This study aims to examine the extent to which social media is utilized in agribusiness learning among students at Universitas Adzkia. A quantitative descriptive approach was employed, using a Likert scale-based questionnaire as the research instrument. The collected data were tabulated and classified into score percentages to determine the category of social media utilization. The research was conducted from June to July 2024 using a census method, involving all 38 students enrolled in the Agribusiness Study Program at Universitas Adzkia. The findings indicate that overall, the use of social media in agribusiness learning falls into the moderate category, with a score percentage of 55.76%. When broken down into agribusiness sub-systems, the results show that the use of social media in the agricultural input supply sub-system was 55.76%, in farming activities 56.14%, agricultural product processing 49.67%, marketing 44.08%, and agribusiness support services 47.20%. These results suggest that although social media has been used in the learning process, its utilization is still at a moderate level and not yet evenly distributed across all agribusiness sub-systems. This presents both opportunities and challenges for lecturers and educational institutions to develop more innovative, technology-based learning strategies. To enhance the effectiveness of agribusiness learning, it is recommended that lecturers actively encourage students to use social media in a productive manner. This could be implemented through the assignment of structured tasks that require the use of social media platforms for academic discussions, information searches, and the creation or sharing of relevant agribusiness content. Such efforts are expected to make social media not only a tool that enriches students' learning experiences but also a means to deepen their understanding of the dynamic and ever-evolving field of agribusiness. Ultimately, integrating social media into learning can support the development of digital competencies and practical insights among agribusiness students in higher education.

Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) merupakan salah satu tanaman rempah yang banyak ditemui di daerah sekitar Sumatera Utara. Dalah satu permasalahan dalam budidaya tanaman ini adalah kesulitan benihnya yang cenderung sulit berkecambah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari aplikasi zat pengatur tumbuh dan perlakuan osmoconditioning serta kombinasinya untuk mempercepat pematahan dormansi benih andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan 2 faktor, faktor pertama adalah zat pengatur tumbuh (Z) dengan 6 taraf sedangkan faktor kedua adalah perlakuan osmoconditioning dengan Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 6000 (O) dengan 4 taraf. Parameter yang diamati adalah laju perkecambahan dan daya berkecambah benih. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa aplikasi zat pengatur tumbuh dapat mempercepat perkecambahan benih andaliman. Hal ini dapat ditunjukkan dengan nilai pengamatan pada semua parameter yang berbeda nyata dengan kontrol (tanpa aplikasi ZPT). Dari hasil penelitian dapat dilihat bahwa zat pengatur tumbuh yang mempercepat pematahan dormansi terbaik adalah Giberelin 500 ppm, walaupun perbandingan dengan ZPT lainnya tidak berbeda nyata. Sementara itu, perlakuan osmoconditioning dengan PEG 6000 juga ternyata mampu mempercepat pematahan dormansi benih andaliman yang ditunjukkan dengan peningkatan sebagian besar parameter yang diamati. Konsentrasi PEG 6000 terbaik pada perlakuan osmoconditioning untuk mempercepat pemecahan dormansi benih andaliman adalah konsentrasi 3%.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the role of extension workers in increasing the production of rice farming in Lalosabila Village, Wawotobi District, Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. Informants consisted of key informants and supporting informants. Key informants are the main source of information related to the problem being studied. The total number of respondents in this study was 16 people who would be used as samples. The role of agricultural extension workers in increasing the production of rice farming in Lalosabila Village, Wawotobi District, Konawe Regency can be described as follows: The role of extension workers as educators was obtained with an average score of 2.27 (moderate), The role of extension workers as organizers and dynamists obtained an average score of 2.40 (high), The role of extension workers as motivators obtained an average score of 2.81 (high), The role of extension workers as facilitators obtained an average score of 2.65 (high).

This research aims to analyze what factors influence lowland rice production in Boronubaen Village, North Biboki District, North Central Timor Regency and to analyze the efficiency value of lowland rice production in Boronubaen Village, North Biboki District, North Central Timor Regency. The research and sampling method in this research is purposive sampling. This research will be carried out in Boronubaen Village, North Biboki District, North Central Timor Regency from June until the end of 2022. The number of samples taken in this research is 73 farmers in farmer groups. The research results show that the factors that influence lowland rice production are seeds, Klensec, Ben Subur and Urea, while land area, NPK, labor have no effect on lowland rice production in Boronobaen Village, North Biboki District, TTU Regency and that the efficiency value in the research This is 0.95, meaning that technically rice farming in Boronobaen Village is efficient

This study is intended to examine the marketing strategies implemented by horticultural farmers in Serang City by utilizing the Facebook platform, and to find out whether the number of posts and comments can affect sales volume. This study applies a quantitative approach with multiple regression analysis techniques. Data was collected by purposive sampling method through interviews, questionnaires and observations by horticultural farmers in the Facebook community “Petani Serang Banten”, with the number of samples used as many as 9 horticultural farmers. The results of this study show that there is an influence between the independent variables (number of posts and number of comments) on the dependent variable (the level of sales of horticultural commodities). In this study, horticultural farmers are advised to be able to utilize Facebook social media in marketing their agricultural products.

This research aims to identify potential natural tourist attraction objects and assess the feasibility of natural tourist attraction objects (ODWA) in the Kambata Wundut Forest Block. Data collection in this research was carried out by direct observation and using documentation media and structured interviews using questionnaires. The samples in this research are the local community, visitors and people who have an interest in developing ODTWA in the Kambata Wundut Forest Block area. The sampling method used in this research is accidental sampling used for area managers and surrounding communities and quota sampling used for tourists. The data analysis method used to identify potential ODTWA uses descriptive analysis and to determine the level of feasibility of each assessment criteria consisting of: tourist attraction, condition of the surrounding area, management and services, accessibility, accommodation, facilities and infrastructure using the Regional Analysis Guidelines Operations of ADO-ODTWA Natural Tourism Objects and Attractions Director General of PHKA (2003). The research results show that the potential tourist attraction objects (ODTWA) of Kambata Wundut are: Kanabu Wulang cave, Bird Waching, cultural attractions (Marapu religious ceremonies), Kambata Wundut river and orchid plants. The feasibility potential index category in the Kambata Wundut Forest Block on the variables of tourist attraction, condition of the surrounding area, management and services, accessibility, and facilities and infrastructure is suitable for development, however, the accommodation criteria are not yet suitable for development due to the lack of available accommodation within the area. the lowest radius is >10km at that location. The results of the variable recapitulation using ADO-ODTWA showed a score of 76%, indicating that the area is suitable for development.

 In this study to see how small to medium-scale farmers face problems when developing beef cattle farming businesses in Perbaungan District, North Sumatra. The research utilised a descriptive survey to collect data through field observations, structured interviews and desk research. The research involved beef cattle farmers from various business scales. Livestock production, feed use and capital constraints were included in the quantitative and descriptive analyses.The results showed that low-quality feed, capital availability and technical knowledge affected livestock productivity in the area. Large-scale farmers use commercial feed to get better results, while small-scale farmers rely more on natural feed. Improved access to high-quality feed, technical training and low-interest business credit are some of the development plans. Thus, to achieve sustainability of the sector, beef cattle enterprise development requires a holistic approach with government support, continuous training and cooperation with relevant institutions.

This research aims to determine strategies for developing beef cattle farming to increase farmers' income in Bangkali village, Watopute District, Muna Regency. Determining the research area was carried out purposively with the consideration that Bangkali Village, Watopute District, Muna Regency has great potential for the development of beef cattle. There were four informants in this research, including the Animal Husbandry Service, Breeders, Extension Institute and Financial Institutions. Data analysis uses Analitycal Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis. The results of the research show that the priority strategy for developing the beef cattle business to increase farmers' income in Bangkali Village, Watopute District, Muna Regency is capital/finance weight 316, Increasing Marketing weight 275, Increasing human resources weight 206, and increasing production weight 203 with an inconsistency of 0.02

In this era of globalization, the native chicken business in Indonesia has such high potential that it is very suitable for business actors and chicken farmers in Indonesia. Designing strategies and ways of marketing processed chicken products is very important in increasing product sales. To meet the public demand for native chicken meat, marketing activities are needed that can distribute the meat from producers to consumers. Where marketing is essentially the flow of goods from producers to consumers. Marketing activities are an important factor that will determine the success of an entrepreneur. This research aims to develop and implement an effective digital marketing strategy for chicken farmers in Parbaungan District, Serdang Bedagai Regency, in order to increase sales and product competitiveness through the use of digital technology. In this study, the method used by the author is a qualitative research method by conducting a case study of the object under study. According to Sugiyono (2019: 16) qualitative research methods are as research methods based on natural philosophy (experiments) where researchers are instruments, data collection techniques and data analysis are inductive / qualitative and emphasize meaning. Word of mouth marketing is a promotional method that comes from consumers, by consumers, and for consumers. Satisfied customers will not only repurchase but they are also a walking, talking billboard for the business.

Research on Feasibility Analysis of the Etawa Peranakan Goat Milk Production Business (PE) at Tharraya Farm in Geli Village, Sunggal District, Deli Serdang Regency aims to analyze the income of the goat milk (PE) production business at Tharraya Farm and analyze the feasibility of the goat milk production business (PE) in Tharraya Farm. The research area was determined purposively, namely based on certain criteria or objectives, taking into account that the Etawa goat milk industry in the area could provide the information needed in the research. Data analysis techniques used were I=TR-TC. The results of this research obtained an income of IDR 72,240,000 / year. Receipts amounting to Rp. 176,526,000 a year and total costs of 104,286,000. The livestock business is profitable and feasible to develop with an R/C of 1.69, ?>0, while the percentage ratio of ?/C x 100% is 60%. The Etawa Peranakan goat milk business at Therraya Farm is profitable and worthy of development

Red rice is one of the most popular staple foods in Southeast Asia. In Indonesia, it is an alternative staple food to white rice, known for its high nutritional value. In addition to containing carbohydrates, fats, proteins, fiber, and minerals, red rice is also rich in anthocyanins, which function as antioxidants. This study aims to analyze the added value and its distribution created from processing red rice into Moreha Wuna red rice powder in the home industry of KWT Bungi Jaya, located in Bungi Village, Kontunaga Subdistrict, Muna Regency. The research was conducted in November 2022. The study area was chosen based on the consideration that KWT Bungi Jaya is the only home industry producing Moreha Wuna red rice powder in Muna Regency. The respondent in this research was the owner of the home industry. The analysis employed the Hayami method for added value analysis. The results showed that the added value obtained from processing red rice into Moreha Wuna red rice powder in the KWT Bungi Jaya home industry was Rp63,212 per kilogram of raw material. Consequently, the monthly added value from this home industry was Rp758,544. The distribution of added value from the red rice processing included the owner's profit of Rp46,562 (73.66%) and labor compensation of Rp16,650 (26.33%).

