Supervisi pendidikan merupakan strategi penting untuk meningkatkan mutu pembelajaran dan profesionalisme tenaga pendidik. Terdapat tiga pendekatan utama dalam supervisi, yaitu direktif, non-direktif, dan kolaboratif. Pendekatan direktif menempatkan supervisor sebagai pemberi arahan utama, cocok bagi guru pemula atau yang membutuhkan bimbingan intensif. Pendekatan non-direktif lebih menekankan pada otonomi guru dalam mengidentifikasi dan menyelesaikan permasalahan pembelajaran, sehingga sesuai bagi guru berpengalaman yang mandiri. Sementara itu, pendekatan kolaboratif memadukan keduanya, dengan menekankan kemitraan antara supervisor dan guru dalam proses refleksi dan pengambilan keputusan. Analisis menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada pendekatan yang paling unggul secara mutlak. Efektivitas supervisi sangat ditentukan oleh kesesuaian pendekatan dengan karakteristik guru, tujuan supervisi, serta konteks pendidikan. Dalam praktiknya, supervisor yang profesional perlu fleksibel dan mampu menyesuaikan pendekatan sesuai kebutuhan. Pendekatan yang tepat dapat meningkatkan motivasi, kompetensi, dan kinerja guru dalam mengelola pembelajaran. Oleh karena itu, pemahaman mendalam terhadap ketiga pendekatan ini menjadi hal krusial dalam pelaksanaan supervisi pendidikan yang efektif dan berkelanjutan.

Household waste management is an important part of maintaining environmental quality. This article is a literature review that aims to identify and analyze the relationship between household waste management and its impact on environmental quality. The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of the extent to which household waste management behaviors and systems can affect environmental conditions and public health. The method used is a systematic literature review of various scientific journals, research reports, and policy documents published in the last ten years. Data sources were taken from academic databases such as Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and PubMed, with a focus on studies discussing aspects of waste management, sanitation, and health impacts in residential environments. The results of the study show that poor urban waste management, such as littering and open burning, is associated with an increase in environmental diseases. Conversely, good management systems, such as regular sorting and transportation, have a positive impact on the cleanliness and health of the residential environment. Conclusion Good household waste management plays an important role in maintaining a healthy living environment. Organized and participatory practices can reduce the risk of disease and create a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment for communities. 

The low activity of students in biology learning is the main challenge in efforts to improve the quality of science learning in secondary schools. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the application of the Project Based Learning learning model in increasing student activity and learning outcomes in respiratory system materials at SMA Negeri 2 Langowan. This research is a Class Action Research that is carried out in two cycles, each of which includes stages of planning, action, observation, and reflection. The subjects of the study were 13 students in grade XI. The instruments used include student activity observation sheets and the final test of the cycle based on description questions. The results showed that in the first cycle, only 38.46% of students achieved learning completeness with an average score of 60. However, after improving the strategy in cycle II through active mentoring, learning motivation, and strengthening group work, completeness increased to 92.30% with an average score of 84.69. These findings indicate that the Project Based Learning learning model is able to build student activeness through contextual, collaborative, and hands-on experience-based learning. The increase in activeness is reflected not only in test results, but also in students' active participation in discussions, group presentations, and project completion. The implications of this study show that Project Based Learning is feasible to be implemented as an innovative learning strategy to improve the quality of student interaction and engagement in biology learning on an ongoing basis.

