This study conducts a comprehensive comparative analysis of one-tier board supervision mechanisms across Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore, examining the effectiveness of corporate governance frameworks in emerging market contexts. The research employs a doctrinal normative legal methodology, analyzing statutory instruments including Indonesia's Job Creation Law No. 6 of 2023, Malaysia's Companies Act 2016, and Singapore's Companies Act 1967. The introduction of Indonesia's Individual Limited Liability Company (PT Perseorangan) represents a significant paradigmatic shift from traditional two-tier governance structures, necessitating examination of supervisory adequacy within simplified corporate frameworks. The comparative analysis reveals fundamental disparities in regulatory sophistication, with Malaysia and Singapore demonstrating comprehensive fiduciary duty frameworks, mandatory company secretary requirements, and graduated enforcement mechanisms. In contrast, Indonesia's PT Perseorangan exhibits critical institutional deficiencies, including normative conflicts between statutory provisions, limited directorial responsibility regulation, and inadequate enforcement responsiveness. The findings demonstrate that effective one-tier governance systems require sophisticated institutional support mechanisms extending beyond regulatory simplification. Malaysia's stringent Section 213 fiduciary duty provisions and Singapore's technology-enabled enforcement approach provide robust oversight despite absent traditional supervisory boards. The research establishes that successful governance transitions require institutional preparation rather than mere regulatory amendment, with Indonesia's framework requiring substantial reform incorporating company secretary mandates, comprehensive fiduciary duty provisions, and graduated enforcement systems. These findings contribute to institutional theory literature by demonstrating context-dependent governance effectiveness and provide practical recommendations for enhancing corporate accountability in simplified governance structures within emerging market jurisdictions.

This research aims to determine whether the budget formulation of the Merah Putih Village Cooperative is in accordance with the norms and statutory regulations as stipulated in Law Number 25 of 1992 concerning Cooperatives, particularly in relation to Article 33 paragraph (4) of the 1945 Constitution, which emphasizes the principle of independence in the national economy. The results of this study focus on optimizing the establishment of the Merah Putih Village Cooperative to support the formation of national-scale cooperatives that function not only as savings and loan institutions driving the economy, but also address the challenges and risks that may arise from the establishment of the Merah Putih Cooperative. First, the issue of economic scale is crucial. Operations at the village level are often limited by available resources and market reach. Second, human resource capacity is a determining factor. The management of funds amounting to IDR 3–5 billion requires financial, business, operational, and marketing management skills that are not always present in every village. Experience with Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) shows that one of their main challenges is finding local residents who are truly skilled managers. Third, elite capture or control by local elites can become a bottleneck. In villages with weak governance, influential figures may abuse their authority to control the cooperative for personal gain. Similar occurrences are often found in grant programs from Ministries/Agencies or the private sector, where key individuals dominate and exploit these resources for their own interests. Fourth, the risk of fraud.