Efficiency problems in spatial planning at LSU Farm have a significant impact on the effectiveness of the production process. The proximity of raw material storage warehouses to sorting and packaging zones results in congestion that disrupts product flow and quality, as well as triggering backtracking and line crossings that are detrimental to materials management. To overcome this, the Activity Relationship Chart (ARC) method was applied which considers interactions between critical areas such as inbound, sort & repack, outbound, warehouse, employees, cold storage and outdoor offices. ARC's analysis compares the importance of connections between facilities for easier access and consumer convenience, as well as reducing unnecessary movements and improving quality control. The analysis results show that the sort & repack area with the highest Total Closeness Rating (TCR) value (117) is a priority in layout reorganization. Based on these findings, it is recommended that production input warehouses be positioned further away from sorting and packaging areas to maintain product quality and avoid chemical contamination, in line with improving overall operational efficiency.

. Freezing is a widely used preservation method to extend the shelf life of food, yet conventional freezing often produces large ice crystals that damage tissue structures and reduce product quality. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasound-assisted freezing technology in improving the quality of frozen food. A literature review method was employed, focusing on scientific publications from 2015 to 2025. The results show that ultrasound application, particularly High-Intensity Ultrasound (HIUS), can accelerate the freezing rate by enhancing ice nucleation and improving heat transfer efficiency. The formation of smaller and more uniformly distributed ice crystals helps preserve the structural integrity of food and reduces water loss during thawing. The effectiveness of this technology varies depending on the type of food material, temperature, duration, and ultrasound intensity. In animal-based products, it helps maintain texture and color, while in plant-based materials, it preserves moisture content and firmness. However, excessively high intensity may pose a risk of protein denaturation, especially in sensitive materials such as fish. These findings suggest that ultrasound-assisted freezing is a promising innovative solution to improve both the quality and efficiency of the food freezing process.

This study aims to assess the potential development of beef cattle farming businesses for farmers in Perbaungan District, Serdang Bedagai Regency. The variables used in this research are beef cattle production and beef cattle prices as independent variables, and farmers' income as the dependent variable. The analysis approach utilizes a quantitative method with a multiple linear regression model using time-series data sourced from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of Perbaungan District for the period 2019–2023. The results indicate that the development of beef cattle farming businesses in Perbaungan District has significant potential to increase farmers' income and improve their welfare. The variables of beef cattle production and beef cattle prices collectively have a significant influence on farmers' income.

Determining relatively high prices will cause consumers to move to other producers, or look for new products that have better product quality. This shows that determining price sensitivity must be appropriate. The aim of the research is to determine the price sensitivity of staple foods ahead of Eid al-Fitr in 2023 at Pasar Baruga, Kendari city. Determination of the research area was carried out purposively based on the consideration that Baruga Market is one of the central distributors of staple foods. The sampling technique uses the Slovin formula. The number of respondents who were staple food traders was 44 people. Data analysis uses qualitative descriptive. The results of the research show that: The price sensitivity of staple foods ahead of Eid al-Fitr in 2023 at Baruga Market, Kendari City, means that on average there has been an increase in both the number of goods offered and the price level. For head rice the average selling price difference is Rp. 5,125, for broiler meat the average selling price difference is Rp. 8,750, purebred chicken eggs with an average selling price difference of Rp. the average difference in selling price is IDR 2,786, Sedaap cooking oil with an average difference in selling price is IDR 2,429, Shallots with an average difference in selling price is IDR 15,286 and the average difference in the number of goods sold is 10 Kg .

This research aims to analyze the relationship between feed prices and the productivity of broiler chickens in Indonesia, considering that poultry farming is the main source of animal protein needs for the community. One important component that influences production efficiency is feed prices, which often change due to changes in local and international markets. This research uses a quantitative analysis method with regression which is used in this research to find the relationship between the increase in feed prices and the level of productivity of broiler chickens, including body weight gain, feed efficiency and mortality rates. The data used includes feed prices, production costs and harvest yields from various regions in Indonesia during a certain time period. According to research results, the increase in feed prices made a significant contribution to the decline in broiler chicken productivity. These results indicate that to maintain production stability, strategies to manage feed costs and diversify local raw material sources are needed. In conclusion, to keep the poultry farming industry in Indonesia afloat, feed price stability is very important.

Indonesia is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of Crude Palm Oil (CPO). This study aims to analyze the competitiveness level of Indonesian CPO and the competitive position of Indonesian CPO in the target countries of the United States and Pakistan. This research uses secondary data with a time span from 2018 to 2022. The methods used in this research are the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) method and Export Product Dynamic (EPD). The analysis results show that Indonesia's export competitiveness to the target countries of the United States and Pakistan is high. Then, the majority of the market share to the target countries of the United States and Pakistan is in the Rising Star position, which means there is positive growth. The government needs to synergize policies and create regulations regarding international trade agreements, the government can also simplify export licensing procedures, and Indonesian exporters need to pay more attention to the quality and composition of CPO products

This thesis examines the strategy for developing ginger farming in Kunjorowesi Village with the aim of increasing local agricultural income and sustainability. This research aims first, to identify factors that influence ginger farming income, and second, to evaluate the potential for developing ginger farming strategies that can increase income and agricultural sustainability. The research method uses observation techniques, interviews with farmers, and documentation to collect data. The analysis was carried out using the SWOT analysis model to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in ginger farming in Kunjorowesi Village The research results show that internal factors such as large areas of land, favorable land conditions, and the availability of skilled labor, as well as external factors such as supportive agro-climatic conditions and large market demand, have the potential to support the development of ginger farming businesses. However, there are also challenges such as limited capital, distance to farming locations, and interference from Plant Pest Organisms (OPT). Based on the SWOT analysis, a development strategy using the SO (Strengths-Opportunities) approach is recommended to utilize internal strengths and external opportunities. This strategy includes optimizing land use with skilled labor and strengthening cooperation between farmers, government and traders to improve marketing information.

This research aims: (1). To determine the productivity of snake fruit farming in Sindang Kasih Village, (2). Knowing the margin, costs and marketing channels for snake fruit in Sindang Kasih Village, and (3). Knowing the marketing efficiency of snake fruit farming in Sindang Kasih Village. The analysis in this research is analysis and uses primary data and secondary data. Determining the population in this research uses the census sampling method, while in marketing institutions the Snowball Sampling method is used. The results of this research show (1). The total productivity of salak farmers is 5,533 Kg/Ha/Year with an average of 2,160 Kg/Ha/Year in one harvest season. (2). There are 3 salak marketing channels in Sindang Kasih Village, namely Channel I: (Farmers - Consumers) direct channel, Channel II: (Farmers - Collectors - Retailers - Consumers) indirect channel, and Channel III (Farmers - Retailers). - Consumer) indirect channels. Successive marketing margin, namely channel I, is IDR. 12,500/Kg, Channel II at the collector level has a margin of Rp. 2,000/Kg and at the retailer level it has a margin of Rp. 5,000/Kg, and for channel III margin, at the retailer level the margin is IDR. 13,000/Kg. (3). The results of the analysis of (Farmer's Share) from the three channels, respectively Channel I is 100%, channel II is 41.67% and channel III is 64%

This study aims to analyze pig farming with 7 livestock management. The research was conducted on November 9, 2024. The research This research uses qualitative data. The data obtained then analyzed descriptively to describe the state of the business and livestock management. management of the farm. The results of the study showed that the selection of superior seeds,efficient feed management, cage management, proper harvest management and determination of the ideal slaughtering time and overall marketing strategy and the overall marketing strategy is the success of pig farming by achieving high productivity and sustainable profitability. continue.

D2 Farm business is a business engaged in the production of broilers. This study aims to determine the level of income and financial feasibility of the D2 farm broiler business based on the criteria (R / C Ratio) and (B / C Ratio) in one year of production, which was carried out in November 2024. The location of this research was determined purposively (Purposive Sampling). The results showed that the income received by the D2 farm broiler business in one year was Rp. 486,606,603, the R / C Ratio was 5.23 and the results of the B / C Ratio calculation were 3.31, which means that the D2 farm broiler business is feasible to develop.

This research aims to improve student learning outcomes through the inquiry method on the subject of special treatment of fruit plant seeds. The study was conducted as classroom action research (CAR) at SMKN 1 Gondang for class XI Agribusiness of Food Crops and Horticulture (ATPH). The research was carried out in two cycles, each consisting of planning, action, observation, and reflection. Data were collected through tests and observation sheets. The results show that the inquiry method significantly improves student engagement and cognitive outcomes. Average class performance increased from 62% in Cycle I to 85% in Cycle II. These findings suggest that inquiry-based learning can enhance students' critical thinking and understanding in agricultural subjects.

Petrochemical-based synthetic plastics pose significant environmental concerns due to their non-biodegradable nature. Bioplastics, particularly those derived from corn starch, offer a promising alternative because of their biodegradability and renewable origin. This article presents a narrative review analyzing the effects of various additives on the characteristics of corn starch-based bioplastics, including tensile strength, water absorption, and biodegradability. The review focuses on scientific publications from 2015 to 2025.  Three types of additives were examined: cellulose fibers, graphene oxide (GO), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The results show that the combination of starch and PVA with glycerol yields the best overall performance, achieving the highest tensile strength (1.8 MPa), moderate water resistance 60%, and rapid biodegradation within 6–10 days. While cellulose improves mechanical properties, it tends to slow down the degradation rate. GO provides only slight enhancements in mechanical and water-resistant properties. Overall, the starch–PVA blend appears to be the most promising formulation for developing eco-friendly and applicable bioplastics in the future.

