Gel hand sanitizer merupakan pembersih tangan berbentuk gel yang berguna untuk membersihkan atau menghilangkan mikroorganisme pada tangan. Tumbuhan api-api putih (Avicennia alba Blume) merupakan salah satu jenis bakau yang tersebar di seluruh Indonesia dengan kondisi yang melimpah. Api-api putih juga telah dilaporkan bersifat non sitotoksik dan dapat juga digunakan sebagai bahan obat. Kandungan yang berperan sebagai antibakteri pada tumbuhan api-api putih yaitu flavonoid, saponin, dan tanin. Hand sanitizer dapat dibuat dari tumbuhan daun api-api putih. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat formulasi gel hand sanitizer dari ekstrak daun api-api putih dan mengetahui uji evaluasi sediaan gel hand sanitizer ekstrak tumbuhan api-api putih dengan konsentrasi 30%, 20%, dan 10%. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hasil ekstrak bisa diformulasikan kedalam bentuk sediaan gel dan ada juga beberapa yang memenuhi kriteria uji evaluasi. Formula yang memenuhi syarat semua uji yaitu F1, pada F2 hanya memenuhi syarat pada uji organoleptis, uji Ph, uji viskositas, uji daya lekat, dan homogenitas, sedangkan pada uji daya sebar tidak memenuhi syarat, dan pada F3 hanya memenuhi syarat pada uji organoleptis, uji ph, uji viskositas dan uji daya lekat, sedangkan pada uji homogenitas dan uji daya sebar tidak memenuhi syarat.

The growth of comet fish (Carassius auratus) in the vertiqua system using a biofical filter is motivated by limited land and water which can cause low water quality to affect the growth rate of fish. The utilization of technology needs to be done to overcome these problems and the technology used is vertiqua. Previous research showed that comet fish in the vertiqua system produced slow growth rates and had high ammonia levels. Therefore, vertiqua was modified in the filter section to become a biofical filter. The purpose of this research is to test the effectiveness of comet fish growth in the vertiqua system using a biofical filter. The benefits of this research are that the vertiqua system using a biofical filter can be a solution to overcome the problem of limited land and water, become a support for system cultivation innovation, and become a reference for further research. This research method uses descriptive methods, observation and interviews. The comet fish used in the study were 3-4 cm in size. The results of this study indicate that the vertiqua system using a biofical filter is still not effective in supporting fish growth. The growth rate of comet fish in the vertiqua system is significantly different from that in the soil pond and the growth rate of comet fish in the vertiqua system is lower than that of comet fish in the soil pond. Ammonia value is relatively high from the quality standard (>0.05). However, this system is able to maintain good fish survival and good water quality, especially in temperature, pH, and DO.

This research examines the role of Islamic education in maintaining social integration through the lens of Emile Durkheim's sociology of education. Emile Durkheim, a major figure in sociology, has developed a theory about the importance of educational institutions in maintaining social solidarity and preventing disintegration in society. The research method used is literature study, by collecting and analyzing various relevant library sources. The results of this research underline that Islamic education has great potential in maintaining social integration in Muslim societies. Islamic educational institutions can act as the main agents in forming moral values, strengthening social solidarity, and building a strong social identity. This research provides an in-depth understanding of how the principles of Emile Durkheim's sociology of education can be applied to the context of Islamic education, and the results can provide guidance for the development of educational policies that support sustainable social integration in Muslim societies.