This training on creative writing and writing scientific journal articles aims to improve literacy at the Integrated Islamic Junior High School Bakti Ibu Madiun, especially improving writing skills. The participants of this activity amounted to 20 people. The methods in this training activity are lectures and questions and answers, practice and mentoring. The lecture and question-and-answer method was used to deliver materials related to creative writing and scientific journal articles. The creative writing materials presented included: hierarchy of writing, including ideas consisting of imaginary and factual. Scientific journal article writing materials presented include: the definition of scientific articles, scientific articles for journals, and journal article outlines. The practice and mentoring method was used to follow up on the material that had been delivered in the previous method. This training activity provides benefits, among others: teachers get assistance in creative writing, namely writing interesting experiences when teaching or other activities related to activities at school and writing scientific journal articles, namely writing research related to the learning process at school. The teachers were also given examples and several ways to find references for writing materials used through searches on Google Scholar, mass media or journals in universities.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terjadi peningkatan kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa melalui model Project Based Learning (PjBL) dengan pendekatan STEM pada materi kalor dan perpindahannya dan aspek berpikir kritis apakah yang memiliki persentase dengan nilai gain tertinggi melalui model Project Based Learning dengan pendekatan STEM pada materi kalor dan perpindahannya. Jenis penelitian adalah quasi eksperimen yang melibatkan kelas kontrol dan eksperimen. Sampel pada penelitian ini siswa kelas VII-1 dan VII-3 dengan jumlah masing-masing kelas sebanyak 28 orang siswa yang dipilih secara purposive sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan berupa tes kemampuan berpikir kritis yang telah divalidasi dalam bentuk tes essai berjumlah 12 soal yang memenuhi syarat validasi isi yaitu 0,377 sampai 0,563 dan memenuhi syarat reliabilitas sebesar 0,712. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh data bersifat homogen. Pada uji normalitas data pretest dan posttest berdistribusi normal. Berdasarkan hasil analisis uji hipotesis posttest diperoleh sebesar 0,000 sehingga disimpulkan terdapat pengaruh model Project Based Learning dengan pendekatan STEM terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa kelas 7 pada materi kalor dan perpindahannya di MTs Cerdas Murni. Pada pengujian gain ternormalisasi diperoleh n-gain sebesar 77% kelas eksperimen dan sebesar 56% kelas kontrol sehingga disimpulkan bahwa kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa melalui penerapan model Project Based Learning dengan pendekatan STEM pada materi kalor dan perpindahannya memenuhi kriteria tinggi pada kelas eksperimen dan kategori sedang pada kelas kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa yang memiliki persentase lebih tinggi adalah pada aspek memberikan penjelasan lebih lanjut yaitu sebesar 83%.

This research was conducted to examine the development of authority to promulgate legislation and its influence on promulgation coordination mechanism. based on Law No. 12/2011, the authority to promulgate is carried out by the Minister of Law and Human Rights. However, after the changes through Law No. 13/2022, this authority is shared with minister for state secretariat. This research seeks to explore the reasons for granting authority to promulgate legislation. This research is doctrinal research using secondary data with a statutory approach. All data is arranged qualitatively. Literature studies show that has been no research specifically analyzes the juridical philosophical basis of the transfer of authority to promulgate legislation. Therefore, this research initiates an investigation into the framework and background to the transfer of authority to promulgate legislations from Indonesian legal policy perspective. The regulation of promulgation authority is influenced by dynamics of government's legal politics. Before the reform, emphasis of promulgation authority was on Ministry of State Secretariat because administrative paradigm. After reform, emphasis of promulgation authority is on Ministry of Law and Human Rights because the legislation paradigm used is substantial. The enactment of Law No. 13/2022 which returns part of promulgation authority to Ministry of State Secretariat is dominated by political factors and causes legislation management system to become ineffective. In improving the governance of promulgating legislation, authority for promulgating legislation needs to be returned to Ministry of Law and Human Rights and government needs to accelerate the formation of a special institution in field of legislation. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji perkembangan kewenangan pengundangan peraturan perundang-undangan dan pengaruhnya terhadap mekanisme koordinasi pengundangan. Hal ini didasarkan pada ketentuan UU 12/2011 dimana kewenangan pengundangan dilakukan menteri hukum dan HAM. Akan tetapi, pasca perubahan peraturan melalui UU 13/2022, kewenangan tersebut dibagi bersama menteri sekretariat negara. Penelitian ini berupaya menggali landasan substansial yang melandai peralihan kewenangan pengundangan tersebut. Penelitian ini berupa penelitian doktrinal yang menggunakan data sekunder dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan. Seluruh data disusun secara kualitatif. Studi literatur menunjukan belum ada penelitian yang secara khusus menganalisis peralihan kewenangan pengundangan peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia. Oleh karenanya, penelitian ini menginisiasi penelusuran kerangka berpikir dan latar belakang pengalihan kewenangan pengundangan peraturan perundang-undangan dalam perspektif politik hukum Indonesia. Pengaturan kewenangan pengundangan sangat dipengaruhi dinamika ketatanegaraan dan politik hukum pemerintah. Sebelum reformasi, titik berat kewenangan pengundangan pada Kemensetneg berdasarkan paradigma prosedural dan administratif. Setelahnya, titik berat kewenangan pengundangan pada Kementerian Hukum dan HAM karena paradigma peraturan perundang-undangan yang digunakan bersifat substansial. Berlakunya UU 13/2022 yang mengembalikan sebagian kewenangan pengundangan kepada Kemensetneg didominasi oleh faktor politis dan menyebabkan sistem pengelolaan pengundangan menjadi tidak efektif. Dalam membenahi tata kelola pengundangan peraturan perundang-undangan, maka kewenangan pengundangan tersebut perlu dikembalikan kepada Kemenkumham dan pemerintah perlu mempercepat pembentukan lembaga khusus bidang peraturan perundang-undangan. 