The demand for sweet corn continues to increase in line with the rapid development of the food industry. Therefore, every company must be able to develop a strategic business plan to achieve the company's goals, whether short-term, medium-term, or long-term. One Day Promotion is one of the promotional activities with a gift given for every purchase of MADU-59 F1 sweet corn seeds, which is held at the Agricultural Store. This activity aims to know, implement, and identify the effectiveness of One Day Promotion (ODP) to increase sales. This activity was conducted in Karangploso, Malang, East Java, using two methods: collecting primary data through interviews, observations, recordings, and documentation, as well as collecting secondary data through literature references such as journals, books, and the internet. The One Day Promotion activity was conducted at three agricultural stores in Karangploso, Malang, East Java. This activity is considered effective in increasing brand awareness and serving as an educational medium for farmers to know the advantages of MADU-59 F1 sweet corn seeds. Additionally, the One Day Promotion activity aims to help achieve the company's goal of increasing product sales volume. With the One Day Promotion strategy, it will attract consumer interest and provide satisfaction to consumers, thus accelerating and expanding the market for MADU-59 F1 sweet corn seeds.
 

The beef cattle farming industry plays an important role in supporting food security and national economic growth. North Sumatra Province is an area with supportive geographical potential and great opportunities for developing this sector. However, several challenges such as low productivity, market competition, and infrastructure limitations still hinder its development. This study aims to analyze the potential and comparative advantages of North Sumatra Province in the development of beef cattle farming and to predict its growth in the future. The methods used are Location Quotient (LQ) analysis and the Growth Ratio Model (MRP). The data used are secondary data from the last three years (2020-2022) obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) of North Sumatra Province, the Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health, and the North Sumatra Provincial Livestock Office. LQ analysis is used to identify leading commodities in the livestock sector, while MRP is used to predict the growth of the beef cattle industry. The analysis results show that several districts in North Sumatra, such as Deli Serdang, Simalungun, and Asahan, have an LQ greater than 1, indicating that beef cattle farming is a leading sector. Meanwhile, several districts, such as Langkat and Karo, have an LQ less than 1, indicating that this sector has not yet become a base for beef cattle farming. With an MRP of 4.0%, Simalungun shows the highest growth rate, followed by Deli Serdang and Asahan. This research provides an important overview of the potential and challenges of beef cattle farming in North Sumatra Province for appropriate policy-making and the future development of this sector.

The growth of Indonesia's cattle population and productivity, and the factors contributing to these changes. Government policies, livestock health conditions and a shortage of quality feed have transformed Indonesia's cattle sector in recent years. Although the Special Effort for Mandatory Breeding Cattle (Upsus Siwab) programme has resulted in an increase in the cattle population, the implementation of this programme is still uneven across the country. In contrast, Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreaks and feed limitation issues are major constraints to increasing productivity. As the results show, regions that have better access to artificial insemination technology and high-quality feed have better results compared to other regions. To achieve sustainable cattle growth in Indonesia, more equitable policies, strengthened animal health systems, and improved feed distribution and quality are needed.

One of the common pests found in oil palm is the nettle caterpillar (Setothosea asigna), which can consume between 300 to 500 cm² of leaves per individual. A single oil palm tree may host between 5 to 10 of these caterpillars. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of fogging in controlling Setothosea asigna infestations on oil palm trees of varying heights at PT Socfindo, Matapao Estate, North Sumatra. The research was conducted in two plantation blocks with different tree heights: block 49 with trees ranging from 9–12 meters and block 46 with trees ranging from 3–6 meters. Data collection involved an initial census to count caterpillars before fogging, followed by a post-fogging census to observe mortality rates. Data were analyzed using a t-test to compare the effectiveness of fogging between tall and short trees. The results showed that fogging was more effective on shorter trees, with an average mortality rate of 94%, compared to 90% on taller trees.

This research is motivated by the fact that the size of lowland rice productivity depends on the production factors used, including land area, seeds, Phonska fertilizer, urea fertilizer, labor, pesticides and irrigation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of farming production factors on lowland rice productivity in Atula Village, East Kolaka Regency. The analytical method used in this research is multiple linear regression analysis method. The results showed that simultaneously farming production factors consisting of land area, seeds, phonska fertilizer, urea fertilizer, labor, pesticides, and irrigation had a significant effect on lowland rice productivity with a significance value in the F test of 0.000 which means it is smaller from the set significance level that is 0.05 (5%). and partially the production factors that significantly influence the productivity of lowland rice are land area, phonska fertilizer, urea fertilizer, pesticides and irrigation. While the production factors that do not have a significant effect are the use of seeds and labor.

This study aims to analyze the feasibility of beef cattle farming in the Perbaungan area, North Sumatra, and to develop sustainable business development strategies. The approaches used include financial, technical, and market analysis, with data collected through field surveys, interviews with farmers, and secondary data analysis. The results of the study indicate that the beef cattle farming business in this location is economically feasible with a significant level of profit. Recommended development strategies include optimizing feed management, increasing human resource capacity, and product diversification to expand the market. These findings are expected to help local farmers improve their business productivity and contribute to national food security.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a fruit that is loved by people all over the world. This research aims to determine the morphological characteristics of mango fruit in Panyileukan District, West Java, Indonesia. This research was conducted in four villages, namely Mekar Mulya, Cipadung Kidul, Cipadung Wetan and Cipadung Kulon. This research aims to determine the morphological characters of mangoes in Panyileukan District. Field data collection was carried out by observing the mango varieties planted by the community in their home gardens. A total of eight varieties of mango were found at the research location: mango gedong, garifta, arumanis, cengkir, kaweni, grogot, simanalagi and apple. Each mango variety has different morphological characteristics. Botanical identification was carried out by comparing the morphological characteristics of mango trees using several publications, including journals, magazines and websites. There were 8 types of mango, namely; gedong, garifta, arumanis, cengkir, keweni, grogot, simanalagi and apple

Medicinal plants are plants whose leaves, stems and roots can be used as medicine. Some of these medicinal plants are used in traditional or alternative medicine in local communities. Apart from that, medicinal plants also have the advantage that they do not cause side effects and can be treated by family members themselves. The successful use of medicinal plants is greatly influenced by public knowledge about the benefits of each type of medicinal plant, especially medicinal plants that have been studied empirically. Research with the title Inventory of Medicinal Plants in the Babakan Siliawangi City Forest Area on June 12 2024, with this research method aims to determine the diversity of types of medicinal plants and to determine the potential of these medicinal plants for the surrounding community. The results of this research were 10 types of medicinal plants, including: Binahong, Yellow Bamboo, Jengkol, Matoa, Forest Tea, Forest Betel, Japanese Papaya, Sausage Tree, Butterfly Tree, Simpur Tree. The most widely used medicinal plant organ is the root, bark, flowers and leaves.
 
 

In Indonesia, maize has replaced rice as the staple food. However, many farmers fail to achieve optimal maize growth rates and yields because the maize planting techniques developed by them depend only on their knowledge and understanding of the relevant sciences relevant to maize planting. To determine the effect of applying different spacing and planting depths on the growth and yield of maize was the objective of this study. A factorial RAK model with two factors was used in this study. There were three levels of planting distance notation (J) in this RAK: 70 x 25 cm for Planting Distance 1, 70 x 40 cm for Planting Distance 2, and 75 x 50 cm for Planting Distance 3. There were also four levels of planting depth notation (K): 3 cm for Depth 1, 5 cm for Depth 2, 7 cm for Depth 3, and 8 cm for Depth 4. The results showed that it could really affect the growth and yield of corn at the correlation of spacing 75 x 50 cm and depth 5 cm. Farm women also contribute to this activity with their experience and skills because the higher the presence of farm women who contribute will make the results of corn farming higher.

Honey is a natural and usually sweet-tasting liquid manifested by honeybees (Apis sp) from plant flower juice (flower nectar) or other plant parts. Marketing channel is a flow of various institutions that perform all activities used as a tool to distribute a good and ownership that starts from the producer and ends at the end user. This research was conducted to find out and describe the honey marketing channels and analyze the efficiency of honey marketing channels in Al Halif Pure Honey Bee MSMEs in Manonjaya, Tasikmalaya Regency. This research was conducted at Al Halif Pure Honey Bee MSME in Manonjaya, Tasikmalaya Regency. The analysis method used is descriptive qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results showed that there are two honey marketing channels, namely marketing channel I: Beekeepers - Wholesalers (MSME Al Halif Pure Honey Bee)) - End Consumers and Beekeepers receive a large amount obtained is 53% of the price of the wholesaler level, marketing channel II: Beekeepers - Wholesalers (MSME Al Halif Pure Honey Bees) - Small Traders (Retailers) - End Consumers, beekeepers receive a large amount obtained is 45% of the price of the small trader level. Honey marketing channels with efficient criteria with a channel efficiency value I of 8.88% and marketing channel II of 6.8%.

This study aims to analyze internal and external factors that influence the development strategy of tempeh agroindustry business and formulate a strategy for developing tempeh agroindustry business in Matahoalu Village in Konawe Regency. The method used in this study is the survey method, the case of Pak Iyon's tempeh business in Matahoalu Village. The strengths and weaknesses factor has a total score of 4.27. Because the total score is above 2.5, it means that it identifies a strong internal position. The opportunities and threats factor has a total score of 1.75 because the total score is close to 2.0, it means that it identifies that the business responds to existing opportunities in an extraordinary way and avoids threats to the development of the tempeh agroindustry. The tempeh agroindustry is in the Growth Quadrant where the quadrant is a very profitable situation in that it has opportunities and strengths, so that it can take advantage of existing opportunities, the strategy that must be applied in this condition is to support an aggressive growth policy (Growth Oriented Strategy).