This research aims to analyze the judge's considerations and the protection of buyers of disputed land in case Number 75/Pdt.G/2017/PN Blg jo Case Number 1815K/Pdt/2020. Legal protection for buyers of land rights in inheritance disputes is very important in Indonesia, especially in North Sumatra. Inheritance disputes, such as the Siraso-Raso case, involve conflicts between heirs over the division of inherited land. The high number of land disputes in Indonesia indicates a land management problem that can threaten state security. This research method is juridical-normative. In this process, legal principles, rules, and theories are used to find solutions to specific problems. This research can offer a new way to interpret moral ethics by looking at the broader social, cultural, and economic context. In addition, it can provide practical recommendations that have not been made before. The Siraso-Raso case research can help the development of legal theory and practice in Indonesia, as well as discover the source of land dispute problems and create innovative and efficient solutions through in-depth and systematic analysis. This inheritance dispute involves a conflict between customary law and positive law regarding land ownership, which is an important issue in Indonesian agrarian law. Legal protection for disadvantaged parties, especially women, in inheritance disputes is still weak. The research is expected to help build a more equitable and inclusive legal system to resolve inheritance disputes and recommend legal education for the public regarding land sale and purchase transactions involving inheritance disputes.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pertimbangan hakim dan perlindungan terhadap pembeli tanah sengketa dalam perkara Nomor 75/Pdt.G/2017/PN Blg jo Perkara Nomor 1815K/Pdt/2020. Perlindungan hukum bagi pembeli hak atas tanah dalam sengketa waris sangat penting di Indonesia, khususnya di Sumatera Utara. Sengketa waris, seperti kasus Siraso-Raso, melibatkan konflik antara ahli waris atas pembagian tanah warisan. Tingginya angka sengketa tanah di Indonesia mengindikasikan adanya masalah pengelolaan tanah yang dapat mengancam keamanan negara. Metode penelitian ini bersifat yuridis-normatif. Dalam proses ini, asas-asas hukum, aturan-aturan, dan teori-teori hukum digunakan untuk menemukan solusi atas permasalahan tertentu. Penelitian ini dapat menawarkan cara baru untuk menginterpretasikan etika moral dengan melihat konteks sosial, budaya, dan ekonomi yang lebih luas. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga dapat memberikan rekomendasi praktis yang belum pernah dilakukan sebelumnya. Penelitian kasus Siraso-Raso dapat membantu pengembangan teori dan praktik hukum di Indonesia, serta menemukan sumber masalah sengketa tanah dan menciptakan solusi yang inovatif dan efisien melalui analisis yang mendalam dan sistematis. Sengketa warisan ini melibatkan konflik antara hukum adat dan hukum positif mengenai kepemilikan tanah, yang merupakan isu penting dalam hukum agraria di Indonesia. Perlindungan hukum bagi pihak yang dirugikan, terutama perempuan, dalam sengketa waris masih lemah. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat membantu membangun sistem hukum yang lebih adil dan inklusif dalam menyelesaikan sengketa waris dan merekomendasikan pendidikan hukum bagi masyarakat terkait transaksi jual beli tanah yang melibatkan sengketa waris.

The purpose of this research is to study the urgency and obstacles to the issuance of electronic land certificates in the post-land registration activities of the Ministry of Land Registration Regulations ATR/BPN No. 3 Year 2023 as well as the readiness of the government in the face of the regulation of electronic certificates. The research method used in this journal article uses the normative method, which is supported by empirical data. The approach used in the research as data support is the statute approach to examine the statutory aspects and the case approach to approach the reality of the situation. The results show that the application of electronic certificates as a form of ownership of land rights provides benefits, such as administrative efficiency, data accessibility, and protection from the risk of physical loss. There are obstacles after the issuance of electronic certificates in the community related to data security and integrity, as well as the readiness of Indonesian regulations regarding the policy of issuing electronic land certificates. The relevant parties are expected to improve regulations on their implementation to increase legal certainty and build public trust. It is necessary to harmonize government regulations with ministerial regulations so that there is no assumption that ministerial rules prevail over laws with higher regulatory status. The implementation of electronic certificates in Indonesia is a must for a more modern future to provide legal certainty to landowners, and to prevent land disputes and data abuse. Electronic certificates need to be implemented as they can make the land registration process more practical and cost-effective.Tujuan Penelitian ini untuk mengkaji urgensi penerbitan sertifikat tanah elektronik dalam kegiatan pendaftaran tanah yang sebelumnya menggunakan sertifikat konvensional menjadi bentuk elektronik dan kendala dalam penerbitan sertifikat elektronik pasca Peraturan Menteri ATR/BPN Nomor 3 Tahun 2023 serta kesiapan pemerintah dalam menghadapi regulasi sertifikat elektronik. Metode Penelitian yang digunakan dalam artikel jurnal ini menggunakan metode normatif, yang didukung oleh data empiris. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian sebagai pendukung data yaitu dengan peraturan perundang-undangan (statute approach) untuk menelaah aspek perundang-undangan dan pendekatan kasus (cases approach) untuk mendekati realitas keadaan yang terjadi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa penerapan sertifikat elektronik sebagai bentuk kepemilikan hak atas tanah memberikan keuntungan, seperti efisiensi administrasi, aksesbilitas data, dan perlindungan dari resiko kerugian fisik. Terdapat kendala pasca diterbitkannya sertifikat elektronik di masyarakat terkait keamanan dan integritas data, serta kesiapan regulasi Indonesia mengenai kebijakan penerbitan sertifikat tanah elektronik. Pihak yang bersangkutan diharapkan dapat memperbaiki regulasi pada pelaksanaannya untuk meningkatkan kepastian hukum dan membangun kepercayaan masyarakat. Dalam pelaksanaannya perlu keselarasan antara Peraturan Pemerintah dan Peraturan Menteri agar tidak muncul asumsi bahwa Peraturan Menteri melangkahi Undang-undang yang kedudukan regulasinya lebih tinggi. Dengan demikian penerapan sertifikat elektronik di Negara Indonesia ialah sebuah keharusan guna menuju masa mendatang yang lebih modern untuk memberikan kepastian hukum kepada pemilik tanah, untuk mencegah sengketa tanah dan penyalahgunaan data. Sertifikat elekronik perlu diterapkan karena dapat mempermudah proses pendaftaran tanah lebih praktis dan hemat biaya.

