Freight can be generally defined that the carriage is a reciprocal agreement between the carrier  with the sender,  wherein the carrier binds itself to organize the transport of  goods and or from  one  place  to  a  particular  destination  safely,  while  the  sender  binds  itself  to  pay  the freight. Courier  services  and  trade  relationship  of  mutual  influence.  Development  of  trade  is  strongly influenced  by  the  birth  of  a  freight  forwarder.  Courier  services  also  participate  in  the  growth  of foreign and domestic trade. Formulation of research objectives are a reflection direction and elaboration of strategies to problems that arise in the writing, while the writing is being implemented not deviated from its original purpose. Then formulated the goal of this paper was to determine the legal protection and implementation of consumer redress against the freight forwarder.The method used in this research is the method of empirical juridical approach. While the research  is  descriptive  specification  anaitisyang  intended  to  describe  the  legislation  in  force associated with legal theories.Based  on  research  that  shows  that  in  this  case  about  liability  if  anything  happens  to  the item before reaching the destination or delay in delivery or if there are other things, the company is obliged to replace losses caused his company. and in case of loss or serious damage, the company will  provide  compensation  in  accordance  with  the  price  of  goods  or  conducted  negotiations regarding the compensation agreements.

Mengkaji an nafs adalah sebuah kajian yg pasti tetap menarik.  Menafsirkan bagian tentang penting, berguna dan juga  fungsinya. Pengertianan nafs banyak yang menuangkan  pendapat dan  variatif sesuai dengan perspektif masing-masing  yg beragam serta latar belakang mereka yang lebih fokus  atas  hal itu. Semantara itu dari sisi lain pemahaman tentang an nafs dimaksud cukup esensial sejalan  dengan keberadaannya didalam diri setiap manusia. Tulisan ini berusaha mengkuliti  pemikiran Al-Kindi, salah seorang tokoh terpepuler dan terkemuka dalam filsafat Islam. Buah pemikiran beliau tentang an nafs akan dikaji dari perspektif filsafat agama. Melalui penelusuran bentuk penelitian kepustakaan dengan pendekatan kualitatif ditemukan bahwa Al-Kindi adalah salah satu  filsuf Islam berkebangsaan Arab pertama yang berhasil mengabungkan atau mepersatukan antara filsafat dan agama.  Baginya filsafat adalah usaha manusia secara sistematis agar  mengetahui kebenaran, sedangkan agama adalah sumber dari  kebenaran itu sendiri. Maka dari  itu wahyu tidak bertentangan  dengan filsafat  Letaknya  jiwa bagi tubuh adalah sebagai  pemberi hidup, sedangkan tubuh adalah hanya sebagai  tumpangan. Jiwa dan tubuh adalah dua komponen yang saling  melengkapi. Jiwa adalah kesempurnaan pertama bagi jism  organik, yang dengannya jisim memiliki kehidupan secara  potensial. Jiwa mengambil peran  kehidupan bagi tubuh, kalau  tidak ada  jiwa maka tubuh tidak dapat merasakan apa-apa, dan  bahkan tubuh akan lenyap dengan sendirinya.

This paper explores the Time-Based One-Time Password (TOTP) authentication mechanism enhanced with lightweight cryptographic algorithms, presenting it as an advanced solution to the limitations of traditional OTP systems. There are a lot of applications and systems where this mechanism is applied. For example, bank applications, e-commerce websites, access control system, healthcare system, etc. TOTP generates dynamic, time-sensitive passwords using the current time and a secret key processed through a cryptographic hash function, significantly improving security by reducing vulnerabilities to code reused and interception. The adoption of lightweight algorithms ensures that TOTP can be efficiently implemented on resource-constrained devices, such as those on the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem. Despite its benefits, TOTP faces challenges including synchronization issues between client devices and servers, and a trade-off between computational efficiency and security strength. This paper discusses the implications of these challenges and evaluates how TOTP, with appropriate design considerations, can provide a robust, secure, and efficient authentication method suitable for various applications, from digital banking to IoT environments.

With the rapid expansion of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), integrating devices, machines, and systems to optimize operations and enable data-driven decision-making, ensuring robust security measures is essential. While blockchain has shown the potential to upgrade traditional authentication methods in IIoT environments, vulnerabilities persist. This paper introduces two innovative methods to enhance blockchain-based authentication in IIoT: first, integrating AI-driven anomaly and threat detection into the blockchain authentication scheme; second, implementing Ethereum smart contracts for enhanced authentication with a two-factor authentication (2FA) system and GFE algorithms. By combining AI for anomaly detection with decentralized smart contracts and blockchain-based 2FA, and leveraging GFE algorithms to enhance blockchain capabilities, the proposed scheme aims to significantly fortify security measures. This integration offers a resilient defense against evolving threats, ensuring transparency, adaptability, and heightened security in IIoT applications.

In the ever-changing digital world, strong security protocols are essential. As a vital line of defence against unwanted access, blockchain uses several verification techniques to boost security. This article investigates the use of blockchain technology to tackle privacy, security, and usability issues. By reducing the dangers associated with conventional centralised systems, blockchain's decentralised and immutable structure offers a secure platform for storing and verifying authentication credentials. This method increases user trust by using smart contracts to guarantee transparent and unchangeable authentication procedures. The suggested blockchain-based method strengthens security and enhances privacy by removing sources of failure and decreasing dependence on outside verification. Furthermore, user-centric design and expedited procedures improve the system's usability by making secure authentication more approachable and less obtrusive. This paper offers a thorough examination of the suggested system, stressing its benefits, possible drawbacks, and directions for future investigation. The results indicate that blockchain technology presents a viable solution to ensure that digital authentication frameworks combine privacy, security, and usability.