This research aims to evaluate strategies for increasing beef cattle productivity through optimizing concentrate feed based on local ingredients in Perbaungan, Serdang Bedagai Regency. Surveys and interviews were conducted to collect data regarding feeding patterns, costs and production efficiency. The research results show that concentrate feed, although more expensive than forage, provides higher efficiency in supporting daily weight gain in beef cattle. Local ingredients such as rice bran, palm oil cake and tofu dregs have great potential for use in concentrate formulations, thereby reducing costs and increasing the sustainability of livestock businesses. Optimal strategies include providing concentrate as needed, combining with forage, and managing feed stock. This optimization has been proven to be able to increase beef cattle. productivity and support national meat self-sufficiency efforts

In today's digital era, the application of digital marketing is the main key in increasing the sales volume of various products, including ornamental corals. This research aims to find out how CV Rezky Bahari Makassar applies digital marketing to increase sales of ornamental corals. Through a qualitative approach of exploratory case study type, data collection through interviews, observation, and documentation. data analysis methods using descriptive qualitative. The results showed that CV. Rezky Bahari Makassar has implemented various digital marketing strategies, including social media marketing, such as WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, Website and Email Marketing, Integrated digital marketing strategies focus on attractive visual content, technological innovations such as 360-degree videos and direct interaction with customers to increase the visibility and accessibility of its products to consumers. The implementation of this strategy resulted in a significant increase in sales of ornamental corals. Despite facing challenges such as a decline in revenue due to the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, the company managed to return to a positive growth path through digital marketing strategies, with sales revenue reaching its highest peak in 2023. This research provides insights into effective digital marketing practices in the ornamental coral industry and suggests that the integration of various digital channels can result in increased sales.

This study aims to analyze the effect of sapta production on cattle fattening in Serdang Bedagai. With the increasing demand for cattle in the local market, it is important to understand the factors that influence the productivity of cattle farming. The method used in this study is a quantitative survey, with data collection through questionnaires distributed to cattle farmers in cattle fattening businesses in Serdang Bedagai. Production variables included production cost, feed amount, maintenance, and yield per period. Analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between production variables and farmers' income. The results of the study are expected to provide insight into the dominant factors affecting the production and income of cattle farmers. The findings provide insight for farmers on the importance of production management to increase profits and business sustainability. This study is expected to serve as a basis for the development of more effective production strategies in the cattle farming sector in Serdang Bedagai.

Fertilization is one of the important activities in plant cultivation because it plays a role in increasing productivity by maintaining soil fertility. This experiment aimed to test the effectiveness of NPK fertilizer (20-51-13) on the growth and production of cabbage plants and its agronomic effectiveness. The experimental design used was a randomized block design. The treatments tested: without application of the tested fertilizer (P0), application of inorganic fertilizer comparison (2 kg/ha/application) (P1), and 5 levels of NPK fertilizer (20-51-13) tested, namely: 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 kg/ha/application. The recommended doses of urea, SP-36, and KCl fertilizers were  200, 100, and 100 kg/ha, respectively. The results showed that the application of NPK fertilizer (20-51-13) can increase the growth of cabbage plants as indicated by the variables of plant height and number of cabbage leaves compared to the control treatment. In addition, the application of NPK fertilizer (20-51-13) increased the yield components of cabbage plants compared to the control treatment. The treatment of 0.75 doses of NPK fertilizer (20-51-13) was agronomically effective because it produced the highest relative agronomic effectiveness value of 145%, which means it can increase yields by 1.45 times. The recommended dose for cabbage plants is 1.5 kg/ha/application of NPK fertilizer (20-51-13) applied 5 times at 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 WAP.

The agricultural sector is one of the most important sectors. The majority of rice paddies serve as the main food commodity consumed by the community, making rice farming the majority in the agricultural sector. However, there are challenges in production such as low agricultural efficiency, limited access to resources, and dependence on traditional techniques. Therefore, strategies are needed to improve rice production that can impact the welfare and economy of farmers. The goal of this research is to analyze the condition of rice farming in Banten, specifically in Ciruas. It aims to identify the problems affecting production as well as the efforts that have been made by the government previously. Additionally, the research will provide strategies that are appropriate for increasing production yields and improving the welfare and economy of farmers. In this study, a qualitative research method was used with SWOT analysis method, along with data collection through primary data in the form of interviews and secondary data in the form of a Literature Review. The results showed that rice production in Banten declined to 298.84 thousand hectares and 1.52 million tons of GKG in 2024, but Ciruas District remains a rice granary despite facing many problems such as pests, low selling prices, drought, and extreme weather. Although various efforts have been made, such as training, provision of equipment, and water pumps, a SWOT analysis is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of strategies and plan alternative actions to improve farmers' production yields. Thus, through the SWOT analysis method, it is hoped that paddy field production will increase sustainably, thereby supporting food security and the economic welfare of rural communities in Banten and Ciruas District.

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) is a key strategic commodity in Indonesia, playing a vital role in national exports and supporting various industries, including food production and renewable energy. Harvesting is a critical phase in oil palm cultivation, and its outcomes are significantly influenced by agronomic practices and environmental conditions, such as waterlogging. This study aimed to compare oil palm yields between waterlogged and non-waterlogged fields and to assess the statistical significance of any differences observed. The research was conducted at Tanjung Buluh Estate, Division 3 of PT Socfin Indonesia, located in Teluk Mengkudu, North Sumatra. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was employed, focusing on a single factor: land condition (waterlogged vs. non-waterlogged). Results showed that the average fresh fruit bunch (FFB) yield from non-waterlogged plots was 109.4 kg, notably higher than the 78.9 kg recorded in waterlogged areas. A T-test yielded a P-value of 0.0929, approaching the 10% significance threshold, suggesting that waterlogging can potentially reduce oil palm productivity.
 

Mangroves are plants whose natural habitat is in coastal areas, they should require the role of coastal communities to manage mangroves. In Pantai Labu District, four types of mangrove plants were found that grow abundantly in the area, namely mangroves (Rhizophora), api-api (Avicennia), nipah (Nypa), and pedada (Sonneratia caseolaris). Although the types of mangroves in this area are quite diverse, unfortunately the community has not utilized them optimally. So far, the community has only taken parts of the mangrove tree trunks to be used as firewood or sold, while the fruit, especially pedada fruit, is often left alone to rot without being utilized. The method in this study uses qualitative descriptive. This study aims to describe and understand the conditions of mangrove utilization and conservation efforts by the community in Pantai Labu District in depth, based on data obtained from observations and interviews with local residents.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the 4P marketing mix strategy (Product, Price, Place, Promotion) at Firdaus Farm, a tilapia farming business in Tasikmalaya, and its effectiveness in enhancing the business's competitiveness and profitability. The method used is qualitative descriptive with a case study through observations, interviews, and direct documentation at the business location. The research findings indicate that the product strategy, which emphasizes tilapia quality—such as freshness, uniform size, clean packaging, and quality certification—constitutes the primary factor in attracting consumer interest. The flexible and competitive pricing strategy, adjusted according to market conditions and consumer purchasing power, along with bonuses for loyal customers, proved to increase customer loyalty and sales. Product distribution is carried out through traditional channels and has begun utilizing digital platforms to expand market reach, with the strategic location of the business supporting distribution efficiency. Promotion, still mainly traditional, is starting to develop into digital promotion through social media, which effectively increases product visibility and appeal. This study concludes that the consistent and adaptive application of the 4P marketing mix can enhance Firdaus Farm’s competitiveness in the tilapia market. It is recommended that business practitioners continue to develop product innovations, evaluate pricing, expand digital distribution, and optimize digital promotion in order to face increasingly intense market competition.

Herbal Tea Bag Product Made from Chinese Betel Leaf with Combination of Lemongrass and Cardamom. This research aims to: 1) investigate the organoleptic properties of herbal tea bags made from Chinese betel leaf combined with lemongrass and cardamom, and 2) assess the sensory quality of the product through hedonic testing. This experimental study employed an observational method using a sensory evaluation panel consisting of 35 members (5 experts and 30 semi-trained panelists). Data were collected using a questionnaire. The independent variables were the proportion of Chinese betel leaf (2g, 4g, and 6g) and the addition of lemongrass and cardamom (2g) with temperature variations (40°C and 60°C) for 4 hours. The dependent variables were the sensory qualities, including shape, color, aroma, taste, and texture. The control variables included the type of materials, equipment, and processing techniques. Data analysis was performed using two-way anava and Duncan's multiple range test. The results showed that: 1) the proportion of Chinese betel leaf affected the shape and taste, 2) the drying temperature affected the color, taste, and texture, and 3) there was no interaction between the proportion of Chinese betel leaf and the addition of lemongrass and cardamom on the sensory quality of the herbal tea bags.

This research aims to analyze: (1) types of purchasing behavior of free-range chicken consumers in Kendari City, (2) factors that influence the purchasing decisions of free-range chicken consumers. The factors studied in this research are cultural, social, personal, psychological factors, chicken price, age and income. Determining the location of this research was carried out purposively. This research was conducted at the Wet Market (Mandonga Mall) Kendari City with the data used being primary and secondary data. This research used 35 respondents each who bought free-range chickens and those who did not buy free-range chickens taken using accidental sampling. The data analysis used in this research is engagement inventory design analysis and logistic regression analysis. The results of this research indicate that the type of consumer purchasing behavior is classified as a complex purchasing behavior type. This type of behavior has a high level of involvement in decision making to purchase free-range chicken and consumers are aware of the real differences between attributes. Factors that have a positive influence on consumer purchasing decisions are cultural, psychological and age variables. Variables that have a negative influence on purchasing decisions are social factors and income. Factors that have no influence are price and personal variables.

Digital transformation has brought significant impact to the agriculture sector in Indonesia by improving operational efficiency, opening new market opportunities, and introducing the concept of digital farming and agriculture 4.0. Although the government has encouraged agricultural digitalization through policies and programs, farmers still face challenges such as land limitations, climate change, and limited market access. Collaboration between the government, private sector, and non-profit organizations is needed to support farmers' adoption of digital technologies to improve their efficiency, productivity, and welfare. Challenges such as lack of internet access, low digital literacy, and high technology implementation costs also need to be addressed through cross-sector collaboration. This research highlights the importance of synergy in capitalizing on digital opportunities and overcoming barriers in the digital transformation of Indonesia's agriculture sector.

