This study aims to analyze the crime of cohabitation as an absolute complaint offense in practice before and after the enactment of Article 412 of Law No. 1/2023 concerning the Criminal Code. The background is the negative stigma against cohabitation in Indonesian society and the ambiguity of the law before the existence of explicit regulations. The urgency of this study is to provide legal certainty and avoid arbitrary handling of cohabitation cases. The research method used is normative juridical with a descriptive analysis approach, using secondary data from laws and regulations, literature, and dictionaries. The novelty of this study lies in the comprehensive analysis of the handling of cohabitation before and after the enactment of the new Criminal Code Law. The results of the study show that before Law No. 1/2023, the handling of cohabitation varied, ranging from customary sanctions to the application of adultery articles. With the enactment of the new Law as of January 2, 2026, cohabitation is regulated as an absolute complaint offense with limitations on complainants. In conclusion, although cohabitation now has a clear legal basis, its implementation still considers aspects of social balance and family resolution, similar to the concept of restorative justice. Customary law can still be applied in handling cohabitation, but requires government regulations as derivative rules for its implementation.


Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tindak pidana kohabitasi sebagai delik aduan absolut dalam praktik sebelum dan setelah berlakunya Pasal 412 UU No. 1/2023 tentang KUHP. Latar belakangnya adalah stigma negatif terhadap kohabitasi di masyarakat Indonesia dan ketidakjelasan hukum sebelum adanya aturan eksplisit. Urgensi penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan kepastian hukum dan menghindari penanganan sewenang-wenang terhadap kasus kohabitasi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif analisis, menggunakan data sekunder dari peraturan perundang-undangan, literatur, dan kamus. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada analisis komprehensif terhadap penanganan kohabitasi sebelum dan setelah berlakunya UU KUHP baru. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebelum UU No. 1/2023, penanganan kohabitasi bervariasi, mulai dari sanksi adat hingga penerapan pasal perzinahan. Dengan berlakunya UU baru per 2 Januari 2026, kohabitasi diatur sebagai delik aduan absolut dengan limitasi pengadu. Kesimpulannya, meskipun kohabitasi kini memiliki dasar hukum yang jelas, penerapannya tetap mempertimbangkan aspek keseimbangan sosial dan penyelesaian kekeluargaan, mirip dengan konsep keadilan restoratif. Hukum adat masih dapat diterapkan dalam penanganan kohabitasi, namun memerlukan peraturan pemerintah sebagai aturan turunan untuk implementasinya.

This study aimed to analyze the performance management strategies implemented at the Public Works and Spatial Planning Office of Tanjungpinang City. The research type used was descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation and interviews. The sample used in this study was purposive sampling, with the informants being human resources supervisors at the relevant office. Data analysis was conducted to identify the strategies applied in performance management. The research findings showed that the Public Works and Spatial Planning Office of Tanjungpinang City had implemented several performance management strategies, such as human resource development, measurement and evaluation, reward and sanction provision, and the implementation of information and technology. However, there were several challenges, such as the lack of quality human resources. This study recommended the need for improvements in the performance evaluation system, ongoing training, and better utilization of information technology. These measures were suggested to support the implementation of more effective performance management strategies.

The gig economy has emerged as a global phenomenon, reshaping traditional work patterns, including in Indonesia. While offering flexibility to workers, this work model poses significant challenges concerning legal protection, especially in work relationships mediated by digital platforms. Gig workers often find themselves in vulnerable positions due to insufficient regulations and an imbalance in bargaining power between them and digital platforms. This study aims to analyze the legal protection for gig economy workers in Indonesia from a civil law perspective, highlighting gaps in existing regulations and offering recommendations for reform. This research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical method. Data were obtained through literature review, analysis of electronic work contracts, and comparisons with gig economy regulations in other countries, such as the European Union and the United States. The findings reveal that electronic work contracts used by digital platforms in Indonesia are often unfair and favor the platforms. Furthermore, Indonesia’s gig economy regulations do not provide adequate protection, unlike countries such as the European Union, which have established minimum standards for gig workers' protection. This imbalance adversely affects gig workers’ welfare, including financial insecurity and lack of access to social security. This study contributes to the development of a more inclusive and equitable regulatory framework for gig workers in Indonesia. The implications include the need for civil law reforms to govern gig economy work relationships and the use of technology as a tool to enhance legal oversight. This research also lays the groundwork for future studies exploring the implementation of gig economy regulations in the context of other developing countries.

