This study aims to examine the aspect of justice in the administration and settlement of bankrupt assets by the Curator, particularly concerning the repayment of receivables to creditors in the context of auction minutes issued by the KPKNL Samarinda. The research adopts a normative juridical method, legislation approach and conceptual approach, and is connected to a case study approach focusing on the auction process in the bankruptcy case of PT Karebet Mas Indonesia (in bankruptcy). The results of this study indicate that the Curator, in administering and settling unsold bankrupt assets, may proceed with a private sale (underhand sale) with the approval of the supervising judge, based on a limit value obtained from an independent appraiser’s valuation, provided that at least two public auctions have been conducted without success. The distribution of assets to creditors must observe the principle of pari passu pro rata, which ensures equal treatment according to their respective priorities.In the event that the settlement process of the bankrupt estate has been declared completed, yet the creditors have not received full repayment of their claims, the general provisions under Article 1131 of the Indonesian Civil Code shall apply, namely that all of the debtor’s assets constitute collateral for the fulfillment of their debts. This study recommends an amendment to Law Number 37 of 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations, to regulate in a detailed, specific, and comprehensive manner the requirements for the underhand sale of bankrupt assets by the Curator. Such regulation is necessary to ensure justice and legal certainty for bankrupt debtors and creditors, particularly regarding the repayment of claims for concurrent creditors.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the legal status of fiduciary collateral objects designated as state-confiscated assets that have been auctioned, and to examine the resolution of the state's rights in confiscating and auctioning fiduciary collateral objects in relation to the rights of financing companies as fiduciary creditors whose claims remain unsettled. This study employs a normative juridical research method using statutory, case, and conceptual approaches. The results show that fiduciary collateral objects confiscated and auctioned by the state do not automatically nullify the creditor’s rights, as the principle of droit de suite entitles creditors to claim the object or the proceeds from its sale. Regulatory ambiguity creates legal uncertainty and discourages fiduciary-based financing practices. From a justice perspective, the state must not arbitrarily execute assets without considering the legitimate rights of creditors. Resolution of the conflict between the rights of the state and creditors must be carried out proportionally through criminal, civil, or non-litigation avenues, in order to establish a balance between law enforcement and creditor protection, thereby maintaining stability in the financing sector.

This research aims to analyze the mitigation of the risk of exploitation and violence against women Indonesian migrant workers in the informal sector as well as the responsibilities of the government and migrant employment agencies. Using the normative juridical method, this research examines relevant legal norms, such as the Indonesian Migrant Workers Protection Act, to evaluate the protection of women migrant workers' rights. Data is obtained from documentation of primary and secondary legal sources, analyzed using a feminist perspective to understand vulnerability factors and challenges in the feminization of migration. The results show that mitigating the risk of exploitation and violence against women Indonesian migrant workers in the informal sector includes preventive measures, such as pre-departure education, skills training, recruitment agency supervision, and legal empowerment. During the working period, protection is carried out through standardized work contracts, access to social protection, and bilateral cooperation, while post-work, economic and social reintegration is carried out through mentoring and entrepreneurship training. However, weak implementation of regulations, lack of oversight, and sectoral silos exacerbate the vulnerability of women Indonesian migrant workers in the informal sector to exploitation, discrimination, and rights violations. The responsibilities of the government and migrant employment agencies include legal protection at all stages of migration, from pre-departure recruitment, monitoring of working conditions, and post-employment reintegration programs to ensure that women migrant workers receive comprehensive protection through effective enforcement of employment contracts, legal aid, monitoring, and social reintegration. This research recommends improved regulation, pre-departure education, recruitment agency supervision, legal empowerment, and post-worker reintegration to reduce the risk of exploitation and violence against women migrant workers.