This research aims to find out: (1) the husband's income as a farmer. (2) the income of the farmer's wife (3) the contribution of the farmer's wife to the income of the farmer's household in Masalili Village, Kontunaga District, Muna Regency. This research was carried out in Masalili Village, Kontunaga District, Muna Regency from January 2023 to July 2024. The data used were primary and secondary data. The analysis used in this research is presented in table form. The main commodities cultivated by farmers are corn, cassava and tapping palm sap. The average husband's income in the agricultural sector in Masalili Village, Kontunaga District, IDR 30,151,595/year, this value is obtained from the value of income minus the value of farming production costs. The average income of farmers' wives is IDR 14,413,228/year with an average income of IDR 19,048,200/year and average expenses of IDR 4,580,972/year. This income is obtained from the kamooru weaving business, with an average income of IDR 9,671,728/year and also additional income from businesses in the agricultural sector, namely as a farm laborer and also a vegetable seller, with an average income of IDR 4,792,500/year. The results of the analysis show that farmer wives contribute 31.87% to farmer household income, while husbands' income from the agricultural sector contributes 68.12% with an average total income of farmer households of IDR 45,386,866/year.

This study aims to determine the costs, revenues, and profits of Mr. Ashar's Es Pisang Ijo business in Unaaha City. Analysis of the Es Pisang Ijo business is important for producers to know the state of the business, especially from the financial side, so that it can be used as a contribution of thought, evaluation material, and consideration in making decisions related to the progress of Mr. Ashar's Es Pisang Ijo business. This study uses a case study research type. Data collection techniques Data collection techniques used are: Primary data and secondary data. Sampling technique The withdrawal of respondents in this study was carried out purposively or intentionally, at Mr. Ashar's Es Pisang Ijo Culinary business in Unaaha City, Konawe Regency. The total cost of Mr. Ashar's Es Iisang Ijo Business in one production process with raw materials of 4 combs of sweet bananas produces an output of 65 cups of Es Pisang Ijo in one production process, with a total  cost of Rp. 421,500.00 and the income obtained in one production process is Rp 975,000.00, thus obtaining a profit of Rp 553,500.00. The R/C value produced by Mr. Ashar's Es Pisang Ijo business is 1.76.

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is one of the world's important commodities as a producer of vegetable oil needed by various industries. Leaf area index is one of the indicators of plant growth seen from the size of the leaf surface area that carries out the photosynthesis process. This study aims to determine the interaction of NPK Phonska fertilizer dose treatment and its application method on the Leaf Area Index of oil palm seedlings at the pre-nursery stage. The study was designed using factorial RAK consisting of 2 factors, namely the dose of NPK Phonska fertilizer (K) and its application method (A), and 3 replications. The K factor consists of 5 levels, namely K0 = 0 g/seedling; K1 = 0.5 g/seedling, K2 = 1 g/seedling, K3 = 1.5 g/seedling, and K4 = 2 g/seedling. Factor A consists of 3 levels, namely A1 = watering, A2 = spreading, and A3 = bag. The observation results were analyzed using analysis of variance and further DMRT test at 5% level if significantly different. The results of the study showed that the dose of NPK Phonska fertilizer 1 g/seedling (K2) gave the highest results on the Leaf Area Index, which was 2.90. The interaction treatment of NPK Phonska fertilizer dose 1 g/seedling and the pocket application method (K2A3) gave the highest results on the parameters of seedling height (12.99 cm) and tuber diameter (1.31 cm). The Leaf Area Index weakened positively on the growth of oil palm seedlings as seen from the height of the seedlings, tuber diameter, and leaf sheath length.

This study aims to analyze the 4P marketing mix (Product, Price, Place, Promotion) in hydroponic lettuce marketing at SMA Negeri 1 Karangnunggal. The method used is descriptive qualitative with case studies through observation and interviews. The results of the study indicate that the 4P marketing mix emphasizes products that have good quality such as good lettuce color and shape, the use of good seeds to produce good products. The price of the product has an affordable price which is relatively cheap for premium quality and offers discounts for large purchases. In easily accessible marketing places such as buyers can visit the place of sale directly or orders can be delivered to buyers directly. As well as the promotion methods carried out offline and online through social media.

Although North Sumatra's cattle farms have enormous potential for development, there are still several issues that hinder productivity and efficiency. The comparative advantages and development strategies of cattle farming in the region are the subject of this study. The methods used include literature analysis and secondary data from various relevant sources. The results showed that, although local cattle have advantages in terms of adaptation to the environment, their productivity is lower than imported cattle such as Brahman Cross. Some of the factors that lead to low productivity include poor feed management, limited use of technology such as artificial insemination, and an ineffective marketing system. In addition, this study found that by improving the efficiency of agricultural waste as feed, cattle farming can thrive, the use of biogas and improved marketing systems through farmer cooperatives. Improving the competitiveness of cattle farming in North Sumatra can be achieved through the application of technology and local wisdom-based approaches. This research is expected to help in making policies and strategies to develop more efficient and sustainable cattle farming in the future.

This study aims to analyzes the management of beef cattle maintenance in Pematang Sijonam Village, Perbaungan District, using a survey method through interviews and observations of farmers. Data includes maintenance techniques, feed quality, livestock health, and management practices that affect productivity. The results show that farmers are still using traditional techniques and facing obstacles in providing quality feed and managing livestock health. Factors such as farmer knowledge, skills, resource availability, and government support greatly affect the success of maintenance management. To increase the productivity and welfare of farmers, it is necessary to increase knowledge and skills through training, as well as government support in providing adequate resources and maintenance facilities.

Kendari Beach is said to be strategic because it is crowded with residents both in the city and outside the city of Kendari to just hang out, go for a walk or enjoy various culinary delights. The Covid-19 pandemic has had an impact on the shop and restaurant business. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on shop and restaurant businesses in terms of work environment, workforce, procurement of raw materials, number of customers and business turnover and income in the Kendari Beach area, West Kendari District, Kendari City. The determination of the research area was carried out purposively with the consideration that the Kendari Beach area is one of the culinary tourism areas that is quite popular with the community. The number of respondents in this study were 28 shop businesses and 3 restaurant businesses. Data analysis used descriptive analysis through a Likert scale and quantitative analysis through paired t tests. The results of the study show that the Covid-19 pandemic has no impact on employment and raw material procurement. However, the Covid-19 pandemic has had quite an impact on the environment and work operations. Furthermore, the Covid-19 pandemic has greatly impacted the number of customers as well as turnover and income. The strategy adopted by several shop and restaurant businesses in the Kendari Beach area to maintain and develop their business is to open a business earlier than usual and comply with all the requirements in order to receive assistance from the government.

The productivity of meat rabbits in producing meat is higher than beef livestock. Meat rabbits are also an alternative source of animal protein that can be utilized by the Indonesian people. Rabbits have great potential to be developed in Indonesia. The aim of this writing is, among other things, to determine the effective level of productivity for meat rabbits and the sustainability of the rabbit market share which will be well supported by good marketing strategies, actors, marketing channels so that the competitiveness of rabbit meat commodities can be competitive and innovative with competing commodities. This systematic review of identification of national and international articles is divided into 2 clusters with production and marketing. The results of the discussion from this article for effective product quality need to pay attention to seeds, feed, and also cages and for marketing there are several patterns of marketing actors who carry out planning and determining prices and distribution of meat rabbits.

The mangrove ecosystem is an ecosystem that has a very high ecological value. This ecosystem can protect the coastline from abrasion, serve as a habitat for various marine biota, and store a vast biodiversity. The purpose of this research is to analyze the potential of the mangrove ecosystem in Bagan Serdang Village, Pantai Labu District, and to identify the challenges of utilizing the mangrove ecosystem in Bagan Serdang Village, Pantai Labu District. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method by conducting direct observations, interviews, and documentation. The results of this research indicate that the mangrove potential in Bagan Serdang Village is quite good; however, the community has not fully understood the benefits of the mangrove forest due to limited knowledge, community awareness, and the lack of training and outreach provided by the local government and related agencies.

Cattle farming is crucial to the economy, particularly in agricultural countries, providing meat, milk, and leather, as well as raw materials for related industries. In Indonesia, cattle farming is growing rapidly, with Perbaungan, Serdang Bedagai Regency, North Sumatra, showing significant development due to favorable conditions such as fertile land and abundant feed resources. This study evaluates the fattening of Madras cattle through field experiments, using a balanced mix of concentrate and grass. The results suggest that fattening cattle is a viable business, contributing to national beef production and food security. The total monthly production cost for 70 cattle is Rp 59,283,000, indicating economic feasibility for further development.

This study aims to analyze the effect of feed supplements on the health and growth of beef cattle. The method used is a literature review, examining various relevant sources related to livestock feed and supplements. The results show that the addition of protein in feed increases the average daily gain (ADG) of cattle by 1.0-1.2 kg/day compared to cattle without supplements (0.7 kg/day). Feed supplements also proved to improve feed conversion efficiency by up to 20-25% and reduce feed costs when combined with local feed. Additionally, the provision of minerals and vitamins such as vitamin E and selenium contributes to improving cattle immunity and reproductive health. The implementation of good livestock health management, including routine administration of vitamins and deworming, is key to enhancing the productivity and health of beef cattle.

The Ritel business in Indonesia is growing and increasing every year because it is considered a promising investment with great potential for significant profits. This study aims to understand and evaluate the layout of Retail Lestari's business. The method used in analyzing the data is the Activity Relationship Chart (ARC) and Total Closeness Rating (TCR) method. Based on the results of the Activity Relationship Chart (ARC) analysis of Ritel Lestari, the facility prioritized for first construction is the cashier, as the cashier has the highest Total Closeness Rating (TCR) value of 76. Therefore, to facilitate the operational process, the placement of other facilities is prioritized based on their highest relationship values to the warehouse to be in close proximity.

