of treatment had a relationship with the level of adherence to pulmonary TB treatment, with a p-value = 0.008. The study's results also showed that stigma and treatment compliance did not have a significant relationship, with p-value = 0.197. It was concluded that there was no relationship between stigma and compliance with pulmonary TB treatment. Health services in Lhokseumawe City are expected to continue to provide education and motivation to pulmonary TB patients to comply with their treatment.

Indonesia has around 3,500 species of therapeutic plants, one of which is utilized by the individuals of Selilau Town, Aru Islands Rule, Maluku Area.. This study aims to examine 15 types of medicinal plants that are used traditionally, including plant parts, properties, active compound content, and pharmacological activity based on scientific literature from the last 10 years. This survey points to recognize species of restorative plants commonly utilized in neighborhood conventional medication, look at the plant parts utilized, handling strategies, and maladies treated based on neighborhood experiences and to survey logical writing to decide the dynamic compound substance and pharmacological movement of each distinguished plant. The comes about of the think about appeared that the foremost broadly utilized plant is the leaf portion. Some of them are: Momordica charantia (bitter melon) for cough; Urena lobata (pulutan) to smooth postpartum blood; Morinda citrifolia (mengkudu) for broken bones; Erythrina variegata (dadap) for body recovery; Myrmecodia pendens (ant nest) for swelling and beriberi; and Carica papaya (papaya) for malaria. Other plants such as Manihot esculenta, Tradescantia spathacea, Graptophyllum pictum, Hemigraphis alternata, Mimosa pudica, Jatropha curcas, Psidium guajava, Nypa fruticans, and Stachytarpheta jamaicensis are also used for various health complaints. Active compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins support pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antipyretic, gastroprotective, and immunostimulant. This study emphasizes the importance of documenting traditional knowledge as an effort to preserve and develop local wisdom-based medicines.

Stability testing is an important step in the development of pharmaceutical products. This testing must be conducted before the product is manufactured, whether on an industrial or non-industrial scale. Currently, liquid formulations are experiencing rapid development, one of which is suspension. Suspension itself is a liquid formulation that contains undissolved solid particles dispersed in the liquid phase. To assess the stability of suspension, various evaluations are performed such as organoleptic tests, sedimentation volume, redispersion, density, viscosity, particle size distribution, and pH measurement. Based on several studies, temperature is known to affect the stability of drugs, especially in suspension formulations. A study related to diclofenac suspension showed that at a temperature of 4°C, its stability reaches 96.3%, while at temperatures of 40°C and 60°C, there is a significant reduction in content, amounting to 89.58% and 85.17% respectively. Meanwhile, research on folic acid suspension revealed that the drug remains stable at temperatures of 4°C and 25°C, although on day 90 there was an increase in pH. Another study on cefuroxime axetil suspension showed that at a temperature of 20°C, its concentration was 87.68%, while at 5°C, it was higher at 92.35%. This research underscores the importance of considering temperature in the storage and formulation of pharmaceutical suspensions to maintain their effectiveness and stability.

Household waste management is an important part of maintaining environmental quality. This article is a literature review that aims to identify and analyze the relationship between household waste management and its impact on environmental quality. The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of the extent to which household waste management behaviors and systems can affect environmental conditions and public health. The method used is a systematic literature review of various scientific journals, research reports, and policy documents published in the last ten years. Data sources were taken from academic databases such as Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and PubMed, with a focus on studies discussing aspects of waste management, sanitation, and health impacts in residential environments. The results of the study show that poor urban waste management, such as littering and open burning, is associated with an increase in environmental diseases. Conversely, good management systems, such as regular sorting and transportation, have a positive impact on the cleanliness and health of the residential environment. Conclusion Good household waste management plays an important role in maintaining a healthy living environment. Organized and participatory practices can reduce the risk of disease and create a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment for communities. 

Several of the best-selling small-molecule medications and natural alkaloids contain piperidine, a crucial saturated heterocyclic scaffold with a wide variety of biological functions. The hydrazide-hydrazone moiety's exceptional use in the pharmacological and biological domains made it particularly appealing. Objective: Designing and synthesizing a novel set of 4-Piperidin-1-yl-benzoic acid substituted hydrazides, Ac1-c3 and Bc1-c5, as potentially antimicrobial agents and characterizing them using IR, 1H-NMR, and mass spectroscopy. Methods: By esterifying 4- Piperidin-1-yl-benzoic acid Ac1 and then treating with hydrazine hydrate it to produce Ac3 in a good yield. The hydrazide Ac3 was condensed with the proper aldehydes or ketone to synthesis the hydrazones Bc1–c5. The in vitro bacterial activity was evaluated anti two Gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans, as well as two Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Results: The majority of tested compounds demonstrated significant efficacy anti Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans. Notably, compound Bc3 emerged as the most effective derivative within the series. Conclusions: The Compounds (Bc1–c4) that were synthesized demonstrated moderate to good antimicrobial activity against a number of bacterias species and Candida albicans.

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of adding different levels of urea fertilizer (ppmUrea-N0,75,150,225,300) on the effectiveness of bio-nitrification in the studied soil. The study treatments forthis experiment were (4 soils of different textures and locations × 5 urea levels × 3 replicates) in an experimentin which a completely randomized design (CRD) was used. It was incubated at laboratory temperature (25°C)for 40 days, during which the amount of formed nitrates and remaining ammonium was measured every tendays, noting the replacement of lost water every two days.The highest percentage of formed nitrates (39.8%) was recorded from the ammonium added to Basrah soilafter ten days of incubation, followed by Kut soil, which recorded 29.8%, and less than that in Shatra soils(24.2%) and Fajr soils (23.7%). After that, the efficiency of nitrification decreased in the subsequent incubationperiods up to 40 days of incubation.The percentage of ammonium remaining from urea added to the soil was recorded after the four incubationperiods at 20.0 ppm (when adding 225 ppm urea to the Qurna soil), which differed significantly from the rest ofthe studied soils.

Abstract. Background: Slimming drugs, such as phentermine, are widely used for weight reduction but are known to induce oxidative stress, particularly affecting hepatic and renal tissues. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), especially those biosynthesized using natural sources like spirulina platensis, have demonstrated promising antioxidant and protective activities in biological systems.
Objective: This study aimed to assess the protective effects of selenium nanoparticles synthesized from spirulina platensis extract on renal and hepatic functions in male rats exposed to phentermine induced oxidative stress.
Methods: Twenty-six adult male wistar rats were divided into five experimental groups: control group (dosed with water n=5), SeNPs group (dosed with SeNPs n=5), phentermine group (dosed with phentermine n=5), SeNPs then phentermine group (dosed with SeNPs then phentermine n=5), phentermine then SeNPs group (dosed with phentermine then SeNPs n=5). The experiment lasted for 45 days, the measurement of cytokines IL-6, IL-12, TOS and TO-AC.
Results: Phentermine administration significantly increased cytokines IL-6, IL-12 indicating marked oxidative stress and immune activation. Treatment with SeNPs alone or in combination with phentermine notably improved these parameters. The group dosed with SeNPs prior to phentermine (SeNPs then phentermine) showed the most prominent protective effects with values approaching those of the control.
Conclusions: Selenium nanoparticles from spirulina platensis demonstrated significant protective, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects against phentermine induced immune disturbances. These findings support their potential

This article provides a comprehensive review of drug stability testing, specifically focusing on tablet dosage forms. It elucidates the fundamental principles, the critical role of ICH Q1 guidelines, and essential parameters evaluated during stability studies, including physical, chemical, and microbiological aspects. The discussion covers various types of stability studies, standardized storage conditions, and the interpretation of results for determining shelf life and ensuring product quality. Relevant case studies on tablet stability are also integrated to illustrate practical applications. This review aims to provide a structured overview of stability testing methodologies and their significance in pharmaceutical development and quality assurance.

Mercury (Hg) is illegally used in cosmetics as a skin whitener because it can inhibit the formation of melanin, but it poses health risks as it can accumulate in the body. The use of mercury-containing whitening lotions can cause serious side effects. This study aims to identify the presence of mercury in handbody lotion sold in online shops in Central Java without BPOM approval. The method used is Descriptive Qualitative with a color reaction test. The results show that out of 6 samples tested, samples A, B, C, D, and E were mercury-negative, while sample F tested positive for mercury based on two tests, namely the Rapid Test Kit and the Amalgam formation test.

Pharmaceutical packaging plays an important role in maintaining the stability, safety, and effectiveness of drug products during storage and distribution. Drug stability can be affected by various environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, oxygen, and light. Therefore, packaging innovation is a crucial strategy to extend the shelf life of drugs and maintain product quality, especially for sensitive preparations such as injections, transdermal patches, and biologics. This study is a literature review that aims to evaluate the impact of packaging innovation on the physical and chemical stability of pharmaceutical products. This study confirms that packaging selection is not just a technical aspect, but a vital strategy in ensuring pharmaceutical quality. Further research is needed to integrate smart packaging and advanced barrier technologies into modern pharmaceutical distribution systems.

Cervical cancer is a significant public health problem globally, including in Indonesia. This disease ranks fourth as the most common cancer in women in the world, with an estimated 604,000 new cases and 342,000 deaths in 2020. Analyzing the current condition of cervical cancer in Indonesia including prevalence, risk factors, impacts, prevention efforts, and treatment based on data to provide a comprehensive picture of the situation of cervical cancer in Indonesia. Cervical cancer is defined as a malignant tumor in the cervix that attacks the epithelial layer and has the potential to spread. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection is the main cause of cervical cancer. In addition, several supporting risk factors include risky sexual behavior, long-term use of oral contraceptives, smoking habits, nutritional deficiencies (especially vitamins C, E, and folic acid), and poor personal hygiene. The Indonesian government has attempted to identify the disease early through the Visual Inspection of Acetic Acid (IVA) method used for early detection of cervical cancer in women aged 30 to 50 years. However, community participation in this program still needs to be improved sustainably. Treatment for cervical cancer can include surgery (eg cryosurgery, LEEP, hysterectomy), radiation, and chemotherapy. Cervical cancer remains a major health challenge in Indonesia. Improved education programs, participation in early detection of IVA, and strengthening of the health system as a whole are needed to effectively reduce morbidity and mortality caused by this disease.

Immunity to one disease in a child does not mean immunity to other diseases. Immunization is a way to increase a person's immunity, such as when a child is actively fighting a disease in his body. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between husband's support and mothers' attitudes towards immunization of newborns in Denai Sarang Burung Pantai Labu Village in 2023. In this study a cross-sectional technique was used. Cross sectional techniques are used to study the dynamics of the relationship between risk and impact variables by accessing, viewing or collecting data at once. Total population 45. Results of research on the relationship between husband's support and mother's attitude. Implementation of infant immunization in Denai Sarang Burung Village.

The purpose of the study was to determine the description of juvenile delinquency behavior that occurs in students. The study used a descriptive research method in which the author tried to reveal and describe how Juvenile Delinquency in Students of SMAN X Lengayang in Pesisir Selatan. Descriptive research is one type of research that aims to describe systematically, factually, and accurately about the facts and characteristics of a particular population. From the tests that have been carried out, the results obtained are that the level of juvenile delinquency is included in the moderate category. In the gender category, 27 male students have a moderate level of delinquency and 36 female students have a moderate level of delinquency. As for the class category, class 10 has 22 people, class XI 17 people and class XII 24 people with a moderate level of delinquency. The highest level of delinquency is in class XII, this is due to the feeling of being the most senior in school.

The purpose of writing this review article is to analyze the formulation and evaluation of the use of various additives in effervescent tablets. The method used is a literature review taken from journals and other relevant research results regarding the formulation and evaluation of additives in various types of effervescent tablets. The purpose of this analysis is to provide a summary of relevant publications and to improve current understanding in this field. The importance of the formulation and evaluation of additives in effervescent tablets cannot be ignored, because it is a crucial aspect in product development. Decisions in the use of additives must consider the objectives to be achieved, the desired physical characteristics, product stability, and the level of consumer acceptance. With a deep understanding of this formulation and evaluation, we have the potential to produce high-quality effervescent tablets. Variations in additives can also provide different taste and texture characteristics, which of course can affect consumer acceptance.
 