This research aims to analyze the legal aspects of the PPJB, identify factors that affect its validity, and evaluate the legal protection provided to consumers. In recent years, there have been increasing cases of consumers being harmed when buying property on a pre-project selling basis because the PPJB often disregards consumer rights according to applicable laws, thus favoring developers. This research is important to contribute to the development of regulations that are more comprehensive and provide legal certainty for all parties involved in pre-project selling property transactions. This topic has not been comprehensively addressed in previous studies. The research method used in this study is normative legal research with a statutory approach, and the data collection technique employed is a literature study. The results of this research indicate that developers must fulfill all existing requirements before selling property through pre-project selling, which should be formalized in a PPJB executed before a notary or in an informal PPJB. The PPJB is binding, and the parties must comply with its contents. Developers are obligated to compensate consumers if their actions have caused harm.

The purpose of this study is to examine how far the process of parate execution of mortgage rights without court order is regulated in Indonesia to solve non-performing loans and the legal considerations of the invalidity parate execution over the objection filed by the debtor granting the mortgage rights. Parate execution is the power granted by Article 6 and Article 14 paragraph (3) of the Mortgage Rights Law to the first holder of a mortgage rights to execute the mortgage rights on its own power based on the executorial power of the mortgage rights certificate without approval from the debtor granting the mortgage rights and court order. However, the practice of the article has not fully guaranteed legal certainty due to the inconsistency of the Mortgage Rights Law and the incompatibility of legal interpretation so it is important that this research is carried out to avoid repeated misunderstandings. This research is normative juridical that uses a statute and case approach with library research. The results show that the inconsistency of parate execution of mortgage rights still followed the procedure for execution of the grosse mortgage deed regulated in Article 1178 paragraph (2) of the Civil Code and Article 224 HIR/258 RBg, that need approval from the debtor granting the mortgage rights and court order. The application principles of lex posterior derogat legi priori and lex specialis derogat legi generalis, followed by the grammatical interpretation to positive law, affects the progressive aspect of the ease of execution. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji sejauh mana proses parate eksekusi objek hak tanggungan tanpa fiat pengadilan untuk menyelesaikan kredit bermasalah di Indonesia diatur dan pertimbangan-pertimbangan hukum ketidakabsahan parate eksekusi atas perlawanan yang diajukan debitur pemberi hak tanggungan. Parate eksekusi merupakan kewenangan yang diberikan Pasal 6 jo Pasal 14 ayat (3) UUHT kepada pemegang hak tanggungan pertama mengeksekusi objek hak tanggungan atas kekuasaan sendiri berdasarkan kekuatan eksekutorial sertifikat hak tanggungan tanpa perlu persetujuan debitur pemberi hak tanggungan maupun fiat pengadilan. Namun praktiknya pasal tersebut belum sepenuhnya menjamin kepastian hukum sebab ketidakkonsistenan dari UUHT itu sendiri dan ketidakcermatan penafsiran hukum sehingga penting penelitian ini dilakukan demi menghindari kesalahpahaman yang berulang. Penelitian ini penelitian yuridis normatif yang menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan kasus melalui penelusuran kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa inkonsistensi pelaksanaan parate eksekusi objek hak tanggungan yang masih mengikuti tata cara eksekusi grosse akta hipotik yang diatur Pasal 1178 ayat (2) KUHPerdata serta Pasal 224 HIR dan/atau Pasal 258 RBg, yang memandang perlunya persetujuan terlebih dahulu dari debitur dan keterlibatan pengadilan untuk mengeksekusi. Penerapan asas lex posterior derogat legi priori dan lex specialis derogate legi generalis, diikuti penafsiran gramatikal terhadap aturan-aturan hukum yang berlaku sebagai hukum positif mempengaruhi aspek progresivitas akan kemudahan eksekusi. 