This study investigated the effect of genetic quality of local North Sumatra cattle on fattening efficiency. PCR and RFLP-based genetic analyses and fattening efficiency measurements through average daily growth (ADG) and feed conversion (FCR) were used. local cattle from Deli Serdang, Langkat, and Simalungun were used. The study showed that feed management involving the use of concentrate and high-quality forage can improve cattle fattening efficiency, and the IGF-1 gene plays a significant role in cattle growth. A strong correlation between fattening efficiency and genetic quality (r = 0.85) indicates the importance of genetic selection to improve productive local cattle. Based on these findings, it is recommended to implement molecular marker-based genetic selection programmes and improve feed management by diversifying local feed sources. In addition, it is necessary to improve farmer training on more efficient husbandry methods. This research provides policy suggestions that can be implemented to support the curiosity of the livestock industry in North Sumatra and improve the efficiency of local cattle production.

Rice holds a significant place as a staple food in Indonesia, with its life cycle spanning between 3 to 6 months, depending on the specific variety. An essential part of preserving the quality of rice grains is the drying process. This research aims to investigate how drying affects the quality of rice during this crucial stage. The findings of this study are not only intended to build upon previous research but also to serve as valuable guidance for farmers in making informed decisions about the drying process, ultimately ensuring optimal quality in their harvested grains. This study employed an experimental approach using a completely randomized design, wherein treatments were assigned randomly across all experimental units. The results indicated that the duration of drying significantly impacts the quality of rice grains. It was found that optimal drying occurs over a period of 3 to 4 days under sunlight on a tarpaulin base, which can be effectively used as a benchmark for assessing the quality characteristics of milled upland rice.

Study was to emit various strategies to develop buffalo cattle in a semi-intensive rearing system at BPTU HPT Siborongborong. Primary data, collected through observation, focus group discussion (FGD), and secondary data, collected through relevant reports and literature. Development potential, challenges and opportunities were identified using desirability evaluation, descriptive analysis and SWOT. The results show that the semi-intensive system implemented has improved animal productivity, with adult buffaloes averaging 500 kilograms in weight and 0.7 kilograms in daily growth. The system also offers significant economic benefits, with an average net profit of IDR 800,000 for each head each month. However, a lack of protected human resources and seasonal forage shortages remain constraints. Feed diversification, farmer training and analysing the use of advanced technology are the plans made based on SWOT. The Siborongborong semi-intensive system has a great opportunity to become an example of effective and sustainable buffalo management in Indonesia.

Physical modification of starch using microwave heat treatment (MHT) technology serves as an efficient and environmentally friendly alternative to enhance the functional properties of starch without chemical additives. This article aims to examine the influence of microwave power and heating duration on the swelling power and solubility of various starch types, including tapioca, taro, sago, and lotus rhizome. A review of four studies revealed that power and time parameters significantly affect the crystalline structure of starch granules, resulting in either enhancement or reduction of their functional properties. High power or prolonged heating may decrease swelling power due to crystal restructuring and granule disruption, while solubility increases as a result of amylose and amylopectin degradation. MHT has proven to accelerate the heating process in a volumetric and efficient manner, improving water absorption capacity and viscosity. Despite its drawback of uneven heat distribution, this method remains relevant as a physical modification technique aligned with green processing principles in the food industry.

Harvesting is a crucial stage in the palm oil production process that impacts the efficiency and productivity of the plantation. Choosing the right harvesting method can increase the effectiveness of time and labor. This study compares harvesting efficiency using manual and mechanized methods by measuring the duration of fruit harvest and transportation time to the collection point (TPH). This study was conducted in November–December 2024 at PT. Kencana Sawit Indonesia, located in Talao Sungai Kunyit, South Solok, West Sumatra. The equipment used included stationery, a stopwatch, and data related to working time and harvest results. Data were collected through direct observation. The analysis was carried out using the t-student statistical test to evaluate the difference in working time between the manual and mechanized methods. The results showed that harvesting with mechanization was more efficient than the manual method. The difference in harvest time reached 12 seconds per bunch with a P value of 0.0002, while the transportation time to the TPH was 23.48 minutes faster per ton with a P value <0.0001. Monthly production with mechanization averaged 48.69 tons, while the manual method only produced 38.13 tons per month. Thus, the use of mechanized harvesting methods has proven to be faster in the harvesting process, fruit transportation, and increasing monthly production results. The implementation of mechanization can be a strategic step to increase operational efficiency and productivity of oil palm plantations.

This study aims to determine: (1) To determine the productivity of hybrid yellow corn farmers in Mrobea Village, Sawerigadi District, West Muna Regency and (2) To determine how much income hybrid yellow corn farmers get in Marobea Village, Sawerigadi District, West Muna Regency. The results of this study indicate that (1) The productivity of hybrid yellow corn farmers in Marobea Village, Sawerigadi District, West Muna Regency is 2,127/kg, which can be said to be quite productive with an average production of 3.128/kg and an average land area of ??1.47/ha. (2) The amount of income is obtained from the difference between total income of Rp14,050,976/ha/planting season with total production costs of Rp4,365,666/ha/planting season, resulting in an income of an average of Rp9,685,310/ha/planting season.

Abstract. This research focuses on knowing the income and feasibility of the R/C ratio of the main tempe business in Temayang Village, Bojonegoro Regency purposively. This research analyzes the total costs incurred in one month of the tempe business to determine income, revenue and R/C ratio. The method in this analysis uses a descriptive quantitative method which shows a number scale and the respondents taken are tempe business owners. The results of the analysis show that the total costs incurred were Rp. 2,738,000, with income of Rp. 2,662,000, and the revenue obtained was Rp. 5,400,000. In the R/C ratio, there is an R/C ratio. It can be seen that the calculation results obtained are an R/C ratio of 1.97. With the guiding provisions that every R/C ratio issued is IDR. 1.00 costs incurred will get a profit of Rp. 1.97 and if the R/C is more than 1, it can be concluded that this business can be said to be worth continuing.
 
Keywords: Income, Eligibility, and Tempe

A shipyard company in Surabaya, which is one of the major industries, generates a large amount of organic waste, including food waste, vegetables, fruits, leaves, and wood. Although this organic waste is a potential source of humus and essential nutrients for the soil, most of it has not been optimally managed. Composting is an effective method to process organic waste into compost, which can reduce the negative impact of toxic compounds and pathogens on the environment. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of using two types of activators, namely PROMI and ecoenzymes, in accelerating the composting process and improving compost quality in accordance with SNI 19-7030-2004 standards. PROMI activator, which contains various microorganisms such as Trichoderma Harzianium, Pseudokoningii, and Aspergilus sp., and ecoenzymes, which is produced through fermentation of organic materials, were applied to shredded organic waste. The results showed that the use of both activators could accelerate the decomposition process of organic materials and produce high-quality compost within 21 days. With the final measurement results of both composts, both with PROMI and ecoenzymes treatment, the same pH and temperature values were obtained, namely pH 7 and temperature 30?. Parameters such as pH, temperature, colour, smell, and texture of the compost are recorded periodically to ensure the composting process is going well. Thus, the use of PROMI and ecoenzymes activators not only increases composting efficiency but also provides a sustainable solution for organic waste management in the shipyard industry.

The rapid growth of the city in Pulubala Urban Village, Gorontalo City, has resulted in pressure on the environment and the use of green open space (RTH). This study aims to analyse the use of green spaces in the residential area of Pulubala Village, which is inhabited by various ethnic groups. The method applied was descriptive qualitative, with data collection through observation, interviews, and documentation. The research findings indicate that RTH in Kelurahan Pulubala, covering an area of 0.50 Ha, consists of two categories, namely RTH Settlement Area and Smart Park. The benefits of RTH include play areas for children, social activities, and improved environmental quality. However, problems such as lack of space, poor condition, and environmental pollution threaten the sustainability of RTH. To optimise the utilisation of green spaces, better planning, increased public awareness, and the development of attractive facilities are needed. This research is expected to contribute to the preservation and development of green open spaces in urban areas.

This research aims to analyze the relationship between feed prices and the productivity of broiler chickens in Indonesia, considering that poultry farming is the main source of animal protein needs for the community. One important component that influences production efficiency is feed prices, which often change due to changes in local and international markets. This research uses a quantitative analysis method with regression which is used in this research to find the relationship between the increase in feed prices and the level of productivity of broiler chickens, including body weight gain, feed efficiency and mortality rates. The data used includes feed prices, production costs and harvest yields from various regions in Indonesia during a certain time period. According to research results, the increase in feed prices made a significant contribution to the decline in broiler chicken productivity. These results indicate that to maintain production stability, strategies to manage feed costs and diversify local raw material sources are needed. In conclusion, to keep the poultry farming industry in Indonesia afloat, feed price stability is very important.

It is necessary to know the strategy for developing the copra agroindustry in Mamala Village. Sampling was carried out using the purposive sampling method. The analysis tool us is the SWOT matrix. The results of the research show that the strategy used is to locate the copra industry close to the farmers' location so that there is cooperation between the industry and local farmers and it makes it easier for farmers to sell coconuts to the industry because the distance is quite close. The copra quality is good so it creates demand. there is always copra on the market, the availability of capital to buy coconut raw materials so that there is always coconut raw material to be produced into copra, the industry has a skilled workforce so that the potential for long-term copra products is quite good, even though the equipment technology for processing copra is still simple does not affect the long-term potential of copra products, having a small number of workers does not hinder the copra production process so that there is always a demand for copra in the market, the influence of uncertain market prices does not affect the good quality of copra, the existence of climate change on copra production is minimized because the availability of skilled workers in processing copra, having a small number of workers does not affect market access in selling copra products.

This study aims to determine what factors influence the decision of farmers in selecting the seeds of the Mekongga  variety. The research method used is multiple linear regression model. The number of respondents in this study were 30 respondent farmers with purposive sampling technique, with the provision that farmers used the seeds of the Mekongga variety..The results of this study indicate that factors such as age, production, land, and the number of familiy dependents have a significant influence on farmers' decisions in selecting the seeds of the Mekongga  variety. so it can be concluded that these factors have an influence on farmers' decisions in choosing the seeds of the Mekongga  variety an Factors that influence the decision in choosing Mekongga variety rice seeds in Matahoalu village, Uepai subdistrict, Konawe district The coefficient values obtained respectively for the age variable are 0.166, the production variable is 0.503, the land area variable is 0.239 and the number of family dependents variable is 0.269, indicating a larg Contribution coefficient of each variable in selecting Mekongga rice seed varieties.
 