This study rigorously investigates the Ulul Albab spiritual leadership construct and its impact on psychological well-being among campus da'wah activists, employing a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) approach grounded in both theoretical integration and empirical data. The inquiry draws upon a meta-analysis of 47 quantitative studies encompassing a total of 12,847 respondents from leading universities in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei Darussalam, spanning the years 2018 to 2024. This methodological scope enhances the external validity of the findings. The CFA results confirm that the Ulul Albab spiritual leadership model exhibits a robust level of model fit, as indicated by optimal statistical indices (?²/df = 2.34; CFI = 0.956; TLI = 0.943; RMSEA = 0.047; SRMR = 0.039), suggesting strong coherence between the theoretical construct and field data. The three core dimensions conceptualized in this model are statistically validated through high factor loadings: intellectual spirituality (0.847), Islamic transformational leadership (0.823), and emotional-spiritual intelligence (0.791), each serving as integral pillars of the Ulul Albab paradigm. Furthermore, structural regression analysis reveals a significant effect of Ulul Albab spiritual leadership on the psychological well-being of da'wah activists (? = 0.673; p < 0.001; R² = 0.453), thereby affirming the model's predictive strength in fostering individual potential rooted in Islamic spiritual values. These findings reinforce the theoretical propositions advanced by Garden, M. (2004), Fry (2003), and Zohar and Marshall (2000) regarding the significance of spiritual leadership within organizational dynamics. However, this study offers a novel conceptual contribution through the epistemological synthesis of the Ulul Albab construct, integrating intellectual and spiritual intelligence within a holistic Islamic framework. Unlike Western-based models of spiritual leadership proposed by Fry and Nisiewicz (2020), the Ulul Albab construct demonstrates a notable advantage in the dimension of intellectual spirituality, as evidenced by its higher factor loading (0.847 compared to 0.634), underscoring the imperative of balancing dzikir and fikir as both ethical and cognitive foundations in contemporary Islamic leadership.

COPD is a condition characterized by airflow obstruction that cannot be completely corrected. This limitation generally worsens over time and is associated with abnormal permeability to noxious particles or gases, resulting in narrowing of the airways, increased mucus secretion, and changes in the vascular system. The increase in chest expansion capacity is caused by the activity of respiratory muscle contraction. The activity of the respiratory muscles plays a role in chest expansion, which also affects lung growth. It is stated that the strength of the respiratory muscles decreases with age. Loss of intercostal muscle mass and strength are factors that reduce the ability of chest wall presence or development. This study used a case report design research method. Physiotherapy management for COPD is increasingly focused on exercise-based rehabilitation, both in outpatient and inpatient settings. Some therapies such as breathing exercises, thoracic expansion exercises and muscle release.

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is a medical emergency that is still a major cause of global morbidity and mortality. The success of ACS treatment and prevention of recurrence is highly dependent on self-care. However, many ACS patients have difficulty performing self-care due to low self-efficacy. This study aims to explain the relationship between self-efficacy and self-care in ACS patients. This study used a correlation analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. The study population was 62 outpatients at the Heart Clinic, with a sample of 41 people selected using purposive sampling. Self-efficacy was measured using the Cardiac Self-Efficacy Scale (CSE scale) and self-care using the Self-Care of Coronary Heart Disease Inventory (SC-CHDI). The study was conducted in April-May 2025. Data were analyzed using the Pearson product moment correlation test. The results showed a p value of 0.004 (p <?), which means there is a relationship between self-efficacy and self-care in ACS patients. The direction of the relationship is positive, meaning that the higher the self-efficacy, the better the self-care, and vice versa with the closeness of the relationship in the weak category (r 0.437). Self-efficacy is positively related to better self-care behavior in ACS patients. Therefore, nurses can integrate self-care improvement care through comprehensive self-efficacy education.

Laboratories play a crucial role in ensuring patient safety, with approximately 80–90% of clinical diagnoses relying on laboratory test results. Despite their importance, laboratory errors are reported to occur in about 0.012% to 0.6% of all tests conducted. Patient safety is fundamentally a managerial responsibility that can be improved through the implementation of robust systems aimed at detecting and addressing quality deficiencies. A reactive approach to this involves incident reporting followed by root cause analysis, which helps uncover and rectify weaknesses in existing policies and procedures. Alternatively, a proactive strategy such as Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) focuses on evaluating the entire testing process, anticipating potential adverse events, and taking preventive measures before such issues arise. This method is particularly effective for prospective risk assessment in high-risk procedures, thereby minimizing the likelihood of errors within laboratories and other areas of patient care.

The aim of study is to know the knowledge and attitude of Kirkuk university students towards premarital screening program. A cross sectional study was conducted on University students in Kirkuk, from April 2024 to March 2025. The number of females was higher than males. The questionnaire were focusing student demographic characteristics of gender, age, residency, occupation of father, family income, parent knowledge and attitude of the university students in Kirkuk towards premarital screening. A questionnaire form was used for data collection. Statistical analysis was used to analyze the data. A total of 814 university students out of 2000 completed the questionnaire form; the majority of students were 17-26 years old with mean age 22 years. In term of knowledge of students, 570(70%) had knowledge on premarital screening and 244(30%) had no knowledge about premarital screening. Statistically there were significant association between positive knowledge of students and residency, genetic diseases, family history (P<0.05) m but no significant association with age, father occupation, family income and consanguinity.

Early pregnancy is at high risk for health complications such as anemia, preeclampsia, and premature birth.In addition, social impacts such as dropping out of school, societal stigma, and economic instability also become serious consequences that can affect the future of adolescents.The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between parental roles and the prevention of early pregnancy among students at SMA Negeri 1 Touluaan.The research uses a cross-sectional design.The sample in this study consisted of 38 respondents using purposive sampling technique.Data collection on parental roles and prevention of early pregnancy was conducted using a questionnaire, analyzed using the chi-square statistical test.The results of the study on the role of parents mostly showed that the role of parents in the good category amounted to 32 respondents (66.7%), and the behavior of pregnancy prevention mostly in the good category amounted to 34 respondents (70.8%).The results of the chi-square test obtained a p-value of 0.006 where < ? 0.05.Conclusion: There is a relationship between the role of parents and the prevention of early pregnancy among students of SMA Negeri 1 Touluaan.

Patient satisfaction is one of the factors that help improve the quality of health services. When a patient's experience after obtaining health services is compared to the patient's expectations, the resulting level of satisfaction can be measured. Finding out how satisfied Malawili Health Centre patients are with their pharmacological care was the motivation for this survey. In this descriptive study with a cross-sectional design, one hundred participants were surveyed between September and October 2023 at the Malawi Health Centre Pharmacy Services Department. Data was collected to measure the level of patient satisfaction through questions in the categories of tangible evidence (reliability), responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. SPSS software was used to analyse patient satisfaction levels. The results of the analysis of each dimension of patient satisfaction were as follows: tangibility 76.4%, reliability 82%, responsiveness 83.8%, assurance 86.7%, and empathy 89.35%. Meanwhile, the P values of the sociodemographic relationship test results and satisfaction levels were all > 0.05, including gender (0.000 < 0.1), age (0.208 > 0.1), education (0.673 > 0.1), occupation (0.000 < 0.1), and income (0.000 < 0.1).

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is defined as life threatening condition that happen mainly in T1DM and less frequently with T2DM in certain situation, an increase in the serum concentration of ketones greater than 3 mmol/L, a blood sugar level greater than 11mmol/L (although it is usually much higher), and a blood (usually arterial) pH less than 7.3 and it is the most frequent acute hyperglycemic emergency in persons with diabetes mellitus (DM). The main cause of morbidity and mortality in children with diabetes is DKA from both type1 DM (T1DM) and T2DM. Children with diminished metabolic control or previous episodes of DKA are at higher risk, as are prepubescent and adolescent girls, children with psychiatric disorders, such as eating disorders, and children who come from challenging families with lower socioeconomic status and inadequate health insurance as well as low general education levels.

Clinical education is an important aspect in health education, where students learn clinical skills in hospitals. The support of clinical educators and a conducive environment play a role in reducing stress. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the role of clinical educators and the implementation of clinical education with the level of stress of students during practice at RSI Sultan Agung Semarang. Using a quantitative method with a cross-sectional design, the population and sample in this study were 87 respondents with a total sampling technique. The results of the Spearman test showed a significant relationship with weak strength (p value 0.000), positive direction, and correlation coefficients of 0.471 and 0.514. Further research with a wider scope and qualitative methods is recommended to understand the factors causing student stress in more depth.

in this study was preparation heterocyclic compounds of seven ring know Oxazepine compounds through reaction of schiff base compounds with cyclic anhydride (malic anhydride), schiff bases compounds synthesis by reaction between amins and different aldehyde compounds and the prepared compounds were identification by infrared (IR). The biological activity of the prepared compounds was studied and its effect on two bacteria (Escherichia coli)positive bacteria and (Staphylococcus aureus) negative bacteria.

Nurse is power vulnerable health? experiencing Culture Shock, namely difficulty adapt with environment Work new that has difference culture. A preliminary study was conducted at the Sultan Agung Islamic Hospital in Semarang on 12 nurses. show that 89.85% experienced Culture Shock. Of them, 71.05% faced stress Work light, 78.95% stress Work moderate , and 85.53% stressed Work weight . This result indicates the need study more carry on For evaluate connection between Culture Shock and level stress Work nurse , so that step intervention can formulated for quality service health. Analyze connection between Culture Shock and level stress Work nurse at Sultan Agung Islamic Hospital, Semarang. Study quantitative with cross-sectional design, conducted on 95 nurses at the Sultan Agung Islamic Hospital in Semarang using total sampling technique . Data collected use valid and reliable questionnaire , with analysis using the Chi-square. Based on results study This show that from 95 nurses implementers at the Sultan Agung Islamic Hospital in Semarang, as many as 20,0% experienced Culture Shock in the category less , 33,7% category enough , and 46,3% category good . Meanwhile that , level stress Work shows 56,8% in category light , 33,7% category medium , and 9,5% category heavy. Study This conclude that there is connection significant between Culture Shock and level stress Work nurses at Sultan Agung Islamic Hospital Semarang (p = 0.000).

Education is necessary to address the low level of teenage understanding on reproductive health. This affects unintended pregnancies, abortions, IMS/PMS, and HIV/AIDS. This study set out to ascertain how offering audiovisual education packages affected the degree of teenage knowledge and attitudes about reproductive health at SMA Sultan Agung Islamic 3. This research is a quantitative research with a pre-experiental approach. The design of this research uses one group pretest-posttest design. Data collection was done by questionnaire. The number of respondents was 79 with random sampling method. The data obtained were processed statistically using the Wilcoxon formula. Based on the result of the analysis, the majority of 79 respondents had 100% characteristics of 10-18 years with 54,4% female gender and 45,6% male gender. The research result that before being given the audiovisual education package, 59,3% of respondents possessed adequate knowledge, 36.7% possessed strong knowledge, and 3.8% possessed inadequate knowledge. After being given the audiovisual education package, overall respondents fell into the 100% good knowledge category. Before being given the audiovisual education package, 63,3% of respondents had attitudes in the negative group, but all responder attitudes fell into the positive category after receiving the audiovisual education package. Providing audiovisual education packages has an impact on teenagers' reproductive health knowledge and attitudes (p value=0,000 <0.05 with a Z value of knowledge -5.444 and attitude -7.071).

iNKT cells, sometimes known as the immune system's "Swiss Army knife," have become key components of cancer vaccination treatments. Glycolipids that activate iNKT cells, including ?-galactosylceramide (?GalCer), have been used to create self-adjuvanting anti-tumor vaccinations and can boost the immune response to co-delivered cancer antigens. The chemicals synthesis of ganglioside antigens, specifically (Neu5Gc) GM3 and GM3 antigen, and conjugations to ?GalCer, and packaging into liposome as effective platforms for their in vivo deliverying are the main topics of this work. In mouse and human cell experiments, liposome containing, (Neu5Gc) GM3-?GalCer, GM3-?GalCer, and equimolar quantities of conjugates have thoroughly described and their capacities to activate iNKT cell has verified ex vivo. All subclasses of IgG antibodies were produced as a result of the candidates' potential to generate both TH1 and TH2 cytokines, according to in vivo immunization tests. Interestingly, this study shows serum antibody produced against the TACA were cross-reactive, both when they were produced separately and together. If tumor-selective antigens is selected, the ensuing antibodies response can be wider than expected, which has implications for future vaccine formulations.