The purpose of this research is to analyze the differences in the implementation of a legal system between the Bankruptcy Law system in America and in Indonesia, specifically regarding PKPU in Indonesia based on Law no. 37 of 2004 and Company Reorganization based on Chapter 11 US Bankruptcy Code in America. This research needs to be carried out because there are several opinions that the bankruptcy law in Indonesia does not provide sufficient protection to debtors who have good intentions, because currently there is a tendency to interpret bankruptcy as the same as liquidation. The method used in this research is juridical-normative with a conceptual approach and a comparative approach. The research is more focused on comparing the effectiveness and application of the United States bankruptcy law system and the Indonesian bankruptcy law system, which has not been explained comprehensively in previous research. The results of this research show that there are differences between PKPU as a concept in Bankruptcy Law in Indonesia, and the concept of Company Reorganization in Bankruptcy Law in America. From the research results, it is explained that company reorganization is also part of debt restructuring in the PKPU concept, where by reorganizing, companies can analyze the causes of their financial difficulties so they can immediately find the best solution. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisis terakit perbedaan pelaksanaan suatu sistem hukum antara sistem Hukum Kepailitan di Amerika dengan di Indonesia tepatnya mengenai PKPU di Indonesia berdasarkan UndangUndang No. 37 Tahun 2004 dan Reorganisasi Perusahaan berdasarkan Chapter 11 US Bankruptcy Code di Amerika. Penelitian ini perlu dilakukan karena terdapat beberapa pendapat bahwa Undang-Undang kepailitan di Indonesia belum memberikan perlindungan yang cukup kepada debitur yang beriktikad baik, karena yang berkembang sampai sekarang ini terdapat kecenderungan mengartikan pailit sama dengan likuidasi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berbentuk yuridis-normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan perbandingan. Penelitian lebih difokuskan pada perbandingan efektivitas dan penerapan sistem hukum kepailitan Amerika Serikat dan sistem hukum kepailitan Indonesia yang mana hal ini belum dijelaskan secara komprehensif dalam penelitian terdahulu. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan antara PKPU sebagai sebuah konsep dalam Hukum Kepailitan di Indonesia, dengan konsep reorganisasi perusahaan dalam Hukum Kepailitan di Amerika. Dari hasil penelitian dijelaskan bahwa reorganisasi perusahaan juga menjadi bagian dari restrukturisasi utang dalam konsep PKPU yang mana dengan reorganisasi, perusahaan dapat menganalisis penyebab kesulitan keuangannya sehingga bisa dengan segera menemukan solusi terbaik.    