 
In marketing, watermelon will undergo a marketing process and experience changes in prices at the producer level and prices at the end consumer, resulting in differences in the price of watermelon between producers and consumers. This makes marketing a very important activity. The aim of this research is to determine marketing channels, margins and marketing efficiency. The population in this study was 140 watermelon farmers. The sample was determined using the Slovin method, so that the selected respondents were 34 watermelon farmers and the sample of trader respondents was 5 people, namely 2 village collectors, 1 wholesaler and 2 retailers. The analytical tools used are descriptive analysis, margin analysis and efficiency analysis. The research results show that there are 2 marketing channel patterns for watermelon in Waihatu Village, namely: marketing channel I farmer-retailer-final consumer, while marketing channel II farmer-village collector-wholesaler-retailer-final consumer. The highest total marketing margin is in marketing channel I, namely IDR 2,000/kg, while the lowest total margin is in marketing channel II, namely IDR 1,000/kg. In conclusion, both marketing channels are classified as efficient, marketing channel II with an efficiency value of 12.21 percent and marketing channel I with the smallest efficiency value, namely 3.34 percent.

Indonesia is one of the countries with the highest levels of biodiversity in the world and possesses vast tropical forest areas that play a crucial role in maintaining the stability of global ecosystems. However, in recent decades, Indonesia’s forests have faced significant pressures due to deforestation and environmental degradation, which have broad impacts on ecological functions, climate balance, and the socio-economic lives of communities. This study aims to examine the role of biodiversity and ecological adaptation mechanisms in maintaining the stability of Indonesia’s forest ecosystems through a literature review approach. The findings show that deforestation directly affects biodiversity decline, habitat fragmentation, disruption of hydrological systems, increased erosion, and carbon emissions. Additionally, illegal activities such as logging and mining exacerbate environmental degradation. Biodiversity is proven to be an important factor in enhancing ecosystem resilience to disturbances, including climate change. Adaptation mechanisms such as the presence of bioindicator species, the formation of ecological corridors, and community participation in conservation can strengthen ecological resilience. Rehabilitation of degraded areas and the implementation of sustainable governance policies are necessary to restore the ecological functions of forests. This study emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary and collaborative approach in conservation strategies, supported by strong scientific, social, and institutional frameworks to ensure the sustainability of Indonesia’s forest ecosystems in the future.

This study investigates the influence of Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), a psychological phenomenon amplified by social media platforms such as Instagram and TikTok, on the behavior of each individual. Focusing on the case of Agroeduwisata MarkazKomobid in Serang Regency, this study uses qualitative methods to explore how digital exposure shapes travel motivation. Referring to insights on digital culture, the psychological effects of FoMO, and social media-driven tourism strategies, this analysis reveals that online trends often serve as social benchmarks, pressuring individuals to engage in experiences that are considered popular or viral. These findings emphasize the strategic importance of social media in creating an attractive destination image and driving visitor interest, especially for active social media users.

To find out  the beef cattle business in Perbaungan sub-district is potentially profitable from a financial, social and environmental perspective. Primary data were collected through interviews with farmers and secondary data from relevant agencies. Descriptive-analytical method was used. Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR), Net Present Value (NPV), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) were used to assess business feasibility. The results showed that the beef cattle business is financially viable with a BCR value of 1.35, NPV of 25,000,000, and IRR of 18 per cent. In addition, the business has a positive impact on income generation, job creation, and farmer welfare. But there are some problems, such as changes in feed prices and cattle waste management. Even if feed prices and cattle selling prices change significantly, the business is still viable, according to the sensitivity analysis. To make the business more sustainable, the government should help through training programmes, feed subsidies and access to finance. Beef cattle enterprises have great potential to grow and have a positive impact on both the environment and the community if managed properly.

Shrimp is one of the leading fisheries commodities in Indonesia which is oriented towards international markets with export destinations to some countries. shrimp make a positive contribution to the economy because it generates foreign exchange for the State. This study aims to (1) analyze the percentage growth of the Indonesian shrimp trade in the international market and (2) analyzing the position of competitiveness of Indonesian shrimp in international comparative advantage. This research using time series data in secondary form starting in 1998 until 2017. Data were analyzed using constant market share analysis (CMSA) analyze the percentage growth in Indonesia's shrimp trade in the international market, while to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesian shrimp is the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) comparative advantage approach. The results showed that the factors were significantly affect the growth of the Indonesian shrimp trade viz international shrimp prices, rupiah exchange rates against the dollar and export volume. (1) The growth of Indonesia's shrimp trade can be seen from 1998-2017 with a average percentage of trade growth of 1.5% (2) Based on competitiveness analysis, through Revealed Comparative analysis Advantage (RCA) shows that shrimp export competitiveness Indonesia in the international market has a comparative advantage seen from in 1998-2017 with an average value of RCA> 1 which was 1.04.
 
 

Fungal infections, such as those caused by Curvularia, can interfere with the vegetative growth and reduce the quality of oil palm seedlings, particularly in the main nursery phase. One solution to improve resistance to pathogens and support vegetative growth is by applying the right foliar fertilizer. This study aimed to determine the effect of Kenfolan foliar fertilizer application on vegetative growth and the level of Curvularia infection in oil palm seedlings during the main nursery phase. The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments of Kenfolan fertilizer concentrations: 0 ml/L (P1), 1 ml/L (P2), 2 ml/L (P3), 3 ml/L (P4), and 4 ml/L (P5), each repeated three times. The parameters measured included seedling height, stem diameter, number of fronds, and the percentage of Curvularia infection. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% significance level. The results showed that treatment P4 (3 ml/L) provided the best vegetative growth, with seedling height reaching 40.07 cm, stem diameter of 1.58 cm, and an average of 4.25 fronds. Additionally, treatments P3 (2 ml/L) and P4 (3 ml/L) successfully suppressed Curvularia infection, with no infection found in these treatments. In contrast, treatment P1 (control) showed the highest infection level of 33%, while P5 (4 ml/L) increased the infection compared to P3 and P4. Based on the results, the application of Kenfolan foliar fertilizer at a dose of 3 ml/L (P4) was the most effective in improving vegetative growth and suppressing Curvularia infection in oil palm seedlings in the main nursery phase.

Maintaining the best possible relationship with customers is part of Customer Relationship Management (CRM). The goal is to keep customers loyal and make the company make more money. Leading companies have incorporated CRM into their marketing strategies in an effort to increase sales. The Farmers Market company has implemented a customer relationship management (CRM) system; however, there has been no evaluation of their CRM model to identify profitable marketing strategies or customer retention opportunities. To conduct this investigation, a survey had to be conducted on a sample of 55 current Farmers Market consumers. Using the partial least squares method, the analysis will be conducted with the help of the SmartPLS 2.0 program. The findings of the analysis show that, overall, CRM variables relating to the impact of human resources on customer loyalty and customer satisfaction provide satisfactory results. Customer satisfaction is significantly influenced by each HR variable. While all other variables did contribute to the results, they were not statistically significant. This section of the study concludes with an analysis of the impact of Farmers' Market management and suggestions for improvement.

This study aims to analyze the level of attack by Macaca hecki on cultivated plants in Makarti Jaya Village, Pohuwato, Gorontalo. Agriculture is the main source of income for the local community, but the presence of Macaca hecki can threaten agricultural yields. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative, with data collected through direct observation and interviews with farmers experiencing the attacks. The results indicate that corn (Zea mays) is the most consumed plant by Macaca hecki, followed by cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and several other types of fruit such as bananas and papayas. The high consumption rates of these cultivated plants negatively impact agricultural results, causing significant economic losses for farmers. Therefore, it is important to understand the attack patterns and the factors influencing the behavior of Macaca hecki. This research recommends the need for more effective protection strategies, such as the placement of physical barriers and diversification of plant types. Thus, it is hoped that this study can contribute to the management of conflicts between wildlife and agriculture, as well as enhance the economic sustainability of farming communities.

The younger generation plays an important role in agricultural development. Based on the Central Statistics Agency (2020), the most popular jobs for young people aged 16–30 years in the last 5 years are the Services sector, followed by Manufacturing and Agriculture. Food security in Rejang Lebong Regency is a multifaceted issue influenced by various factors including agricultural practices, economic conditions, and government policies. The purpose of this study was to determine Gen-Z's perception of Food Security in Rejang Lebong Regency. The respondents of this study were Gen-Z who were in the birth range of 1997-2012. Likert Scale Analysis was used in this study. Gen-Z's level of understanding of food security is quite good, this is known by the average value of this indicator, which is 4.11. Access and availability of food are important things that can guarantee food security with an average indicator value of 3.95. For food consumer behavior, it is an indicator related to Gen-Z consumption so that it can support food security with an average indicator value of 4.01. So it can be concluded that Gen-Z's perception of food security is in the average range of 3.90 with the conclusion that Gen-Z agrees and understands about food security in Rejang Lebong Regency.

This study aims to determine the effect of soaking time and coconut water concentration on the dormancy breaking of oil palm seeds (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). This study used a Factorial Completely Randomized Design with two factors. The first factor is the concentration of coconut water (A): A1 = 25% coconut water/liter of water, A2 = 50% coconut water/liter of water, and A3 = 75% coconut water/liter of water. The second factor is the soaking time (L): L1 = 30 minutes, L2 = 60 minutes, and L3 = 90 minutes. Data analysis was conducted using variance analysis and Duncan's test. The results showed that the concentration of coconut water significantly affected germination power, germination age, plant height, and the number of leaves of oil palm seedlings. A 75% concentration of coconut water produced the best dormancy breaking of oil palm seeds. The soaking time in coconut water solution also significantly affected germination power, germination age, plant height, and the number of leaves of oil palm seedlings. A soaking time of 90 minutes resulted in the best dormancy breaking of oil palm seeds. The interaction between coconut water concentration and soaking time significantly affected the germination power of oil palm seeds. This study provides important information on the optimal soaking conditions to improve dormancy breaking success, which can be used to accelerate the germination and growth of oil palm seedlings.