Background: Hemodynamics is very important to monitor, especially in general anesthesia because generally anesthesia will cause various kindsof body system disorders. The use of anesthesia using inhalation using sevoflurane can cause hemodynamic changes, one of which is changes in pulse frequency. So that a strict monitoring process is needed in its use. Objective: Knowing changes in pulse frequency in general anesthesia patients with the use of sevoflurane at PKU Muhammadiyah Gombong Hospital in 2024. Methods: This study is an Observational Descriptive study with a quantitative research design that focuses on variable analysis, specifically intra anesthesia pulse frequency after sevoflurane is given. This study used an analytic design with a cross sectional approach. Results: Frequency Distribution of Respondent Characteristics Based on Age obtained research results where the most age group was 26-45 years as many as 23 respondents (51.1%). For the gender group, the results of this study with the most respondents were male as many as 30 respondents (66.7%). Distribution based on body weight obtained research results where the most weight The results showed that the most weight group was 41-75 kg as many as 40 respondents (88.9%). The results of observations of changes in the inhalation drug sevoflurane that the mean or average induction pulse frequency was 75.47 bpm, the mean or average pulse frequency after 5 minutes of induction it was 79.73 bpm, the mean or average pulse  frequency after 10 minutes of induction was 79.29 bpm, and the mean or average pulse rate after 15 minutes of induction was 78.53 bpm. Conclusion: Changes in pulse frequency from the initial pulse to the pulse frequency after 15 minutes of induction can be said to have a  normal/stable distribution. It can be seen from the mean or average of 72.93-79.73 bpm.

Background: As you get older, health problems increase, one of which is stress. Stress is very important because stress will have an impact on the quality of life and psychological well-being of the elderly. Psychological well-being in the elderly is the elderly's ability to accept themselves as they are, be able to build positive relationships with other people, be able to independently face social pressure, master the environment, have a purpose in life, and be able to realize one's potential in a sustainable manner. Stress in the elderly can describe that a person experiences a decrease in psychological well-being in the elderly which can be said to be low. Objective: This research is to analyze the relationship between stress levels and psychological well-being in elderly people at the Pucang Gading Semarang and Wening Wardoyo Ungaran Elderly Social Service Homes. Method: This research is a type of correlational quantitative research using the cross-section method. The sample taken in this study was 105 elderly people who were in the Pucang Gading Semarang and Wening Wardoyo Ungaran elderly service homes. The instrument for measuring stress levels and psychological wellbeing in the elderly uses a questionnaire. The test used in this research is the Gamma test. Conclusion: There is a relationship between stress levels and psychological wellbeing in the elderly at the Pucang Gading Semarang and Wening Wardhoyo Ungaran Social Service Homes for the Elderly.

Factors contributing to the occurrence of promiscuous sexual behavior include internal and external elements. Internal factors include low self-control, lack of religious understanding, and low sexual knowledge. External factors include family and peers; peer association can influence both positive and negative behaviors. Positive behaviors include participating in beneficial activities with peers, while negative behaviors include violating social norms, such as having casual sex. This research design uses an analytic correlation approach, with the aim of finding the relationship between variables, data collection is done by questionnaire. Using the chi square formula with the help of SPSS, 125 students were asked to answer. The results showed that of the 125 study respondents, most were 21 years old, 36.8 percent, and the majority were female, 58.4%. In addition, the results of the analysis showed that 46% of the respondents showed a good level of knowledge, while 47% showed sufficient attitude and preventive behavior. Conclusion: There is a correlation between knowledge and preventive behavior of promiscuous sex.

Ferritin is considered a protein that contains iron and includes two types of subunits: ferritin light chain (FTL) and ferritin heavy chain (FTH), which increases when inflammation increases, especially in the heart and kidneys, and helps in converting ferrous iron into iron. The light subunit is present in the liver and spleen and has a role in storing iron (1). Coronavirus (COVID-19) caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is a disease It is new to humanity, as it is accompanied by symptoms during the disease, including blood abnormalities, with activation of the immune system and phagocytic monocytes, and damage to the lungs. In our study, we showed that ferritin is an indicator of the severity of the disease and mortality (2). Acute respiratory syndrome (Coronavirus), which causes pneumonia and damages the heart, liver, and kidneys, is caused by the appearance of acute inflammatory cytokines that lead to death (3). A cytokine is a small protein that transmits messages to help stimulate the body’s immune response, and its rise causes increased inflammation, and these Cytokines secreted by macrophages (TNF-?, IL-10, IL-6) where there is high inflammation in the plasma. An indicator of the progress and severity of the disease (3).

Sunlight is the main source of energy for life, but ultraviolet radiation can have negative impacts on the skin, such as sunburn, pigmentation, wrinkles, premature aging, and the risk of skin damage due to excessive exposure. One way to protect the skin from these effects is to use sunscreen. Carrots contain antioxidant compounds that can bind free radicals and prevent cell damage due to oxidation, so they have the potential to be used as a natural ingredient in making sunscreen. This research aims to formulate and test the physical properties of carrot extract lotion as a sunscreen and determine the extract concentration that has the optimal Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value. The method used is experimental by making lotion formulations, testing their physical properties, and measuring the SPF value of each formulation. The research results showed that the KN, F1, F2, and F3 lotion formulations had a semi-solid form which met the formulation requirements. However, KN's SPF value is only 1.23 which does not meet sunscreen standards. Meanwhile, F1 has SPF 8.3 (extra effect category), F2 with SPF 15.06 and F3 with SPF 24.1 (ultra category). F3 shows the best results because with SPF 24.1, this formulation is close to SPF 25 which can protect the skin for up to 4 hours with twice daily use. The higher the concentration of carrot extract, the better its effectiveness in lotion formulation as a sunscreen.

Technicians in radiology departments are continuously exposed to ionizing radiation, which can affect biological systems. This study aimed to investigate the effects of low-level ionizing radiation (IR) on antioxidant enzymes and blood components in radiology personnel. The study involved forty participants aged 30 to 45 years, divided into three groups: G1 as the control group (n=10), G2 consisting of 15 radiologists, and G3 comprising 15 radiology technology workers. Participants in G2 and G3 had work experience ranging from 5 to 15 years and were employed in X-ray and CT scan departments at General K1 Hospital, Kirkuk. The measured parameters included white blood cells (WBCs), platelets, and lymphocytes, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and albumin as indicators of redox status. The results showed a significant increase in MDA levels among radiology workers compared to the control group, while SOD, TAC, and albumin levels decreased (P<0.05). Additionally, radiation-exposed workers had a higher mean count of WBCs and lymphocytes than the control group (P<0.05), whereas platelet levels were significantly lower (P<0.05). This study indicates that occupational radiation exposure can cause short-term changes in blood cells and increase the circulating redox state in healthcare workers operating in CT and IR environments compared to those not exposed to radiation. These findings highlight the importance of regular health monitoring for radiology personnel to mitigate potential long-term effects of radiation exposure.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that requires proper management, including the use of conventional and alternative medicines such as herbal medicines. Patient knowledge about the benefits, risks, and potential interactions of herbal medicines with conventional medicines is very important to prevent complications. Objective This study aims to describe the level of knowledge of diabetes patients about the use of herbal medicines, including the benefits, risks, and interactions with conventional medicines at the Kebondalem Health Center, Pemalang Regency. This study uses descriptive observational analytic Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to diabetes patients who were treated at the Kebondalem Health Center. Data analysis was carried out quantitatively with percentages to measure the level of patient knowledge.

Blood pressure that is higher than normal is known as hypertension. This is a disease to be wary of because it has no signs and symptoms. Recurrence experienced by a person more than once with characteristics that occur frequently and are usually unpleasant. Several factors that influence compliance with treatment, family history, stress, diet compliance. This research aims to identify factors that play a role in the occurrence of relapse in hypertension patients. This research uses a quantitative approach with a descriptive method, which aims to describe the phenomenon in a certain population. Data were collected through the MMAS-8, PSS, and DASH questionnaires from 140 respondents selected using purposive sampling techniques. Based on the results of research from 140 respondents suffer from hypertension, it can concluded that majority were 57 people (40.7%), 76 people were female (54.3%), 137 people were married (97.9%), 53 people had a high school education level. people (37.9%), the longest duration of suffering from hypertension is 1-5 years as many as 62 people (44.3%), the occupation of respondents who work is 86 (61.4%), genetics and family history are the most many families, 88 people (62.9%), 79 people (56.4%) were moderately compliant with medication, 105 people were moderately stressed (75.0%), and 132 people were compliant with diet (94.3%). The results of this research revealed that a number of factors that contribute to recurrence in hypertensive patients include age, gender, marital status, education level, duration of illness, family history, compliance with treatment, stress levels, and compliance with diet.

Essential oils of Marjoram (Marjorana hortensis) has been evaluated for possible antioxidant activity. Essential oils were hydrodistilled and the chemical composition of volatile fraction was determined by GC. ?-Terpinene, sabinene, ?-phellandrene, terpinen-4-ol and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the major constituents of Marjoram.  The reducing power of essential oils of Marjoram was measured by the ferricyanide method. Different concentrations of Marjoram oil (MO) 25, 50, 75, 100 and 200 ppm were investigated. Higher absorbance at 700 nm of the reaction mixture indicated greater reducing power. The reducing power of an antioxidant is an important parameter reflecting one aspect of its antioxidant properties. The obtained results revealed that increasing the antioxidant capacity is MO in all tested concentrations.   The antioxidant capacity of fat-soluble antioxidant was expressed as equivalents of ?-tocopherol (nmol/g oil) using a molar absorption coefficient of ?-tocopherol (?= 4.0 × 103 M-1 Cm-1. The percent of H2O2 scavenging activity of the tested EOs increased in the MO at all tested concentrations. There was a significant difference among all EOs samples in the percent of H2O2 scavenging activity. a positive correlation has been observed between concentrations and antioxidant activity for 3 days' test period. There were significant differences among the tested EOs in their antioxidant activities. For 3 days, the antioxidant activity of the tested EOs decreased statistically in MO. BHT on the peroxide value of sunflower oil as mmol eq O2/kgoil in the seventh day

Drug interactions can occur when drugs are administered simultaneously with other drugs, both pharmacologically and clinically. This study aims to identify drug interactions that occur in prescriptions with patients experiencing endocrine system disorders for the period July 2024 at Hospital X, Bandung City. Endocrine disorders, involving hormonal dysfunction such as that of the thyroid, adrenals, or pancreas, can affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs, thereby increasing the risk of interactions. This research method involved randomly collecting two prescriptions per day, with a total of 60 recipes analyzed. The results of the assessment showed that there were 15 potential drug interactions with a percentage of 25%, consisting of one minor interaction (6.67%), 15 moderate interactions (93.33%), and no major interactions were found.

Background: Preterm labor (PTL) remains a major global health concern, contributing significantly to neonatal morbidity and mortality. Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB), has been implicated as a predisposing factor to PTL. This research investigates association between ASB and PTL, emphasizing inflammatory mediators such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein along with tumor necrosis factor- ?. Methods: This observational case-control study was conducted at Tikrit Teaching Hospital, Iraq, involving 100 pregnant women (50 PTL cases and 50 full-term controls). Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected. Urine cultures identified bacterial isolates. In addition, levels of TNF-? and hs-CRP in serum were measured using ELISA. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS.  Results: ASB was significantly associated with PTL, with 30% from PTL cases having a positive urine culture compared to 8% in controls (p = 0.009). Escherichia coli was the predominant pathogen (53%). TNF-? and hs-CRP levels were significantly elevated in PTL cases (p < 0.001), suggesting an inflammatory pathway in PTL pathophysiology. Conclusions: ASB is a significant risk factor for PTL, likely mediated by systemic inflammation. Routine ASB screening and targeted antimicrobial therapy may reduce PTL risk. Further study is required to explore the mechanistic connections amongst microbial infection and inflammatory responses in PTL. 

The adrenal cortex synthesis the steroid hormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), has a significant effect on diabetes mellitus. Our study targeted to estimate the relationship between serum levels of DHEA sulphate (DHEAS) and the risk of CAD complication for T2DM in men. Ninety Iraqi male subjects were divided into three groups. Each group has thirty people: thirty people type 2 with diabetes mellitus, thirty person type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with CAD complications, and the control group has thirty healthy people. A significant decrease (p<0.01) of DHEAS, was observed in T2DM with CAD (120.8 µg/dl) compared to both T2DM (141.26 µg/dl) and the control group (239.86 µg/dl). Meanwhile, an increased coronary risk index in T2DM with CAD (10.68) compared to both T2DM (7.56) and control group (4.41) was observed. These findings were confirmed by the negative correlation of DHEAs with coronary risk index. We suggested that a decreased level of DHEAS value may be a beneficial sign for future CAD in patients with T2DM.