The Internet of Things (IoT) phenomenon is centered around linking various devices and objects to the Internet, enabling them to communicate, collect, and exchange data [1]. The IoT needs strong, lightweight, and secure authorization schemes to regulate many devices with varying levels of ability. Quantum-resilient federated Multi-Factor Authentication (QRF-MFA) is a solution presented in this paper to address the above-discussed issues. Featuring quantum-resistant cryptographic protocols, high-speed and low-energy Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs), decentralized identity management, and optimized communication protocols, QRF-MFA provides a complete solution for secure cross-domain device identification and authentication. This is done by leveraging blockchain technology for immutable and transparent management of identities yet limiting on-chain storage overhead. It also provides secure, lightweight communication well-suited for resource constrained IIoT devices, and it is designed for fog and edge computing environments as well. QRF-MFA eliminates the challenges of current methods by combining security, efficiency, and scalability and delivering a resilient and future-ready solution to secure IIoT authentication.  

The rapid advancement of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) technology necessitates robust authentication solutions to ensure security, scalability, and efficiency. This project, titled "Enhancing Security in Industrial IoT: Authentication Solutions Leveraging Blockchain," examines various blockchain-based authentication methods for IIoT and identifies their strengths and weaknesses. Despite the enhanced security and decentralized nature of blockchain, issues such as scalability, high latency, and computational load persist. To address these challenges, we propose the integration of Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) as a supplementary solution. MFA can distribute the authentication load, enhance flexibility and security, and reduce latency by utilizing quick-to-verify factors. Moreover, MFA ensures high availability and scalable storage and processing through cloud services, seamlessly integrating with existing systems to provide a superior user experience. This comprehensive approach not only mitigates the inherent limitations of blockchain technology in IIoT but also reinforces the overall security framework, ensuring resilient and efficient authentication mechanisms. The results demonstrate significant improvements in system performance and user satisfaction, establishing MFA as a viable enhancement to blockchain-based IIoT security solutions.

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has revolutionized industrial processes, offering automation and data-driven decision-making. However, this interconnectedness brings new security challenges, especially in crucial infrastructure sectors. Traditional security measures are inadequate, leading to the exploration of innovative solutions. Blockchain technology has emerged as a promising solution due to its decentralized and immutable nature. This paper proposes a Hybrid Blockchain-Based Authentication Mechanism for IIoT, combining Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC). The hybrid architecture utilizes public and private blockchains to ensure scalability, efficiency, and security. Lightweight consensus algorithms, DPoS, are incorporated to optimize performance, while ECC provides efficient cryptographic techniques suitable for IIoT environments. An interoperable framework facilitates seamless integration with existing infrastructure, ensuring regulatory compliance and compatibility. Decentralized identity management further enhances security and privacy. Results and analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution, positioning hybrid blockchain architecture as the most suitable approach for enhancing security in IIoT environments.

Financial reports are an important medium in the economic decision making process. Companies must prepare financial reports that describe all transactions in the company. By analyzing financial reports, management can determine the right steps so that company goals can be achieved. In analyzing the company's financial performance based on the calculation of financial ratios at PT. Aneka Tambang Tbk required data is a financial report consisting of financial position (balance sheet) and profit and loss statement. The company's Current Ratio was recorded at 195.83%, which indicates that the company has high enough liquidity to meet its short-term obligations. However, in the following year, namely 2023, the Current Ratio will increase to 233.94%. The company's Debt to Equity ratio was recorded at 41.85%, the company's NPM was recorded at 8.31%, which indicates that the company succeeded in converting around 8.31% of its total revenue into net profit. However, in the following year, namely 2023, NPM will decrease to 7.49%. Receivable Turnover (RTO) financial ratio analysis provides an understanding of PT Aneka Tambang Tbk's efficiency in managing its receivables from 2022 to 2023. In 2022, the company's RTO was recorded at 881.5%..

Government expenditure  is a component of fiscal policy, which is the action taken by the government to control how the economy develops by deciding how much money will be available for spending and revenue each year, as stated in the Budget revenue document. State Budget and Expenditures (APBN). In accordance with the unitary principle that regional government cannot be separated from the central government, on that basis, the independence of a region in managing its household affairs does not mean that each regional government must be able to finance all expenditures with its own Regional Original Revenue (PAD). This budget strategy aims to stabilize production levels, job prospects, and prices while encouraging economic expansion. Government expenditure and GRDP, or economic growth, are closely related because development spending is meant to support the role of development agencies and will result in the production of goods that are essential for advancing economic progress. The APBD, which includes income, expenditure and expenditure financing at the provincial/regional/city level, reflects regional government spending. Spending by the government has grown in tandem with tax revenues. For direct government expenditure display and exposure, expenditures directly related to programs or activities are bundled together as technical newspaper expenditures, while other expenditures are not. The regional revenue and expenditure budget, which includes revenue, spending and financing, reflects regional government expenditure at the provincial/district/city level. The difference between financing expenditures and expenditures is that financing expenditures involve spending money from the regional general treasury which will eventually be reimbursed, whereas expenditures involve spending money from the state/regional general treasury which will not be replaced.