This research aims to analyze the factors that influence the decision to purchase purebred chicken eggs at Pasar Anyar, Bogor City, with a focus on age, distance, income, price of purebred chicken eggs, education and employment. The method used is a survey using a questionnaire as a tool for collecting primary data. The research sample consisted of 80 consumers who bought purebred chicken eggs at Pasar Anyar, Bogor City. The results of multiple linear regression analysis show that only distance, income and price significantly influence consumer behavior in purchasing purebred chicken eggs, where for every 1 unit increase in distance, the purchase of purebred chicken eggs decreases on average by 0.289%, for every increase in income. by 1 unit, the purchase of purebred chicken eggs increases by an average of 0.902%, and for every 1 unit price increase, the purchase of purebred chicken eggs decreases by an average of 13.710%. Other factors such as age, education, and employment did not have a significant impact. This emphasizes the important role of distance, income, price in shaping consumer decisions. This study provides insight for the purebred chicken egg industry to design more effective marketing strategies, by segmenting the market based on distance, income and price.
 

Food waste is becoming an increasingly significant global issue along with food loss and waste, consumers throw away 31% of the food they have purchased, a third of the total food produced globally or around 1.3 billion tons of food that can be consumed including fresh vegetables, fruit. , meat, bread and dairy products are lost along the supply chain. Food waste has many negative social, economic and environmental impacts. The household sector is one area that contributes to a significant amount of food waste. Household behavior is considered the biggest contributor to food waste. wasted (Food Waste), behavior shows significant differences in producing food waste produced by households, Sanggau Regency also experiences problems with food waste, this cannot be separated from the geographical conditions of the area which borders directly with the Malaysian region which makes the mobility of goods difficult. easier, thus making the community's consumptive factor increase as evidenced by the continued increase in public demand for food products produced by the people of Sanggau Regency every year. This research aims to identify household consumption behavior regarding the behavior of throwing away food (food waste) in border areas of the Regency. Sanggau and determine the influence of socio-demographic, socio-economic factors and household consumption behavior on food waste behavior in the border areas of Sanggau Regency. The research method used in this research is descriptive statistics. The sample in this study was 100 respondents representing households. The variables in this research are divided into two, namely respondent characteristics and household behavior. The results of the research show that the average food waste behavior in households refers to the characteristics of respondents such as age, gender, occupation, income, expenditure and number of family members as well as tendencies or behavioral patterns of household members in producing, managing and using food. causes food to be wasted in an inefficient manner. Food waste behavior covers various aspects, including purchasing, storing, preparing and consuming food.

Critical Control Point (CCP) a point, stage, or procedures where the danger that related with food can be prevented, eliminated or reduced to the point that can be accepted (allowed or secure point). The purpose of this research is to know the level of the determination of Critical Control Point (CCP) on the process of fish canning sardinella,SP and know the critical control point on the process of fish canning sardinella,SP. This study uses qualitative data obtained from interviews, surveys, observations and documentation using data reduction analysis, data presentation, verification and decisionmaking trees. The results of this study show that the Application of Critical Control Point (CCP) in the Lemuru Fish Canning Process (Sardinella Lemuru) at PT Sarana Tani Pratama has been effective even though there are several elements that need more attention so that its application can be in accordance with the guidelines for good food production methods. Critical control points (CCP) in the process of canning lemuru fish (Sardinella, sp), are as follows: 1) Acceptance of raw materials (frozen & fresh), 2) Closure of cans (seammer), 3) Sterelization / Retort.

This research aims to analyze the types of errors and factors that cause students' errors in solving plantation economics story questions. This research is a qualitative and quantitative descriptive research. The subjects in this research were students in the second semester of the Pat Petulai University Coffee Science Study Program for the 2023/2024 academic year, totaling 18 students. The instruments and data collection techniques used in this research were test sheets, interviews and questionnaires. The results of the research show that the types of errors made by students are (1) conceptual errors by 96.55% of students (2) calculation errors by 86.20% of students, (3) errors in reading questions by 89.65% of students, (4) strategic errors amounted to 79.31% of students (5) data usage errors amounted to 65.51% of students. Factors causing errors include poor understanding of concepts, weak mathematics skills, affective factors, less effective teaching methods.

The objective of this study is to analyze the income of durian farmers (Durio zibethinus Murr.) and to examine the influence of these production factors on the income of durian farmers in Garuda Village, Padangguni Subdistrict, Konawe District. This research was conducted in Garuda Village, Padangguni Subdistrict, Konawe District from May to June 2024. The population in this area consists of 30 farmers, thus a saturated sampling technique or census. The analysis methods used are income analysis and Multiple Linear Regression. The results of this study show that the average income obtained by durian farmers is Rp. 50,972,983/Ha/season. Based on the F-test, the variables of land area, number of trees, selling price, and labor wages significantly affect the dependent variable. The T-test indicates that the variables of land area, number of trees, and selling price significantly and positively affect the income of durian farmers in Garuda Village, Padangguni Subdistrict, Konawe District. In contrast, labor wages have a negative effect related to age, where younger labor tends to increase production results, while older labor results in decreased production due to declining physical abilities, thus affecting the income received.

The demand for chocolate continues to increase along with high public consumption. One of the main components in chocolate formulation is fat, which generally comes from cocoa butter. However, the availability of cocoa butter is limited and the price is relatively high, so a more economical and easily obtained substitute material is needed locally to support the sustainability of the chocolate industry. This study aims to examine the potential of palm oil fractions, especially palm stearin and olein, as a partial substitute for cocoa butter (Cocoa Butter Substitute/CBS) in chocolate formulations. The study was conducted through a literature review of scientific journals published in the last 10 years, which included chemical, physical, and sensory analysis data on palm oil-based chocolate products. The results of the study showed that stearin increased the melting point and firmness of the product, while olein produced a softer texture and a smoother melting sensation. Sensorially, olein-based formulations showed a higher level of acceptance than stearin, especially in color, aroma, taste, and texture attributes. In addition, palm oil fractions do not produce trans fats, and are able to maintain the balance of solid and liquid fats, while supporting the stability of the product emulsion. This study shows that palm oil fractions, especially through the right combination of stearin and olein, have great potential as a substitute for cocoa butter without reducing physical or sensory quality, thus supporting the sustainability of chocolate production in the future.

Pemupukan merupakan kegiatan penting dalam budidaya pertanian yang memiliki tujuan untuk meningkatkan produksi tanaman melalui penyediaan unsur hara yang diperlukan.  Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji efektivitas pupuk majemuk tinggi kalium terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman wortel serta efektivitas agronominya.  Perlakuan disusun dalam 7 taraf pemupukan yaitu : tanpa pupuk (P0), pemupukan standar pembanding (P1), 0.5 dosis pupuk majemuk tinggi kalium (P2), 0.75 dosis
pupuk majemuk tinggi kalium (P3), 1 dosis pupuk majemuk tinggi kalium (P4), 1.25 dosis pupuk majemuk tinggi kalium (P5), 1.5
dosis pupuk majemuk tinggi kalium (P6). Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa pemberian 1.0 dosis pupuk majemuk tinggi kaliummenghasilkan pertumbuhan tanaman (tinggi tanaman dan jumlah daun), komponen hasil dan hasil tanaman wortel (panjang umbi, diameter umbi, hasil/tanaman, hasil/petak, dan hasil/ha) tertinggi dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lainnya dan nyata lebih baik dibandingkan dengan perlakuan kontrol.  Pupuk  majemuk tinggi kalium lulus uji efektivitas lapangan. Dosis yang direkomendasikan untuk tanaman wortel adalah 187 kg/ha yang  diaplikasikan 2 kali, 50% dosis pada 1 minggu setelah tanam (MST) dan sisanya diaplikasikan pada 4 MST.

This study aims to (1) determine the impact of limestone mining activities on the socio-economic conditions of clove farmers in Lahuafu Village and Kolono Village, Morowali Regency, (2) determine the income of clove farmers in affected villages, namely Lahuafu Village and the income of clove farmers in unaffected villages, namely Kolono Village for PT MBN (Mineral Bumi Nusantara) limestone mining activities. This research was conducted in Lahuafu Village and Kolono Village, East Bungku District, Morowali Regency from August to October 2023. This type of research uses qualitative data analysis which is strengthened by quantitative data analysis with a total of 43 respondents. With data collection techniques carried out by observation, interview and documentation methods. To determine the economic impact, an independent sample t-test analysis was used to determine whether or not there was a difference in income between the income of clove farmers in Lahuafu Village and Kolono Village. The results showed that the existence of limestone mining activities in Lahuafu Village has positive and negative impacts on the socio-economic conditions of clove farmers in Lahuafu Village and Kolono Village. The social conditions of clove farmers have positive and negative impacts on changes in education levels, health, living conditions and employment opportunities. In addition, the presence of limestone mining has a positive and negative impact on increasing the income of clove farmers in the affected village of Lahuafu Village and the unaffected village of Kolono Village

The conventional type of paper that is still widely used by students to support the learning process in schools is printed modules. Even though digitalization such as ebooks is starting to be used by the public, printed modules are still used to simplify the teaching process in the classroom. The types of paper that are generally used do not all use environmentally friendly paper such as paper from palm oil shell waste processing, due to a lack of in-depth knowledge. This research is a qualitative research that uses interview methods with several students from three different skills programs at one of the Bandung City Agricultural Vocational Schools to measure knowledge about environmentally friendly paper. Participants were asked six questions related to the use of paper in schools, understanding of environmentally friendly paper, and knowledge about paper produced from processing palm oil shell waste. The results show that the majority of students do not know clearly about processing waste from palm oil shells into environmentally friendly paper, but the data shows that alternative types of environmentally friendly paper are needed to participate in preserving environmental welfare and improving economic aspects.