Pharmaceutical services are carried out to achieve definite results in improving the quality of life of patients in the form of direct and resposibels services related to pharmaceutical preparations. In implementing pharmaceutical services, health centers already have a standard that is used as a guideline in its implementation. The consequences of implementing pharmaceutical services that do not comply with standards are medication errors and inappropriate use of drugs, there are expired drugs and overlapping budgets. The purpose of this study was to analyze the implementation of pharmaceutical service standards in health centers, BMHP and clinical pharmacy services based on PMK No. 74 of 2016 at the Paduraksa Health Center, Pemalang District.
This study is a non-experimental study with a descriptive design that will provide an analytical description of the implementation of pharmaceutical service standards at the Paduraksa Health Center, Pemalang District based on the guidelines in the Minister of Health Regulation Number 74 of 2016. The population and sample in this study were all pharmaceutical personnel who were responsible for managing pharmaceutical service standards at the Paduraksa Health Center, by conducting interviews in the form of questions and answers by giving questions verbally to pharmacists or pharmaceutical personnel at the Paduraksa Health Center, Pemalang Regency. The data in the variable analysis looked at the percentage of compliance with standards based on the Minister of Health Regulation No. 74 of 2016.
 

Soft food served in hospitals is a simple indicator that can be used to evaluate the success of hospital nutrition services. The aim of this study was to determine the perception of oral surgery patients regarding soft food waste at Surya Husadha Hospital Denpasar. This research uses a quantitative descriptive survey method. The total population was 30 people, the number of research samples was 20 people... data collection was carried out by measuring perceptions of taste and food waste using a questionnaire for the 20 samples studied. Data was obtained from filling out a questionnaire about perceptions of soft food and a form for the amount of food waste. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 21 statistical analysis. The results of this study showed that there were porridge food waste in 40-49% (45%) of the sample, 50-59% (40%) of the sample, 60-69% (15%) of the sample. Leftover animal side dishes (0%). Vegetable side dishes (10%). Leftover vegetables (10%) And for juice (0%). It can be concluded that the perception of soft food at Surya Husadha Hospital from this research shows that as many as 40-49% (45%) are not satisfied with the rest of the soft food (porridge).
 

Osteoarthritis is a type of arthritis that occurs in the area around the joints because the cartilage that protects the ends of the bones begins to break down accompanied by reactive changes at the edges of the joints which can cause pain and difficulty moving. Drug use is said to be rational if the patient receives treatment that is in accordance with clinical needs, namely correct diagnosis, correct drug selection, correct indication, correct dose, correct method of administration, and correct patient. This research aims to use a descriptive analysis design for observational research. The research design used was quantitative research to determine the rationality of using NSAIDs anti-pain medication in osteoarthritis patients undergoing treatment at the Klinik Teluk Banten. The rationality results in this research are, 100% correct diagnosis, 100% correct indication. 100% correct choice of drug, 89% correct dose, 100% correct method of administration, 94% correct patient for Osteoarthritis at Klinik Teluk Banten.

High exposure to sunlight in tropical areas such as Indonesia increases the risk of skin damage due to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Sunscreen functions to protect the skin from the bad effects of UV rays, and a good level of knowledge is expected to increase awareness of its use. Surf trainers, who are frequently exposed to sunlight, need proper knowledge and awareness to prevent these negative impacts. This research aims to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge and awareness of the use of sunscreen among surfing trainers at Kuta Beach. The research used an observational design with a cross-sectional approach. The sampling technique used the accidental sampling method with a total of 57 respondents. Data was collected using a questionnaire, and data analysis was carried out using the Spearman correlation test using SPSS version 25. The results showed that 96.49% of respondents had a good level of knowledge, while only 3.5% of respondents had awareness of the use of sunscreen, which was a very low percentage. The results of statistical analysis show that there is no significant relationship between the level of knowledge and awareness of the use of sunscreen with a significance value of 0.469 (p > 0.05).

Cassia alata L or generally knowles as Chinese leaves contain phytochemical compounds, one of which is flavonoids which have the potential as antioxidants, antioxidants can be used to prevent diseases with oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of phytochemical screening and qualitative testing of antioxidant activity ethanol ekstract of Chinese leaves (Cassia alata L) using the DPPH method. This study is a qualitative study with an extraction process using the maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity testing were carried out by adding specific reagents. The results of phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity testing of Chinese leaves (cassia alata L) ekstract contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins and antioxidant activity testing with DPPH reagents showed that Chinese leaves (cassia alata L) extract has antioxidant activity which is indicated by a change of the color from purple to yellow. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the flavonoid compound content in Chinese leaves (cassia alata L) extract can potentially act as an antioxidant.

Origanum majorana demonstrates a broad spectrum of effectiveness against various diseases, exerting antimicrobial effects against different pathogenic microorganisms. The goals of this research are to provide light on how Origanum majorana extract inhibits human pathogenic bacteria, how it may prevent biofilm development, and how it affects bacterial adhesion. The antibacterial activity of the water-based Origanum majorana extract was assessed in this research using two different methodologies. "Antibiotics were compared to its effectiveness using an agar-well diffusion assay and disc diffusion method," the first step. Additionally, the extract's ability to inhibit biofilm formation and bacterial adherence was assessed through specialized tests. All bacterial isolates of Gram negative, Gram-positive bacterial types were sensitive to Origanum majorana extract and the range of inhibition zone (30 to 24) mm. Although floxacin was effective against some of these isolates, the majority of them were resistant. Most bacterial Gram negative types were exhibit moderate adherence and biofilm activity to this extracts and some bacterial isolated of bacteria were exhibit high adherence and biofilm activity to the watery extracts of Origanum majorana. This research confirms previous findings that Origanum majorana extracts are very effective against a wide variety of clinical isolates of bacteria, including Gram-negative as well as Gram-positive varieties. Notably, the extracts were found to be more effective than commercially available antibiotics. Furthermore, the extracts displayed significant inhibition of bacterial adherence and biofilm formation. Based on these findings, Origanum majorana extracts have great promise as an effective antibacterial and anti-biofilm agent.

Fish is one type of aquatic product widely used by the community because of its advantages as a food ingredient, including a source of important nutrients such as protein, vitamins, fat, and minerals. Fish is often found in cans. Canned packaging contains the heavy metals lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn), which can be released into food due to the long storage period. This study aims to identify and analyze heavy metals Pb, Cd, and Zn levels in canned tuna with an expiration date of less than 1 year. Samples of canned tuna came from five different brands. Qualitative analysis used color reagents, while quantitative research used an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The qualitative study results showed that three samples of tuna contained heavy metals. Samples B and C were positive for Pb metal, while samples A and B were positive for Zn metal. The concentration of Pb metal was measured in sample B at 117.9 mg/Kg and in sample C at -0.0147 mg/Kg. The concentration of Zn metal in sample A was -0.0048 mg/Kg, and in sample B, it was -0.147 mg/Kg.
 

Providing additional recovery food (PMT), especially for vulnerable groups, is one of the supplementation strategies in overcoming nutritional problems so that cases of malnutrition and malnutrition can be prevented. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of giving supplementary feeding (PMT) biscuits to underweight toddlers on increasing the weight of toddlers at the Rantau Selamat Community Health Center, East Aceh in 2024. This quasi-experimental research uses a one group pre-post test design, namely the existing research design. pretest before being given treatment and posttest after being given treatment. The sample for this research was the entire research population, namely 61 people. Based on the results of this research, the weight status of respondents before the implementation of the PMT program at the Rantau Selamat Community Health Center was underweight for 10 toddlers. The results of the paired T-test statistical test in the second month, the change in toddler's weight before and after PMT-P was shown by the value p=0.000 (p<0.05), so it can be concluded statistically that there is an effect of giving additional food (PMT) on weight status in underweight toddlers (aged 6-33 months). Through this research, it is hoped that it can provide education and increase insight to parents of suffering toddlers to pay more attention to the food intake they consume every day. So that toddlers get adequate nutritional intake in an effort to improve the child's nutritional status.

Traditional medicine is currently developing rapidly, especially those based on plants. Active plant compounds are the main basis for the development of new drugs, which after further research, can be commercialized and used in pharmaceutical treatment. This review was conducted to identify the pharmacological effects of active drug compounds isolated from medicinal plants by conducting a literature study. The results of the literature review contained 37 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Until now, there are several active drug compounds from plants that are sold commercially in the form of modern drugs. Some of the pharmacological effects found are cardiac glycosides, anticholinergics, antiplatelets, analgesics, anticancer, sympathomimetics and antimalarials. This search shows that natural materials are still used as a potential source of active drug compounds, thus encouraging research to find new active compounds from medicinal plants to overcome diseases in the future.

This meta-analysis evaluates the effectiveness of community-based interventions in addressing complex trauma among children in Gaza through a systematic analysis of 42 studies (N=4,873) published between 2010 and 2024. The findings reveal a significant treatment effect (g=0.78, 95% CI [0.65, 0.91], p<.001) with moderate heterogeneity (I²=68%). School-based interventions demonstrate the greatest effect (g=0.89), followed by family interventions (g=0.76) and peer-group interventions (g=0.65). Furthermore, protocol-based treatment significantly reduces PTSD symptoms (42.3%), anxiety (38.7%), and depression (35.2%) among children in Gaza. Moderator analysis identifies intervention duration (?=0.34, p<.01) and family involvement (?=0.29, p<.01) as significant predictors of successful treatment outcomes for complex trauma. Lastly, meta-regression results indicate a linear relationship between intervention intensity and symptom improvement (R²=0.45, p<.001). These findings expand on previous research by Thompson et al. (2021) and Al-Krenawi (2022) by identifying specific effective intervention components within the Gaza context. Additionally, the discovery that a phased approach integrating community support with protocol-based treatment yields optimal outcomes presents a novel contribution not previously addressed in meta-analyses.

This study investigated the influence of anticoagulant therapy on biochemical parameters and vascular function in patients with mixed dyslipidemia and asymptomatic atherosclerosis. Twenty-five participants were divided into two groups: a study group (SG) of 15 patients with mixed dyslipidemia and a control group (CG) of 9 healthy individuals. Baseline characteristics, including lipid profiles, inflammatory markers (osteopontin, osteoprotegerin, MMP-2, MMP-9), and clotting parameters, were assessed. The SG exhibited significantly elevated levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, alongside decreased HDL cholesterol and unexpectedly lower myeloperoxidase levels compared to the CG. Significant variability in biomarker levels was observed across quartiles within both groups. A strong positive correlation was found between serum TSH levels and Factor X activity, while a strong negative correlation was observed between serum TSH and PAI-1 antigen levels in patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism. Clotting times, assessed using the thromboplastin generation test with inosithin, did not reveal significant differences between venous and arterial samples or between the study and control groups based on the provided data. Further research incorporating quantitative clotting time analyses and a more comprehensive assessment of anticoagulant effects is needed to elucidate the complex interplay between anticoagulant therapy, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis.