The purpose of this research is to determine the legal consequences that can be borne by the giver of the name in the nominee agreement against defaulting paylater borrowers and the form of legal protection for the name giver in cases of default by paylater borrowers. The paylater payment method is a popular payment method in the community, but in its use abuse is often found, namely borrowing names, where borrowing names is done orally on the basis of trust which often results in default. This research uses normative legal research methods with the type of library research and uses statue approach and conceptual approach. The results of the study show that due to the insistence on norms, the legal consequences that arise are that the debtor or the party giving the name must be fully responsible if a default occurs by a third party, because the payment provider does not care who binds himself while the terms of the agreement are agreed, other than that the form Legal protection for lenders for the use of later payments is not specifically regulated in laws and regulations, while protection can be carried out, namely by holding amicable deliberations to ask for the fulfillment of obligations accompanied by compensation. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui akibat hukum yang dapat ditanggung oleh pemberi nama dalam perjanjian pinjam nama terhadap peminjam paylater yang wanprestasi dan bentuk perlindungan hukum bagi pemberi nama dalam kasus wanprestasi oleh peminjam paylater. Metode pembayaran paylater menjadi metode pembayaran yang popular dimasyarakat, tetapi dalam penggunaanya kerap kali ditemukan penyalahgunaan yakni terjadi pinjam nama penggunaan paylater, yang mana pinjam nama ini dilakukan secara lisan atas dasar kepercayaan yang tidak jarang menimbulkan wanprestasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan jenis penelitian kepustakaan serta menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa akibat hukum yang ditimbulkan adalah debitur atau pihak pemberi nama harus bertanggung jawab penuh jika terjadi wanprestasi oleh pihak ketiga, karena pihak penyedia paylater tidak peduli dengan siapa mengikatkan diri selagi syarat dalam perjanjian terpenuhi, selain itu bentuk perlindungan hukum bagi pemberi pinjam nama penggunaan paylater ini tidak secara khusus diatur dalam perundang-undangan, adapun perlindungan yang dapat dilakukan yakni dengan cara melakukan musyawarah secara kekeluargaan untuk meminta pemenuhan kewajiban disertai dengan ganti rugi.

The purpose of this study is to describe the fulfillment of the elements and legal considerations that must be made in implementing the concept of vicarious liability related to the extent to which an employer/employer can be held responsible for harmful actions committed by employees/employees. Vicarious liability is one of the concepts in civil law that regulates liability for substitutes carried out by other people. The concept of vicarious liability has been regulated in Article 1367 of the Civil Code. However, this article often creates misconceptions because there is no legal regulation that further regulates this concept. Therefore, there is a need for research that examines more deeply so that in the future this does not happen again. This study uses a normative juridical research method using two approaches, namely the statutory approach and the case approach. This study analyzes the criteria that must be met in the context of replacement accountability, which has not been explained in previous studies. The results of this study indicate that the law cannot absolutely categorize all employee actions as the responsibility of an employer. Therefore, to meet the criteria for applying Article 1367 of the Civil Code in a case, the injured party needs to prove that all of the criteria required in that article have been fully met.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguraikan mengenai pemenuhan unsur-unsur serta pertimbangan-pertimbangan hukum yang harus dilakukan dalam pengimplementasian konsep vicarious liability terkait dengan sejauh mana seorang majikan/pemberi kerja bisa bertanggung jawab atas perbuatan merugikan yang dilakukan oleh pegawai/penerima kerja. Vicarious liability merupakan salah satu konsep dalam hukum perdata yang mengatur terkait dengan pertanggungjawaban pengganti yang dilakukan oleh orang lain. Konsep vicarious liability telah diatur dalam Pasal 1367 KUHPerdata. Namun pasal tersebut seringkali menimbulkan miskonsepsi karena tidak ada aturan hukum yang mengatur lebih lanjut mengenai konsep tersebut. Oleh karenanya, perlu adanya penelitian yang mengkaji lebih dalam agar kedepannya hal tersebut tidak terjadi kembali. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan dua pendekatan yakni pendekatan perundang-undangan (statue approach) dan pendekatan kasus (case approach). Penelitian ini menganalisis mengenai kriteria-kriteria yang harus dipenuhi dalam konteks pertanggungjawaban pengganti, dimana hal tersebut belum dijelaskan dalam penelitian-penelitian terdahulu. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa hukum tidak bisa secara mutlak mengkategorikan seluruh perbuatan pegawai menjadi tanggung jawab dari seorang majikan. Oleh karenanya, untuk memenuhi kriteria diterapkannya Pasal 1367 KUHPerdata dalam sebuah perkara, pihak yang dirugikan perlu membuktikan bahwa seluruh kriteria yang disyaratkan dalam pasal tersebut telah seluruhnya terpenuhi.