In the working area of ??the Sijamapolang Community Health Center, Humbang Hasundutan Regency, stunting is still relatively common. Stunting is important to handle because it concerns the quality of human resources. Stunting, apart from being a risk of hampering physical growth and susceptibility to disease, also causes barriers to cognitive development which will affect the level of intelligence and productivity of children in the future. Stunting can be caused by various factors, including low nutritional intake in the first 1,000 days of life, from the fetus to a two-year-old baby. Apart from that, poor sanitation facilities, lack of access to clean water, and lack of environmental cleanliness are also causes of stunting. Poor hygiene conditions mean that the body has to fight extra hard against sources of disease, thus hampering the absorption of nutrients. Basically, stunting can be prevented from an early age. Of course, this can be done by increasing the family's insight or knowledge, especially mothers, regarding stunting prevention. By looking at the problems of these partners, the Community Partnership program aims to provide knowledge and information to the community so they can prevent and overcome the problem of stunting. The results achieved in this activity, namely, participants have knowledge about: the definition of stunting and its characteristics, the causes of stunting, the impacts of stunting, how to prevent and overcome stunting
 

The problem of the quality of academic services for each faculty is different. The aim of this research is to describe the level of student satisfaction regarding the quality of academic services based on the Parasuraman dimensions. The assessment used a 5-point Likert scale of satisfaction with lecturers with the respondents being students from three study programs, namely the faculties of Economics and Business, Psychology and Law, with 192 students. The results of research on Tangible students feel satisfied with the faculties of Economics and Business, Psychology and Law. At Emphaty, students feel satisfied with the Faculty of Economics and Business and the Faculty of Law. At the Psychology faculty, students feel less satisfied. Regarding Reliability, students feel satisfied with the Faculty of Economics and Business and the Faculty of Law. At the Psychology faculty, students feel less satisfied. Regarding Responsiveness, students feel satisfied with the Faculty of Economics and Business and the Faculty of Law. At the Psychology faculty, students feel dissatisfied. In Assurance, students feel satisfied with the Faculty of Economics and Business and the Faculty of Law. At the Psychology faculty, students feel dissatisfied. This research is very useful for improving the quality of academic services.

The purpose of this study wasto identify and analyze the role of product image to inform product quality and purchasing decisions for aqua 600ml mineral water in Sukabumi District. The survey wan conducted amon 97 respondents using purposive sampling technique based on the following criteria:1) consumers who purchased at least on aqua 600ml product and 2) product choice. Customers must be at least 17 years old andold enough tocompletethe survey. The questionnaire was tested with validity, realibilty andclassical acceptance tests.the analitysis method used in this research is descritivemethod and validation through quantitative method. Data analysis techniques were carriedout by path analysis and sobeltest using SPSS for windows.thus, product quality has a positive and significant effect on brand image, price has a positive and significant effet on brand image, product quality has no and insignificant effect on purchasing decisions and price has a positive effect and significant on purchasing decisions. Brand image affects product quality on purchasing decisions. Brand image can influence price in purchasing decisions.
 
 

Manajemen keuangan dalam rumah tangga merupakan hal yan sangat penting dilakukan untuk menjga stabilitas keuangan keluarga sehingga terwujud kemandirian finansial. Salah satu kebiasaan yang menunjang manajemen keuangan rumah tangga adalah mencatat setiap pemasukan maupun pengeluaran keuangan, sehingga meminimalkan terjadinya pengeluaran yang melebihi pemasukan. Pelatihan manajemen keuangan keluarga dilaksanakan di perkumpulan PKK Desa Mojorayung Kabupaten Madiun dalam rangka memberikan wawasan dan pengenalan kepada para peserta mengenai manajemen keuangan keluarga. Untuk mempermudah dalam manajemen keuangan, diperkenalkan aplikasi sederhana yang dapat diunduh pada Play Store secara gratis. Pelaksanaan pelatihan diawali dengan penyampaian materi dan dilanjutkan dengan praktik dalam menggunakan aplikasi. Hasil dari kegiatan ini, peserta merasakan manfaat dan menambah pengetahuan mengenai bagaimana mengelola keuangan dalam rumah tangga.