Leishmaniasis is recognized as a significant health concern in Iraq. The disease begins with minor elevations (papules) and progresses into ulcers. Epidemiological investigations play a crucial role in managing and implementing effective preventive strategies for this disease. This study examines the epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iraq over the past 7 years. This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional inquiry analyzed data concerning patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis over the previous 7 years at the Iraq Health Center. Demographic and epidemiological data of the patients were collected from healthcare centers in Iraq through collaborative efforts with healthcare facilities. Using SPSS software, epidemiological records of the patients were extracted and subjected to statistical analysis employing the chi-square test. Out of 175 patients examined, 88 were male (53%), and 87 were female (47%). The majority of patients belonged to the age bracket of 9 months to 4 years, with the lowest number of cases in the age group of 40 to 49 years. Mainly, the manifestations of the disease were observed on the facial region and limbs. Furthermore, a statistically significant correlation was observed between age groups and the type of leishmaniasis (P > 0.05), as well as between gender and the type of leishmaniasis (P > 0.05). According to the conducted analysis, the prevalence of the disease in Iraq showed a declining trend from 2008 to 2014. This reduction in the disease incidence can be attributed to the improvement in health education status and the adherence to personal hygiene practices among the population

Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation. The upregulation and activation of the Cyclin-Dependent Protein Kinase 6 (CDK6) signaling pathway can induce unregulated breast cancer cell proliferation. Therefore, CDK6 inhibition continues to be developed as a potential target for drug design and development to treat breast cancer. This study aims to predict the biofunction of anthocyanin compounds from purple corn extract as inhibitors of Cyclin-Dependent Protein Kinase 6 (CDK6) using an in silico approach. The research methods included data mining, ligand and receptor preparation, molecular docking, docking visualization, and data analysis. Our results indicate that six compounds from purple corn extract (cyanidin, cyanidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin, peonidin, and peonidin-3-glucoside) can bind to CDK6 at the C-terminal and N-terminal domains. The binding pattern suggests that cyanidin, cyanidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin, peonidin, and peonidin-3-glucoside interact with CDK6 residues in the same manner as Palbociclib (control). This finding indicates that compounds from purple corn have the potential to act as competitive CDK6 inhibitors. Peonidin-3-glucoside exhibited the lowest binding energy of -282.5 kcal/mol, approaching that of Palbociclib (-329.4 kcal/mol).

Pain is the body's response to tissue damage that is often addressed using analgesic compounds. Purslane plants (Portulaca oleracea L) are known to contain flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids that have potential as analgesics. This study aims to test the analgesic effectiveness of purslane ethanol extract by writhing test method using white mice (Mus musculus) induced by 1% acetic acid. A total of 15 mice were divided into 5 treatment groups, namely negative control, positive control (paracetamol), and three groups with doses of purslane extract 200 mg/kgBB, 400 mg/kgBB, and 800 mg/kgBB. The number of writhes was observed every 15 minutes for 1 hour, and the percentage of protective power was calculated. The results showed that the dose of 800 mg/kgBB gave the highest analgesic effect with a percent protection power of 65.28%, followed by doses of 400 mg/kgBB (52.4%) and 200 mg/kgBB (30.6%). The highest analgesic effect was achieved at a dose of 800 mg/kgBB, almost equivalent to the positive control. This shows the significant potential of purslane ethanol extract as an analgesic agent.

The present study was aimed at gaining knowledge about the type of pathogen responsible for Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) infections and evaluating the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts against Candida spp. antibiotic resistance. 112 samples were taken from infected women with VVC of different ages from September to December 2024. All specimens were collected from Al Hussein Teaching Hospital/ Al- Thiqar- governorate. The results showed that 67 (59.82%) of all cases had positive results for Candida spp., while 45 (40.18%) had negative results. Candida spp. Isolated from VVC were C. albicans, the most prevalent 33 (49.26%), C. glabrata, 12 (17.91%), C. krusi and C. kefyr, 9 (13.43%), and C. guilliermondii, 4 (6.90%). The antifungal sensitivity of the pathogenic Candida spp. was tested against five types of antifungals, and the results showed the highest resistance to ketoconazole was 66 (98.51%) of Candida spp. Because of the presence of these physiologically active chemicals, Zizyphus spina-christi L. exhibits antimicrobial capabilities. In this study, the main aim is to study the antifungal activity of Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extract on some resistant candida and conduct analysis to confirm that the Ziziphus spina-christi leaves have phytochemical contents. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to find the bioactive components present in extracts of Z. spina-christi leaves. Finally, we decided the inhibitory activity of Ziziphus spina-christi leaves extract. The extract of Ziziphus spina-christi had alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, tannic acid, and terpenoids, according to a preliminary phytochemical screen. In addition, GC-MS analysis of the extract confirmed the presence of many beneficial chemicals. The extract showed promising antimicrobial activity for Candida spp. (C. albicans, C. glabrata,C. krusi , C. kefyr, and C. guilliermondii)  . These results show that the Ziziphus spina-christi leaves extract is a valuable resource for bioactive chemicals with potential uses in a variety of biological contexts.

The CRISPR-Cas9 technique is a contemporary technology that has transformed the process of genetic modification, allowing scientists to target genomes in living organisms with precision and simplicity. Numerous practical applications of significant importance, including the introduction of new genes into living cells, are facilitated by the CRISPR-Cas9 system's advanced level of gene targeting, precision, and simplicity of use. An enigmatic process involving repeated DNA sequences in E. coli initiated the emergence of this CRISPR-Cas9 mechanism. After observing this phenomenon in bacteria, scientists initiated an investigation into its function. It was noted that E. coli employs it as a self-defence mechanism against bacteriophage attacks and plasmids. CRISPR-Cas9, a novel method for genetic modification, was created as a result of this investigation. This system has been re-engineered by scientists to be more broadly applicable, allowing for the modification of the genetic code of virtually any organism, surpassing the scope of self-defence. The CRISPR-Cas9 system-based gene editing mechanisms have the potential to produce substantial results that were previously difficult to achieve. Nevertheless, the question of genetic modification through the application of this technology prompts debates and demands for the resolution of the ethical, social, and legal issues that are associated with its application. The potential applications of the CRISPR-Cas9 system are seemingly boundless.

Electronic cane: It is an electronic cane designed in the shape of a long white cane, but it provides the blind with ultrasonic frequencies that he can feel under his hand and through an audible alarm when it hits a certain obstacle in its path{1}. It can also detect obstacles in all directions at a distance of five meters. The ends of this cane are made of lead. The International Federation of the Blind, which is one of the organizations affiliated with the United Nations, has declared October 15 of each year as the International Day of the White Cane for the Blind, due to the utmost importance of the white cane for the blind, as it makes him depend on himself after God. This dependence is foldable and is stronger and lasts for a long time. It is important to note here that the white cane with a red stripe placed on the lower part of the cane symbolizes the person's suffering from loss of vision with deafness or hearing impairment.  Regardless of the type and shape of the white cane, it has become a symbol of the blind person’s independence and his ability to move, work and integrate into society like other individuals. It guides him to directions, barriers and obstacles and spares him the need to touch things that may be difficult or dangerous to touch, thus protecting him from many harms, in addition to providing him with a lot of information that he lacks due to his lack of sight and the inability of the other senses to provide him with it.

Patented drugs are a type of drug that has just been discovered and has a certain patent period based on its type. This drug is designed to provide convenience through innovations such as practical packaging, better taste, and syrup that is not bitter due to the use of micro particles. Technologies such as slow-release tablets or sugar coatings also reduce side effects in the stomach, making them safer to use. In addition, this innovation can overcome other obstacles, such as avoiding alcohol solvents that are not in accordance with some religious beliefs. On the other hand, generic drugs still meet pharmacopoeial requirements and have gone through a good drug manufacturing process (CPOB), with strict supervision from the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency (BPOM). This study aims to determine the level of knowledge of the people of Sukorejo Village about patented and generic drugs. The type of research used is descriptive, using a questionnaire as a data collection tool. The sample consisted of 100 people selected through a simple random sampling technique, where each element of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Percentage analysis was used to evaluate the results of the study. The data shows that 49% of respondents have good knowledge of patented and generic drugs, while 23% have sufficient knowledge. These results indicate that the majority of the community already understands the differences between the two types of drugs.

The current study has investigated the morphological identification of some snails ofClass Gastropoda in AL-Diwaniyah City in Iraq. The findings show that there are threefamilies of studied samples, and they are Viviparidae, Thiaridae, and Melanopsidae of thespecies that are Melanoides tuberculata, Bellamya bengalensis and Melanopsis nodosa.More studies should be conducted in this regard, for the fact that normal fauna isimportant in terms of local fauna, and they should be kept under monitoring to avoidspecies extinction.

Insulin resistance is a detrimental globally common condition that is highly related to type 2 DM, as well as several different metabolic diseases. It can be diagnosed mainly, through many different abnormalities, like dyslipidemia or obesity, as well as impaired glucose levels. Many indices have been suggested for diagnosis of the IR, one of the most commonly utilized indices are the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance or the HOMA-IR, and triglyceride glucose index. HOMA and TyG indices, both are commonly applied for being relatively simple, non-costly, and easy to compute, particularly if compared to the gold standard method of the IR diagnosis, which is the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Objective: To make a comparison between HOMA-IR and TyG indices in their accuracy in IR diagnosis. Also, to investigate the strength of the relationship of these indices with BMI and lipid parameters. Results: HOMA-IR index had detected 38% IR individuals of the given sample, while TyG index had detected 51%. Though statistically this difference was not considered significant, TyG index has detected 13% more IR cases. Additionally, the relationship of both indices with BMI was shown to be highly positively correlated, though TyG index had shown even stronger correlation, as the P value in TyG was (0.0001), whereas in HOMA-IR was (0.033). Meanwhile, the lipid parameters had shown different results with both indices, where LDL-C was significantly inversely related to HOMA-IR index (P= 0.048), similarly total cholesterol though insignificantly (P=0.163). HDL-C had inverse relationship with HOMA-IR significantly (P= 0.014), and triglyceride had a positive correlation with HOMA yet, was not significant (P= 0.190). Meanwhile, TyG had significantly positive correlation with total cholesterol and triglyceride only, with a P value of (0.0006), and (0.0001) respectively. While the correlation between TyG index and LDL was positive, and TyG and HDL was negative, both insignificantly at a P value of (0.105), and (0.179) respectively. Conclusion: TyG index is more superior than HOMA index in IR diagnosis, and has a stronger positive correlation to the BMI marker. Whereas, the lipid parameters have weak relationship with both IR markers, HOMA, ant TyG indices.

Toxoplasma gondi is a pervasive parasite that causes a variety of diseases both in humans and animals, it infects the neural cells of the central nervous system. There have been previous reports linking this infection with Autism. Autism is a combination of complex neurodevelopmental disorders leading to alteration in social communication. This study was done to detect the frequency of seropositive Toxoplasmosis in Autistic children attending psychiatric units in Azady Teaching Hospital in Kirkuk governorate-Iraq. This case-control study was done on 40 Autistic children (30 male, 10 female) with an average age of 5.4±6 years and 40 healthy children (8 male, 32 female) with the same age range (6.1±2) year, from April 2018- January 2020. Sample collection was done by obtaining four ml of blood from all study group children for the detection of both IgM and IgG Toxoplasma gondi antibodies using the ELISA technique. Chi-square and paired T-tests were used for data analysis. The IgM serology for both Autistic and control children was negative while there was just one positive result of T.gondi IgG in Autistic Children and two positive results in normal children which made the result insignificant( X2=0.45, p-value>0.05). Regarding gender, there was no significant difference in detecting positive results between boys and girls of the study groups (X2=0.45 p value> 0.05). The study also demonstrated that Autistic Parents were statistically older than healthy children of the same age. We couldn't uncover any connection between ASD and toxoplasmosis. The age of parents & family history has a significant impact on the development of ASD.

Background:
 
The fovea ethmoidalis and the lateral lamella of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone are the parts of the skull base that are most vulnerable to iatrogenic problems during functional endoscopic sinus surgery. The vertical height of the cribriform plate's lateral lamella, which is divided into three groups based on Keros types. According to the Keros, The likelihood of iatrogenic injury and issues increases with the cribriform plate's lateral lamella height.
 
Aim of the study:
 
The aim of this study is to assess the discrepancies in the ethmoid roof elevation (the depth of the olfactory fossa) amongst the adult Kirkuk population using multi-detector computed tomography.
 
Patients and methods:
160 persons who were referred for a CT scan to evaluate their paranasal sinuses participated in the study. Participants in this study were not allowed to have any pathological abnormalities affecting the ethmoid roof. According to the Keros classification, which was split into three groups (Keros I from 1 to 3 mm, and from 4 to 7 mm considered Keros II, while Keros III should be from 8 mm and more), the vertical height of the lateral lamella of the cribriform plate was measured using the coronal portion of a CT image.
Results:
The patients' average age was 35.25 ±14.16 years. The range of the left lateral lamella height is 2.1 to 10.0 mm, and the range of the right lateral lamella height is 2.0 to 9.9 mm. Of these, 43.75% had Keros type I, 55% had Keros type II, and 1.25% had Keros type III.
 
Conclusion:
Keros type II was present in the majority (about 55%) of the adult population in that was studied while Keros type I was (about 43.75%). However, just (about 1.25%) of the adults population in the sample had Keros type III.