This study aims to describe teachers' strategies in improving reading skills through the implementation of PJBL in Indonesian language learning. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with the research subject being a grade 1 teacher at SDN Kedung Rawan II Krembung. The data collection techniques used in the research are observation, interviews, and documentation. The data obtained is then analyzed through several stages, including data collection, data condensation, data presentation, and data verification. The results showed that teachers used eight main strategies to improve initial reading skills, including understanding reading concepts, using reading techniques, and individualized support. In addition, to improve the character of reading enthusiasts, teachers integrate innovative and creative literacy activities in the learning process. The results of this study are expected to provide practical guidance for teachers in implementing PJBL learning to develop reading skills and reading interest effectively.

This study aims to analyze and describe the implementation of performance management at CV Nuansa Warna Tanjungpinang Branch. The type of research used is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques are carried out through observation and in-depth interviews. The sample used in this research is a purposive sample with the informant, SPV, Mr. Riyanto Setiyawan . Data analysis was carried out using triangulation through the steps of reduction, presentation and conclusion. The results of this study found that the implementation of performance at CV Nuansa Warna Tanjungpinang Branch has been implemented quite well. This includes the stages of planning, monitoring, evaluation, and follow-up. However, there are some obstacles, such as CV Nuansa Warna facing unique challenges in implementing performance management, including limited resources, and structured formal systems. Implemented strategies include technical training, KPI implementation, and CRM system development. This study concludes that effective performance management can improve productivity, service quality, and competitiveness of the company, although it requires continuous improvement to face the existing challenges.

This study aims to describe the employee compensation management system implemented in the Tanjungpinang Class II Port Authority and Municipal Office (KSOP). This study uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out by interview and direct observation techniques. The sample used in this study is purposive sampling. The informant in this study is Mr. Harry Priambodo, S.Pi. as the head of the administrative sub-division at the Tanjungpinang Class II Port Authority and Municipal Office (KSOP). The data analysis used in this study was carried out through three stages, namely data reduction, presenting data, and making conclusions. The results of the study show that the implementation of the employee compensation management system at the Tanjungpinang Class II Municipal and Port Authority Office has been running in accordance with applicable regulations and has a positive impact on employee performance. This can be seen from the regularity in the management of basic salaries, allowances, and work facilities such as BPJS Kesehatan, BPJS Employment, and supporting equipment. The procedure begins with performance measurement based on discipline and work achievement monitored through digital and manual attendance. The system also supports career development through Periodic Raises and promotions.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of legal assistance in the investigation process for economically disadvantaged suspects at the Semarang Police Department, with a focus on the challenges and solutions encountered. The criminal justice system in Indonesia regulates the rights of suspects, including the right to legal assistance. Although this right is governed by various laws and regulations, practices in the field reveal a gap between the expected norms and the reality. This research uses an empirical legal method with an empirical juridical approach, integrating the analysis of legal norms with their implementation in practice. The findings show that although the regulations related to legal assistance are generally applied, there are still significant obstacles related to public legal awareness and the lack of effective socialization. While law enforcement officers and legal aid institutions play an active role, there is still a need for improvements in facilities and legal education for the public to ensure that legal assistance is accessible to all levels of society. This study recommends improvements in the legal assistance system and an increase in public understanding of the importance of legal aid.





Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas bantuan hukum dalam proses penyidikan terhadap tersangka yang tidak mampu secara ekonomi di Polres Semarang, dengan fokus pada kendala dan solusi yang dihadapi. Sistem peradilan pidana di Indonesia mengatur hak-hak tersangka, salah satunya hak untuk mendapatkan bantuan hukum. Meskipun diatur dalam berbagai peraturan perundang-undangan, praktik di lapangan menunjukkan adanya ketimpangan antara norma yang diharapkan dan kenyataan yang ada. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum empiris dengan pendekatan yuridis empiris, yang mengintegrasikan analisis terhadap norma hukum dengan penerapannya di lapangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun secara umum peraturan terkait bantuan hukum sudah diterapkan, masih terdapat kendala utama terkait kesadaran hukum masyarakat dan kurangnya sosialisasi yang efektif. Meskipun aparat penegak hukum dan lembaga bantuan hukum berperan aktif, peningkatan sarana dan pendidikan hukum bagi masyarakat masih diperlukan untuk memastikan bantuan hukum dapat diakses dengan optimal oleh semua lapisan masyarakat. Penelitian ini menyarankan perlunya perbaikan dalam sistem pendampingan hukum serta peningkatan pemahaman masyarakat mengenai pentingnya bantuan hukum.

Psychological factors are one of the factors that support athlete performance. Therefore, there is a need for psychological training to overcome various psychological problems, especially the concentration and performance of karate athletes. This study aims to examine the effect of imagery training on the concentration and performance of kata karate athletes based on gender. This research uses an experimental method with a post-test only design. The sample used in this research was 10 karate kata Gokasi athletes from Bandung City, consisting of 5 female and 5 male athletes aged 11-13 years. Intensive imagery training was given as a research treatment, where they would imagine detailed word movements with an exercise duration of 10-15 minutes per session, frequency 3-4 times a week for 4 weeks. Measurements were carried out in two aspects, namely concentration using the Concentration Grid Test (CGT) and performance using the jury’s assessment through mini-events. Data analysis was carried out using the SPSS Version 27 statistical test. The results of the study showed that the impact of visualization training on the focus and performance of karate kata athletes, both male and female, varied greatly. Male athletes outperformed female athletes in the concentration variable, while female athletes outperformed male athletes in the performance variable. Thus, it can be said that imagination training is one of the exercises that can be used to help karate kata athletes, both male and female, to be more focused and perform better.

The largest source of energy currently utilized is still predominantly from fossils. Fossil energy sources are non-renewable so over time they will run out. So it is necessary to utilize renewable energy sources. One renewable energy source that is environmentally friendly and easy to obtain is wind energy. Wind is a collection of air that is experiencing movement due to a difference in pressure on the earth's surface. Wind will move from areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure. Experimental research on wind energy is a useful energy that can be put to good use. Wind energy is a form of energy that comes from utilizing air flow in the atmosphere to produce mechanical or electrical energy. The main technology used to utilize wind energy is a wind turbine, which converts wind kinetic energy into electrical energy through a generator. Which of course also requires sufficient wind speed so that the wind turbine can rotate and produce mechanical movement in the form of rotational torque which can then be converted into electrical energy. Wind energy has great potential as a clean, sustainable and environmentally friendly resource, as it does not produce greenhouse gas emissions or hazardous waste during its operation. However, wind energy development faces challenges such as fluctuations in wind speed, large land requirements, visual impacts, and potential disruption to local ecosystems. With technological innovation and careful planning, wind energy can be a significant solution to meet global energy needs in a sustainable manner.

The study was intended to anlyze evaluations regarding the quality related to online registration of population administration at the Population and Civil Registration of Gresik Regency. The method used in the study is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. This descriptive research method was chosen to present data systematically, factually, and accurately regarding the facts in the field. This research model uses an approach to the implementation of service quality at the Population and Civil Registration Service of Gresik Regency. The results of this study are statutory regulations (Law Of The Republic Of Indonesia Number 25 Of 2009) where publics services is a primary obligation of all government officials to organize activities or a series of activities in order to fulfill service needs in accordance with statutory regulations for every citizen and resident for goods and services provided by public service providers. And from this study we can see together that the supporting factors of the analysis of the quality of online registration service of Gresik Regency.