This study aims to analyze legal protection and compensation mechanisms for consumers who are victims of illegal MLM-based investments, referring to Law Number 8 of 1999, and to assess the role and effectiveness of the OJK in supervision and enforcement. This illegal investment phenomenon is relevant to study because it often utilizes manipulative tactics, including the use of misleading information to encourage potential consumers to allocate their funds. Although legal regulations related to consumer protection are available, effective implementation and supervision are often challenges in ensuring that victims receive fair compensation. The study uses a normative legal method by reviewing theories, concepts, legal principles, and related laws and regulations. The research findings show that victims of illegal MLM-based investments in Indonesia have legal protection under the Consumer Protection Law, with supervision carried out by the Financial Services Authority (OJK). Victims have the right to file for a refund or compensation through a class action lawsuit mechanism. However, the limited assets of the perpetrator company are a major obstacle in implementing compensation. Therefore, a new, more effective approach is needed in supervision and law enforcement, including improving regulations to mitigate similar risks in the future.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perlindungan hukum dan mekanisme ganti rugi bagi konsumen korban investasi ilegal berbasis MLM, mengacu pada Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999, serta menilai peran dan efektivitas OJK dalam pengawasan dan penindakan. Fenomena investasi ilegal ini relevan untuk dikaji karena kerap memanfaatkan taktik manipulatif, termasuk penggunaan informasi yang menyesatkan untuk mendorong calon konsumen mengalokasikan dana mereka. Meskipun aturan hukum terkait perlindungan konsumen telah tersedia, implementasi dan pengawasan yang efektif sering kali menjadi tantangan dalam memastikan korban memperoleh ganti rugi yang adil. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan meninjau teori, konsep, asas hukum, dan peraturan perundang-undangan terkait. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa korban investasi ilegal berbasis MLM di Indonesia memiliki perlindungan hukum di bawah Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen, dengan pengawasan yang dilakukan oleh Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK). Korban berhak mengajukan pengembalian dana atau kompensasi melalui mekanisme gugatan class action. Namun, keterbatasan aset perusahaan pelaku menjadi hambatan utama dalam pelaksanaan ganti rugi. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pendekatan baru yang lebih efektif dalam pengawasan dan penegakan hukum, termasuk perbaikan regulasi untuk memitigasi risiko serupa di masa mendatang.

The purpose of this research is to analyze how the impact of the placement of Indonesian migrant workers who work not in accordance with the work contract, as well as how the handling strategy of Indonesian migrant workers who work not in accordance with the work contract. This research is important to do, because in practice there are still many cases of Indonesian migrant workers who still do not fulfill their rights and obligations when they are placed in their destination country. The novelty in this research is to examine the impact of the placement of Indonesian migrant workers who work not in accordance with the employment contract, as well as the handling strategy of Indonesian migrant workers who work not in accordance with the employment contract which have been agreed upon, accompanied by case examples as a study for this research. The method used in this research is normative juridical which is carried out by examining library materials or secondary data. The results of this research show that Indonesian migrant workers who work not in accordance with their work contracts have an impact on migrant workers' rights not being fulfilled. The PMI Law regulates dispute resolution strategies for handling PMI cases as contained in Article 77.  Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis bagaimana dampak penempatan pekerja migran Indonesia yang bekerja tidak sesuai dengan kontrak kerja, serta bagaimana strategi penanganan pekerja migran Indonesia yang bekerja tidak sesuai dengan kontrak kerja. Penelitian ini penting dilakukan, karena dalam praktiknya masih banyak terjadi kasus pekerja migran Indonesia yang masih tidak dipenuhi hak dan kewajibannya saat ditempatkan di negara tujuan mereka. Adapun kebaharuan dalam penelitian ini yakni meneliti mengenai dampak penempatan pekerja migran Indonesia yang bekerja tidak sesuai dengan kontrak kerja, serta strategi penanganan pekerja migran Indonesia yang bekerja tidak sesuai dengan kontrak kerja yang sudah disepakati, disertai dengan contoh kasus sebagai studi penelitian ini. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah yuridis normatif yang dilakukan dengan cara meneliti bahan pustaka atau data sekunder. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pekerja migran Indonesia yang bekerja tidak sesuai dengan kontrak kerja berdampak pada tidak terpenuhinya hak dari pekerja migran. Pada UU PMI diatur mengenai strategi penyelesaian perselisihan untuk penanganan kasus PMI yang terdapat pada Pasal 77.