Immunization Completeness base is an immunization that must be given to children from birth so that their bodies are protected from dangerous diseases. Complete basic immunization coverage in Suka Raya Village, Pancur Batu District reached 80.7%: the low coverage of basic immunization is related to the knowledge and attitudes of mothers. This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal knowledge and attitudes and the completeness of basic immunization in infants . Data collection from primary and secondary data, data were analyzed using the chi-square test with a 95% confidence level. This type of research is analytical with a Cross Sectional approach , the population in this study were all mothers who had babies aged 9-12 months who visited Suka Raya Village, namely 42 people. The sampling technique is Total Sampling . Collection data For about complete basic immunization data analysis with Chi Square statistical test . The results of the study showed that there was a relationship between maternal knowledge and attitudes with the completeness of basic immunization with a p value for the knowledge variable of 0.003 and a p value for the attitude variable of 0.000. Then, maternal knowledge and attitudes influenced the completeness of basic immunization in infants, mothers with good knowledge and positive attitudes were more likely to complete their infants' basic immunization according to the specified schedule. It is recommended for Pancur Batu Village to further improve the provision of counseling to mothers about complete basic immunization and for health workers in Pancur Batu Village to improve maternal knowledge about the completeness of basic immunization
 

Toothpaste is an essential product for maintaining dental health, where fluoride is one of the key components commonly added. Fluoride plays a crucial role in strengthening enamel and preventing cavities, but the fluoride content in toothpaste must be adjusted according to age groups to avoid the risk of fluorosis, especially in children The literature review aims to evaluate the fluoride content in toothpaste analyzed using potentiometric methods with fluoride ion-selective electrodes (F-ISE). Through a literature review of five research articles published from 2014 to 2024, significant variations in fluoride levels were found. Some products met WHO standards (1000–1500 ppm), while others did not meet criteria, having either too low or too high fluoride content. The potentiometric method proved to be accurate and reliable; however, stricter supervision and regulations are needed to ensure product safety. In conclusion, it is important for consumers to understand the fluoride levels in the toothpaste they use and to ensure the selection of safe and effective products.

In the fruit processing industry, peel is one of the main by-products. Non-edible portions of fruit are likewise seen as waste and are frequently thrown out into the environment. Nowadays, one of the main sources used by the pharmaceutical sector to isolate and extract secondary metabolites is fruit peels. Many applications known for lime peel, especially for antibacterial. This study focuses on the isolation, chemical composition characterization, and antibacterial activity on skin pathogenic bacteria of lime peel essential oil (LPEO). LPEO were isolated using steam distillation and characterized by GC/MS. A total of 24 components were identified. The major constituents of the LPEO were d-limonene (40.24%), ?-terpinene (15.68%), sabinene (13.15%), citral (3.41%), ?-Terpineol (3.40%), and terpinene-4-ol (2.94%). The antibacterial activity was determined using the Kirby-Baurer method against several bacteria that can cause skin infections. The antibacterial activity of LPEO against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Propionicbacterium acne is confirmed. LPEO showed varied levels of antibacteria activity against the gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Zone of inhibition (ZOI) in millimetres was used to measure the antibacterial activity, and amoxicillin was used as a control.
 

Traffic and road accidents are considered one of the leading causes of death among children and adolescents aged 5-29 years. This study aims to analyze the relationship between age, education level, driving experience, and knowledge with safety riding behavior among motorcycle taxi riders at the MAXIM Online Ojek Base on Jl. Untung Suropati, Samarinda City. The research method used in this study is a quantitative research approach. This type of research is observational-analytic with a cross-sectional design. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling, where samples are selected based on criteria predetermined by the researcher. The total sample consists of 37 individuals, determined using the total sampling technique. Data analysis was conducted using the Chi-Square test. The results show that there is a relationship between age and knowledge with respondents' safety riding behavior. However, there is no relationship between driving experience and education level with respondents' safety riding behavior. In conclusion, it is recommended that motorcycle taxi riders improve their knowledge of proper safety riding practices.

Given that these substances&#39; levels are essential for informing medicalpersonnel about the body&#39;s reaction to the different treatments beingadministered, this study was planned to assessment some physiologicalvariations to infants infected with hyperbilirubinemia. This will help themedical staff manage the condition properly with lower morbidity andmortality. In this study, 60 patients and 40 healthy controls (clinicallyevaluated by a specialist physician) are selected from males who are only1 year old. This study conducted in Al-hussein medical city Hospital inKarbala city. This study showed that significant decrease in weight,hemoglobin and packed cell volume in patients in comparison withhealthy, while noted significant increase in total white blood cells inpatients comparison with healthy, while showed there are insignificantchange in red blood cells and platelet.

Indonesia is one of the countries that utilize plants as alternative medicine to address illnesses experienced by individuals. This research method is qualitative research, where this method is expected to produce meaning and clarity from the approach through speech, description and behavior in groups of people and institutions in the process of collecting data in the field. Herbal drinks are drinks made from natural ingredients or spices and have many health benefits for the body. Orange mistletoe leaves are often brewed into tea, which is a popular way to consume them and get their health benefits. Herbal drinks from orange mistletoe leaves are a good choice to improve health naturally. With the various benefits it offers, including antioxidant activity and antimicrobial properties, this drink can be a valuable addition to a healthy diet.
 
 
 

This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the sleep quality of final year students, focusing on the role of stress, anxiety, physical activity and parental support. Final year students often deal with high levels of academic pressure, such as writing a thesis, which can disrupt their sleep patterns. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach with literature study to identify the main themes related to students' sleep quality. Findings suggest that high levels of stress and anxiety, especially related to academic deadlines, negatively impact sleep quality. Apart from that, intense physical activity and lack of social support from parents also contribute to sleep disorders. The implications of this research demonstrate the importance of managing stress and anxiety, as well as the need for emotional and practical support to help students maintain the quality of their sleep. This research provides insights for universities to design programs that support student well-being, as well as contributing to research related to final year student mental health and sleep.
 
 

Indonesia is a country rich in useful biodiversity, such as red galangal (Alpinia purpurata K.Schum). The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the compounds isolated from the red galangal rhizome is the beginning of a new innovation to implement the concept on plants. The content of 1,8 sineol and eugenol in it makes red galangal rhizome can be used as a fungicide on lettuce plants. The widespread use of chemical-based pesticides can harm farmers and the environment with repeated exposure and over a long period of time. So biofungicide innovation is needed that can support the concept of Green Chemistry. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of red galangal rhizome extract as a fungicide on lettuce plants, as well as to analyze and determine under what conditions the fungicide from red galangal rhizome extract is optimal in eradicating Rhizoctonia Solani fungus on lettuce plants. This research was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 10 treatments. All data were tested for normality followed by homogeneity test and all data were found to be normally distributed and homogeneous. Data were analyzed with parametric statistical tests using one-way ANOVA tests and further tests using Tukey with an error rate of 10% to determine whether there was an effect of the treatment tested on the material. The results of this study indicate that red galangal rhizome extract is effective in eradicating Rhizoctonia Solani fungus on lettuce plants with an optimum concentration of 50%.

This study was conducted in the laboratories of Samarra Teaching Hospital and some private laboratories in the city of Samarra in salah aldiyn  Governorate for a period from 1/8/2024 to 1/9/2024, where the study included (50) samples of women of reproductive age, ranging in age from (20-40) years, and were distributed into two groups: Patient group: (30) samples were from female patients with PCOS, Control group: (20) samples of healthy women. The pathological cases of women suffering from PCOS were confirmed after conducting clinical examinations and referring them to the specialist doctor and performing an ultrasound examination. after that, blood was taken from both groups (patients and healthy women) and separated using a centrifuge. Then the  sex hormones Luting hormone -LH, Folic stimulating hormone-FSH, and some biochemical variables, which included (Vascular endothelial growth factor-VEGF , Irisin, Copeptin). The results of the this study  showed a significant rise in each of the hormones (LH. FSH, Testosterone ,Copeptin, VEGF) and a significant low in (Irisin) in the blood serum of women infected with PCOS compered a healthy women , with a probability of P ? 0.05.

This study was conducted at the Thalassemia Center of Azadi Educational Hospital, Kirkuk Health Directorate, Iraq, from June 1, 2024, to October 1, 2024. The study sample included 75 individuals, both males and females, aged between 4 and 67 years, divided into two groups: the first group comprised 50 thalassemia patients, while the control group included 25 healthy individuals. The results indicated a significant effect of thalassemia on the studied variables, as the disease led to increased levels of white blood cells, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, total iron-binding capacity, malondialdehyde, iron concentration, and lipoxygenase enzyme, recording values of 10.9 × 103 cells/mL, 25.36%, 321.84 µg/dL, 721.12 mmol/L, 2788.9 ng/dL, and 226.2 IU/L, respectively. In contrast, thalassemia reduced hemoglobin levels to 8.57 g/L. The gender category significantly affected both malondialdehyde and iron concentrations, while the age category significantly impacted white blood cell levels, total iron-binding capacity, serum iron, and lipoxygenase enzyme. Among the interactions, the most influential factor was found in the group of female patients over 30 years old, who recorded the highest significant concentrations of white blood cells and malondialdehyde, reaching 12.26 × 103 cells/mL and 1090 mmol/L. Conversely, female patients under 15 years showed the highest significant averages for the percentage of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and iron concentration, at 28% and 3270 ng/dL, respectively. Meanwhile, female patients aged 15-30 years exhibited the highest significant concentrations for total iron-binding capacity and lipoxygenase enzyme, at 361.8 µg/dL and 234 IU/L, respectively. Male patients aged 15-30 years recorded the lowest significant hemoglobin concentration, which was 7.33 g/L.

In the midst of this developing society, people in Indonesia still use traditional health services, especially baby massage and birth attendants. Massaging babies from traditional healers has been a tradition passed down from generation to generation. This study aims to determine the relationship between attitudes and maternal behavior in carrying out baby massage independently at PMB Lismayani Lubis District. Simalungun. This type of research is an analytical survey. Then analyze the dynamics of correlation between phenomena or between risk factors and consequence factors, which are phenomena that cause consequences (influence). There is a relationship between attitude and mother's behavior in carrying out baby massage independently at PMB Lismayani Lubis Kab. Simalungun with a p value of 0.021.

        Tribulus terrestris L.,Gokshur in Sanskt,  is an annual herbaceous, little prostrate, silky from the Zygophyllaceae family. It is found in extensive, arid, and scorching regions of India. is used in traditional folk medicines as an aphrodisiac, astringent, lithotriptic, diuretic, and urinary disinfectant.     however, uneven, pinnae, elliptical leaves. Sprinkled, round, compressed, five-cornered, transverse partitioned carpel fruits with many seeds ripen in July. Pieces of the cylindrical-fibrous root are 7-18 cm and 0.3-0.7 cm wide. According to reported studies, the investigations indicated the presence of the saponins ;gitogenin, tigogenin, neogitogenin, hecogenin, and flavonoid tribuloside was kaempferol-3-glucoside. Furthermore, Tribulus terrestris plays a vital role in hepatotoxicity and is greatly reduced by Tribulus extracts. Similarly, T.terrestris plays a remarkable role in reducing the elevated level of serum glucose, triglycerides, VLDL, and cholesterol. This study aims to conduct a preliminary analysis of the phytochemicals of Tribulus leaves cultivated in Iraq and to determine the active constituent of the ethanolic extract of the leaves using Gc-Mass. Qualitative detection of herbal leaves in Iraqi soil, investigated by GC-MASS revealed important constituents. The funding shows a new compound; dihydrocoumarin and other major constituents neophytadiene and alpha-tocopherol.

Shina, mai., 2024, test of antibacterial activity of extract, water fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and n-hexane fraction of chinese petai leaf (leuncaena leucocephala) against staphylococcus aureus atcc 25923, thesis, faculty of health sciences, duta bangsa university, surakarta one of the traditional medicines that currently has the potential to be developed is the chinese petai plant (leucaena leucocephala). Chinese petai leaves are used by the people of indonesia as a remedy for new and swollen wounds. Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive coccus bacterium that is the main pathogen in humans. Almost everyone has experienced a wide variety of staphylococcus aureus infections during their lifetime, from severe food poisoning to minor skin infections. The methods used in this study are diffusion and dilution. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of water extracts and fractions, ethyl acetate fractions, and n-hexane fractions of chinese petai leaves (leuncaena leucocephala), to find the most active extracts and fractions based on their inhibitory zones, and to determine the khm and kbm of the most active extracts against staphylococcus aureus atcc 25923. Based on research conducted on ethanol extract, water fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and n-hexane fraction of chinese petai leaves have antibacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus atcc 25923. The most active extract in inhibiting staphylococcus aures atcc 25923 judging from its inhibition zone value is ethanol extract. Ethanol extract of chinese petai leaves has the same khm and kbm values, namely at a concentration of 25%.
 
 
 

Good logistics management of medicines is one of the factors so that medicines can be managed well. The pharmacy unit of the Kolaka District Health Service has problems with inadequate storage or storage of medicines and delays in the arrival of medicines. The aim of this research is to determine the Analysis of Drug Logistics Management at the Kolaka District Health Service. The research uses qualitative methods through in-depth interviews, observations and observation guides. The results of the research show that at the drug planning stage using the consumption method, drug procurement using an e-catalog system, drug storage is still not good because the warehouse is not large enough for drug storage. Suggestions for the Kolaka District Health Service.

Cross-contamination occurs due to other previously produced products, other rooms or areas producing different products, and particles from machinery or equipment. Quality risk management can be a preventive measure in reducing the potential for cross-contamination that occurs in the pharmaceutical industry. One part of quality risk management is risk assessment. One of the most common and effective methods is the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) method. This risk assessment is carried out using the stages of risk identification, risk analysis, and risk evaluation using categorization based on the Risk Priority Number (RPN). Based on the risk assessment using the FMEA method regarding cross-contamination in the Packaging area in the "XYZ" pharmaceutical industry, it can be concluded that the results of observations and interviews with operators and Packaging Supervisors identified 19 risks which were categorized as low, medium, high, and very high. Based on the results of the risk assessment obtained, the risk of cross-contamination that needs to be controlled is those with an RPN value of 30 ? RPN ? 60 (medium); 75 ? RPN ? 100 (high); RPN ? 150 (very high). Therefore, the "XYZ" pharmaceutical industry needs to determine and implement risk control measures. By adequately controlling the potential risk of cross-contamination, it will ensure the safety and quality of the products produced.

Stroke is a cerebrovascular disease (brain blood vessels) due to the death of brain tissue (cerebral infarction). The cause is reduced blood and oxygen flow to the brain due to blockage, narrowing or rupture of blood vessels. Coping mechanisms are a direct effort in stress management. Cognitive means understanding knowledge or the ability to obtain certain knowledge. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of providing cognitive support on coping in stroke patients. The research population was all inpatients in the neurology room at Piru Hospital, West Seram Regency, with a sample of 30 respondents whose selection was carried out using purposive sampling. The design used was pre-experiment, with a one group pretest-posttest design. The independent variable is cognitive support, the dependent variable is coping mechanisms. Using the Wilcoxon sign rank test with a significance level of p < 0.05. The research results showed that there was an influence in providing cognitive support on coping (p = 0.000). Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that there is an influence of providing cognitive support on coping in stroke patients at Piru Hospital, West Seram Regency.

Ergonomic exercises can lower blood pressure by restoring the elasticity of blood vessels and improving blood flow. The research method used was a case study involving 2 different respondents. The aim of this research is to analyze the effectiveness of applying ergonomic exercises to reduce blood pressure in hypertensive clients. This type of research is descriptive in the form of a case study. The subjects in this study were two individuals with the same case in two different families with hypertension. Those who were given the same treatment where blood pressure was measured pre and post doing ergonomic exercises. The implementation was carried out 3 times a week for a duration of 30 minutes. The results of the study showed that the blood pressure of the respondents experienced a decrease in blood pressure in systole 14-37 MmHg and diastole 4-15 MmHg. The application of ergonomic exercises is effective in reducing blood pressure in hypertension sufferers.
 
 
 

Preschool children have weak immunity, which causes children to get sick easily and receive hospital treatment which causes anxiety due to hospitalization. Anxiety results in fear of new environments, frequent crying, being spoiled, aggressive, depression and even causing trauma. Playing at preschool age is an important activity, playing by matching pictures can influence a person's feelings by stimulating the nervous system in the brain to regulate emotions. This research uses a descriptive case study. The research subjects were three people, the data collection instrument was carried out using the FIS (Faces Image Scale) scale observation sheet. After being given play therapy, the results were obtained on the first day at F before being given the intervention, the anxiety scale was 4, after being given the intervention, the anxiety scale was 4, A anxiety before 5 and after 4, S anxiety before 4 and after 4. On the second day, F anxiety before 4 and after 3, A anxiety before 4 and after 3, S anxiety before 4 and after 3. The third day F anxiety before 3 and after 2, A anxiety before 3 and after 2, S anxiety before 3 and after 2. After intervention for 3 consecutive days, it can be concluded that providing picture-matching play therapy to preschool children can reduce hospitalization anxiety. Parents should continue to meet children's play needs by inviting children to play and facilitating games according to what the child likes, and nurses are expected to focus on modifying children's play.

Objective: We aimed to explore that the association of irisin with various anthropometric and metabolic parameters in obese diabetics and non-diabetics Iraqi women. Methods: Eighty obese Iraqi women participated in this cross-sectional study grouped into 40 obese and 40 obese diabetics. The correlation coefficient between circulating irisin levels and metabolic parameters were performed. Results: Serum irisin levels in obese group showed highly significant positive correlations with body weight, WC, BMI, FPG, fasting insulin (FI), HOMA-IR and glucagon (r=0.8684, P> 0.0001 ; r = 0.8104, P> 0.0001; r = 0.8285, P <0.0001; r = 0.5876, P> 0.0001?; r = 0.5283, P> 0.0005?; r = 0.0005, P <0.0001; r = 0.5244, P> 0.0005) respectively,  and significant negative correlation ?with FPG, FI and HOMA-IR (r=-0.3246, P<0.041; r=-0.7903, P<0.0001; r=-0.6105, P<0.0001) respectively. Stepwise regression results showed that body weight, FPG, HOMA-IR and glucagon had significant independently related with irisin (?=?2.3150, P<0.0001; ?=-?1.2200, P=?0.0002; ?=?21.8760, P=0.02?; ?=?-20.9800, P<?0.005; ?=?0.0468, P=0.037) respectively. Conclusions: Irisin had a strong positive correlation with anthropometric parameters. Irisin independently associated with body weight, glucagon, HOMA-IR and FPG

Background: Post partum is a condition where the reproductive organs are restored to their pre-pregnancy state. The process of childbirth almost 90% experience perineal tears. To be able to accelerate perineal wounds can be with pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures, one of which is non-pharmacological action with kegel exercise, kegel exercise is pelvic muscle training by contracting the muscles. Objective: to describe the results of observations of wound healing and changes in wound characteristics in post partum women. Methods: This research is a case study research using descriptive methods, namely by observing 2 (two) respondents of post partum women with perineal rupture. Performed for 7 days of application and wound evaluation on day 8. Results: This application shows that before Kegel exercise was performed, both respondents' perineal wound conditions were classified as moderate wounds, namely wet wounds, perineal closure, no signs of infection. After evaluation on the eighth day, the wound condition of Mrs. D and Mrs. E was classified as a good wound, namely dry perineal wounds closing and no signs of infection. Conclusion: There are differences in wound healing and changes in perineal wound characteristics in postpartum women.
 
 

AEFI or Post-Immunization Adverse Event is a medical condition that is assumed to be related to immunization. Reactions that arise due to AEFI include high fever, abscesses/festering, seizures. The 2018 Lampung Provincial Health Office report noted that 32.6% experienced AEFI with the largest number being those experiencing high fever, namely 29.5%, festering 8.3%, seizures 0.97%, and others 0.57%. Reducing or controlling and controlling fever in children can be done in various ways, including pharmacologically and physically (non-pharmacologically), namely by using heat energy through conduction and evaporation methods. the effect of onion compress on reducing the baby's body temperature during fever after DPT immunization at PMB Yunita Vero Miza Lampung in 2024. Type of analytical survey research with a Post test Only Control Design approach. The research results showed a decrease in baby's body temperature after DPT immunization in the intervention group and control group after being given shallot compress with an average difference of 1.060. The results of the paired t-test obtained a p value = value 0.000 (p <0.05). there is an effect of onion compress on reducing the baby's body temperature during fever after DPT immunization at PMB Yunita Vero Miza Lampung

One of the most significant species in the Lamiaceae family, thymus vulgaris isendemic to the Mediterranean region and is used widely for both medicinal andculinary purposes. this study aims to evaluate the use of natural antimicrobials asan alternative therapy because the long-term use of antibiotics in the treatment ofacne has resulted in the formation of resistance. It may be inferred that Thymusvulgaris (T. vulgaris) extracts have the ability to suppress the test bacteria in theplan, indicating that they may be used as antimicrobial agents against pathogenicbacteria.

Dysmenorrhea is a gynecological complaint resulting from an imbalance of the hormone progesterone in the blood, resulting in pain. The impact of menstrual pain is very diverse, including young women being unable to walk, having difficulty sleeping, being in a bad mood, losing concentration in doing something, and so on. Gymnastics is a relaxation technique for experiencing dysmenorrhea. To find out nursing care for adolescents with reproductive disorders, dysmenorrhea, the design used in this scientific report is a case study. This case study results from the application of Evidence Based Practice (EBP), client K experienced moderate dysmenorrhea pain on a scale of 4 after being given the intervention, decreasing to mild pain on a scale of 2, client R experienced mild dysmenorrhea pain with a pain scale of 3 after being given the intervention, decreasing to mild pain on a scale of 1 and client S experienced mild dysmenorrhea pain with a pain level of 3 after being given the intervention, decreasing to no pain on a scale of 0. Applying Evidence Based Practice (EBP) it can be concluded that dysmenorrhea exercises can reduce the dysmenorrhea pain experienced by young women during menstruation.

Background: as we know every child will experience a period of growth and development. The growth and the development could be seen from some aspects such as: language, fine motor skills, gross motor skills, social personal aspects. This period is sensitive one; the children will be sensitive to receiving all stimuli given by their parents or their environment. The study aims to obtain the description of the development of preschool age children at the Futuhiyyah Doro Islamic Kindergarten.Method: it is a quantitative descriptive with a total sampling technique as the technique of data collecting; 82 respondents. The instrument applied was the Pre-Developmental Screening Questionnaire as the development measuring tool. Besides, the data analysis used was univariate in the form of a percentage frequency distribution.Results: the result stated characteristics of preschool age children at the Futuhiyyah Doro Islamic Kindergarten are the average age is 68 months, 47 respondents (57.3%) were female and 35 (42.7%) were male. Furthermore, at that age, there were 72 respondents (87.8%) who had appropriate development and 10 respondents (12.2%) who doubted it.Conclusion: Description of the development of preschool age children at the Futuhiyyah Doro Islamic Kindergarten, there were 72 respondents (87.8%) with appropriate development.
 
 
 

Hydroquinone is a compound that is often used in skin whitening beauty products. According to BPOM 2007, the use of hydroquinone at levels above 2% can cause skin disorders, namely hyperpigmentation which can lead to skin cancer. This research was conducted to qualitatively analyze the hydroquinone compound found in skin whitening soap which does not have a BPOM number. The aim of this research is to determine the presence of hydroquinone compounds contained in skin whitening soap samples and to determine the differences in Rf values ??resulting from the comparison of the concentrations of the mobile phase used. Qualitative analysis was carried out by calculating the Rf value of paper chromatography using a comparison of variations in mobile phase concentration, namely 50% ethanol: chloroform (1: 1) and 90% ethanol: chloroform (1: 1). The analysis results show that the standard Rf value of hydroquinone from the eluent of 50% ethanol and chloroform is 0.46, where this Rf value is the same as the Rf value from sample number 5, namely 0.46. Meanwhile, the Rf value using 90% ethanol and chloroform eluents in sample No. 5 is 0.67, which is not the same as the standard Rf value, namely 0.56. Of the whitening soap samples, 1 sample showed a positive result containing hydroquinone.

The decline in cognitive function can be influenced by various factors, both individual and environmental. Individual factors include age, gender, level of education, genetic factors, and medical history. Meanwhile, environmental factors include social engagement and activities, both physical and cognitive activities. This research aims to investigate the Relationship between Social Interaction and Physical Activity with Cognitive Function in the Elderly Population in Neighborhood 05 of Cilangkap Subdistrict, Tapos District, Depok City. The method used in this research utilizes a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design, involving a sample of 55 respondents. The research results showed that the majority of respondents had good social interaction, totaling 32 respondents out of the total respondents. Of these, 23 (71.0%) respondents had a normal cognitive function, while 9 (28.1%) respondents experienced moderate cognitive impairment. Additionally, the majority of respondents with good physical activity and normal cognitive function amounted to 22 respondents (75.9%), while respondents with good physical activity and moderate cognitive impairment numbered 7 respondents (24.1%). In conclusion, the majority of respondents with good social interaction and good physical activity tended to have normal cognitive function.
 
 

In the 1970s bedbug infestation was thought to have disappeared, but since the 2000s, the appearance of bedbugs has been reported worldwide. Studies on bed bugs were carried out in several residential locations in Palangka Raya. This study aims to determine the existence of bed bugs in residential areas and the biological aspects of bed bugs. Survey and collection of bedbugs are carried out in densely populated areas. The results of the study showed that out of 20 houses observed, there were 2 houses that were identified with the presence of bed bugs. The only species of bed bug found is the, Cimex lecturarius. Bed bug infestation is observed in the beds. This shows that there is a potential for bed bugs to cause itching on the skin and allergic reactions in the occupants of the house. The population of bed bugs has the opportunity to spread to other residents' settlements.

Flooding is an event or event that results in the submergence of an area or land due to an increased volume of water. Flooding is caused by climate change, lack of water reception upstream area due to the many buildings, residential houses on the banks of the river and the lack of public awareness to maintain the cleanliness of the river. Flood disasters have a negative impact on individuals, communities and the environment. For individuals can be at risk of drifting, injuries, injuries, to other health problems such as digestive disorders, skin diseases, to infections. This impact can be reduced by improving community preparedness in facing disasters. All activities are carried out to anticipate disasters through organizing and using appropriate scarce disaster management in the preparedness phase. The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is a relationship between flood preparedness knowledge and the level of community anxiety in Wonasa Tanjung Village. This research was conducted with Descriptive Analytic method with Cross Sectional approach. There were 106 Subjekts. Data collection is carried out using questionnaires. Furthermore, the data was analyzed with the Chi-squaer test with a meaning level (a).0.05. The results of the study using the Chi-squere statistical test obtained a p value Value = 0.01 where the p Value value <a = 0.05 The results of this study show that there is a relationship between flood disaster preparedness knowledge and the level of anxiety of the community in Wonasa Tanjung Village. The conclusion of this study is that there is a relationship between flood disaster preparedness knowledge and the level of community anxiety in Wonasa Tanjung Village. Advice for the Wonasa Tanjung environment is to maintain cleanliness and no longer throw rubbish in the river.

Pregnancy is a continuous chain and starts from ovulation, release of ovum, migration of spermatozoa and ovum, conception process, nidation (implantation) of the endometrium, formation of the placenta and growth and development of the products of conception for approximately 280 days (40 weeks) and no more of 300 days (43 weeks). The length of pregnancy from ovulation to parturition is approximately 280 days (40 weeks) (Rukiah & Yulianti, 2014). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pregnancy exercise on reducing lower back pain in second trimester pregnant women at the Sonomartani District Health Center. Kualuh Hulu District. North Labuhanbatu in 2022”. Experimental type of research. Experimental research is a research design used to look for causal relationships with the involvement of research in manipulating independent variables (Nursalam, 2019). The sample in this study were all second and third trimester pregnant women at the Sonomartani District Health Center. Kualuh Hulu District. North Labuhanbatu in 2022 there will be 35 people. . The data collected in the research is primary data, namely data obtained directly from respondents. The data analysis used is chi square. The results of the tabulation research show a relationship between the duration of using injectable contraceptives for 3 months and menstrual disorders in 3-month injectable contraceptive acceptors at the Melak District Health Center. West Kutai, East Kalimantan in 2023 with a p-value = 0.049. So Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, which means there is a relationship between the length of use of 3-month injectable contraceptives and menstrual disorders in 3-month injectable contraceptive acceptors at the Melak District Health Center. West Kutai, East Kalimantan in 2023. Conclusion: Family planning acceptors can choose the right contraceptive method. Family planning acceptors can tell midwives or health workers about the various types of contraceptives before choosing the contraceptive method. Always monitor changes in side effects so that if there are complaints they can be addressed immediately.

Chinese Betel Plant (Paperomia pellucida) is an herbal plant that has benefits for treating diseases such as acne, ulcers, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antibacterial. The content of bioactive compounds from Chinese betel include alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, and carbohydrates. The aim The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of steeping Chinese betel and  on reducing blood glucose levels in male mice. This method used is an experimental method at the Pharmacology Laboratory D3 Pharmacy FMIPA Bengkulu University. The test animals used were three groups, namely the positive control treatment group that received glibenclamide, the negative control treatment group received aquadest, and the 2% Chinese betel steeping treatment group. The results showed that Chinese betel curd was reduced from 125 mg/dl to 93 mg/dl and there was no hypoglycemic decrease in blood glucose due to glibenclamide. From the results of the study it can be concluded that the administration of Chinese betel and glibenclamide steeping is effective in lowering blood glucose levels in male mice.

Chronic kidney failure refers to the decline in kidney’s ability to maintain body fluid balance. Hemodialysis, as a kidney function replacement therapy, is needed to remove toxins and control electrolyte fluids in the body. One of the psychological impacts of hemodialysis is anxiety in patients. One way to reduce patient anxiety levels is by conducting murottal Al-Qur’an therapy. This study uses a case report method and was conducted in the Hemodialysis room of PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta from May 2 to May 9, 2024. Two people with a diagnosis of chronic kidney failure were respondents in this study. The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) was used as an instrument in this study, which was conducted before and after intervention. The results of the study showed that the respondents’ anxiety scores were in the moderate category (24 and 23) and changed to the mild category with a score of 14 after the application of therapy. This therapy has proven effective in reducing anxiety levels in patients with chronic kidney failure who are undergoing hemodialysis therapy.

One of the infectious diseases that still poses a threat to the world is tuberculosis (TB). When a person is diagnosed with tuberculosis, anti-tuberculosis drugs (ATD) should be administered as soon as possible as part of their treatment. Treatment for tuberculosis may be impacted by a number of factors, including age, gender, comorbidities, and nutritional status. The purpose of this study is to ascertain how age, gender, nutritional status, and comorbidities relate to the response of patients receiving first-line pulmonary tuberculosis treatment at Tugurejo Hospital Semarang using Anti Tuberculosis Drugs category one.  This kind of cross-sectional, analytical observational research is being conducted. Response to first-line pulmonary tuberculosis treatment was the dependent variable, and independent variables included age, gender, nutritional status, and comorbidities. 50 patients in all were selected as samples from Tugurejo Regional Public Hospital's medical files. Statistical analysis used the chi-square test for bivariate and the logistic regression test for multivariate. The analysis's findings demonstrated a significant relationship (p-value 0.001) between nutritional status and treatment response, as well as a significant relationship (p value 0.005) between comorbidities and treatment response. However, there was no significant correlation found between the age and gender variables (p values of 0.617 and 0.425). The results of the logistic regression showed that comorbidities and nutritional status had significant results with the OR value of comorbidities (OR 13,622, 95% CI 2.207-84.075, p= 0.005) and nutritional status (OR 7.208, 95% CI 1.783-29.138, P=0.006). There is a noteworthy correlation between the response to first-line pulmonary tuberculosis treatment and nutritional status and comorbidities at Tugurejo Hospital Semarang. At Tugurejo Hospital Semarang, there is a noteworthy correlation between the response to first-line pulmonary tuberculosis treatment and nutritional status and comorbidities.

Early Breastfeeding Initiation is the process of allowing the baby to breastfeed on its own immediately after birth. This is nature and a gift from God that has been arranged for us. Doing it is also not difficult, it only takes about one to two hours. IMD must be carried out immediately at birth, without delaying weighing or measuring the baby. Babies should also not be cleaned, only dried except for their hands. This process must take place skin to skin between baby and mother. This research uses an analytical type of research with a retrospective research design. The research aims to determine the relationship between early initiation of breastfeeding (IMD) and exclusive breastfeeding at the Sonomartani Community Health Center. Based on the data in table 4.3, it can be seen that 5 respondents (38.5%) did not practice IMD but did not provide exclusive breastfeeding and 8 respondents (61.5%) did not practice IMD but did not provide exclusive breastfeeding. Carrying out IMD and providing exclusive breastfeeding was 21 respondents (95.5%). The statistical test results of the chi square test obtained a p value = 0.000, so it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between Early Breastfeeding Initiation (IMD) and exclusive breastfeeding, namely Ha received. The importance of giving birth in a health service is to avoid sudden emergencies that can cause complications and to provide care according to procedures. This is in line with research by Norhana, Arifin and Yulidasari (2016) that mothers who give birth in health facilities are 15,167 times more likely to carry out IMD. Of the 20 respondents who successfully carried out IMD, 19 respondents (95%) were accompanied by their husbands and family when giving birth and 17 respondents (84%) of them succeeded in providing exclusive breastfeeding. Husband and family support play an important role in managing IMD and building maternal self-confidence. The relationship between early initiation of breastfeeding (IMD) and exclusive breastfeeding at the Sonomartani Community Health Center in 2022" with a total of 35 respondents and data processing that has been carried out using SPSS, it can be concluded that the chi square test value is p < 0.05, meaning that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted:

Based on the research results, the majority of respondents who carried out Early Breastfeeding Initiation (IMD) were 22 respondents (62.9%).
Based on the research results, the majority who gave exclusive breastfeeding were 26 respondents (74.3%).
Based on the research results, there is a relationship between carrying out IMD and providing exclusive breastfeeding. The statistical test results obtained a chi square test value (p < 0.05) with a value of 0.000.

 

Medical record is a document that contains patient identity data, treatment, examination, action, and other services that have been given to patients. In order for medical records to be maintained, supervision is needed in medical records. The purpose of this study was to find out how the oversight of the medical record alignment system with the Standard Operating Procedures at the Jakarta Islamic Hospital Cempaka Putih. This research method uses a descriptive method with qualitative analysis, conducting observations and interviews that aim to provide an overview and see directly a state of the supervision process during the alignment of medical records in the filing room of the Jakarta Islamic Hospital Cempaka Putih. This research was conducted in a storage room with 5 informants. The results of the study showed that the supervisory process was aligned with the supervisory element, namely determining the size of the implementation, there was a deficiency, namely there was no mention of tasks in the job description in controlling medical records. In measuring the actual implementation, there are inappropriate implementations such as misfiles and there are several tracers that are still hanging. In measuring behavior, officers do not yet have definite standards or tools to measure officer performance behavior. Obstacles in the alignment of medical records through the 5M factor, namely, the lack of number of officers in the filing room, the occurrence of misfiles and staff errors in writing unclear numbers. Materials namely, there are a lot of maps that are too thick. Machines, that is, there are still many tracers hanging on storage racks whose time limit has passed the stipulation. Methods, that is, the Hospital does not yet have an SOP for alignment supervision and there is only a Medical Record alignment system in the SOP for storing and returning Medical Records.

Considering how important Early Breastfeeding Initiation is, especially in Indonesia, it is being implemented, one of the main goals of which is to ensure smooth breastfeeding, where the aim of the baby getting breast milk is to be able to develop the baby's maximum potential (Rahmat, 2018). This study aims to analyze the relationship between early initiation and the smooth production of breast milk in post-partum mothers at the Datar City Health Center, Hamparan Perak District, Deli Serdang Regency in 2023. This research is an analytical description with a cross-sectional approach and bivariate data analysis is the data analysis used in the research to determine the relationship or influence of the independent variable with the dependent variable using chi-square test analysis, at the p-value statistical significance limit ? (0.05), then Ha: accepted and Ho: rejected (Hardani, 2020).Based on the table above, it can be explained that of the 32 respondents, those who did not initiate early breastfeeding, the majority of mothers' breast milk was not flowing smoothly, 13 (41%). Based on this table, it can be seen that there is a relationship between early initiation and the smooth production of breast milk for post-partum mothers at the Kota Datar Community Health Center, Hamparan Perak District, Deli Serdang Regency in 2023 with a p value of 0.001.This means that there is a relationship between early initiation and the smooth production of breast milk for post-partum mothers at the Datar City Health Center, Hamparan Perak District, Deli Serdang Regency in 2023